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Ordodi VL, Hădărugă NG, Hădărugă DI, Lukinich-Gruia AT, Mărgineanu M, Tatu CA, Păunescu V. Urine Metabolomic Signature of People Diagnosed with Balkan Endemic Nephropathy and Other Types of Chronic Kidney Disease Compared with Healthy Subjects in Romania. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050609. [PMID: 37233650 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic analysis methods were employed to determine biomarkers for various chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Modern analytical methods were developed and applied successfully to find a specific metabolomic profile in urine samples from CKD and Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) patients. The aim was to explore a specific metabolomic profile defined by feasible/easy-to-identify molecular markers. Urine samples were collected from patients with CKDs and BEN, and from healthy subjects from endemic and nonendemic areas in Romania. Metabolomic analysis of urine samples, extracted by the liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method, was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The statistical exploration of the results was performed through a principal component analysis (PCA) evaluation. Urine samples were statistically analyzed using a classification based on six types of metabolites. Most urinary metabolites are distributed in the center of a loading plot, meaning that these compounds do not represent significant markers for BEN. One of the most frequent and higher-concentration urinary metabolites in BEN patients was p-Cresol, a phenolic compound that implies a severe injury of the renal filtration function. The presence of p-Cresol was associated with protein-bound uremic toxins, which have specific functional groups such as indole and phenyl. In prospective studies for future investigation, prevention, and disease treatment, we suggest a larger sample size, sample extraction using other methods, and analysis using other chromatography techniques coupled with mass spectrometry, which can generate a more significant data set for statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin L Ordodi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Organic and Natural Compounds Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Nicoleta G Hădărugă
- Department of Food Science, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Daniel I Hădărugă
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Organic and Natural Compounds Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra T Lukinich-Gruia
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer-OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital Timisoara, Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Mărgineanu
- Dialysis Center Fresenius NephroCare, 220012 Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Romania
| | - Călin A Tatu
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer-OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital Timisoara, Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Virgil Păunescu
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer-OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital Timisoara, Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Lukinich-Gruia AT, Nortier J, Pavlović NM, Milovanović D, Popović M, Drăghia LP, Păunescu V, Tatu CA. Aristolochic acid I as an emerging biogenic contaminant involved in chronic kidney diseases: A comprehensive review on exposure pathways, environmental health issues and future challenges. Chemosphere 2022; 297:134111. [PMID: 35231474 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Described in the 1950s, Balkan Endemic Nephropathy (BEN) has been recognized as a chronic kidney disease (CKD) with clinical peculiarities and multiple etiological factors. Environmental contaminants - aromatic compounds, mycotoxins and phytotoxins like aristolochic acids (AAs) - polluting food and drinking water sources, were incriminated in BEN, due to their nephrotoxic and carcinogenic properties. The implication of AAs in BEN etiology is currently a highly debated topic due to the fact that they are found within the Aristolochiaceae plants family, used around the globe as traditional medicine and they were also incriminated in Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy (AAN). Exposure pathways have been investigated, but it is unclear to what extent AAs are acting alone or in synergy with other cofactors (environmental, genetics) in triggering kidney damage. Experimental studies strengthen the hypothesis that AAI, the most studied compound in the AAs class, is a significant environmental contaminant and a most important causative factor of BEN. The aim of this review is to compile information about the natural exposure pathways to AAI, via traditional medicinal plants, soil, crop plants, water, food, air. Data that either supports or contradicts the AAI theory concerning BEN etiology was consolidated and available solutions to reduce human exposure were discussed. Because AAI is a phytotoxin with physicochemical properties that allow its transportation in environmental matrices from different types of areas (endemic, nonendemic), and induce CKDs (BEN, AAN) and urinary cancers through bioaccumulation, this review aims to shed a new light on this compound as a biogenic emerging pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T Lukinich-Gruia
- OncoGen Centre, Clinical County Hospital "Pius Branzeu", Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300723, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Joëlle Nortier
- Nephrology Department, Brugmann Hospital & Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Nikola M Pavlović
- Kidneya Therapeutics, Klare Cetkin 11, 11070, Belgrade, Serbia; University of Niš, Univerzitetski Trg 2, 18106, Niš, Serbia.
| | | | - Miloš Popović
- Department for Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia.
| | - Lavinia Paula Drăghia
- OncoGen Centre, Clinical County Hospital "Pius Branzeu", Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300723, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Virgil Păunescu
- OncoGen Centre, Clinical County Hospital "Pius Branzeu", Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300723, Timisoara, Romania; Department of Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes", Eftimie Murgu Sq. 2, Timisoara, 300041, Romania.
| | - Călin A Tatu
- OncoGen Centre, Clinical County Hospital "Pius Branzeu", Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300723, Timisoara, Romania; Department of Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes", Eftimie Murgu Sq. 2, Timisoara, 300041, Romania.
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David I, Orboi MD, Simandi MD, Chirilă CA, Megyesi CI, Rădulescu L, Drăghia LP, Lukinich-Gruia AT, Muntean C, Hădărugă DI, Hădărugă NG. Fatty acid profile of Romanian's common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lipid fractions and their complexation ability by β-cyclodextrin. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225474. [PMID: 31756198 PMCID: PMC6874339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present study was the evaluation of the fatty acid (FA) profile of lipid fraction from dry common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (CBO) harvested from North-East (NE) and South-West (SW) of Romania and to protect against thermal and oxidative degradation of the contained omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) glycerides by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) nanoencapsulation, using kneading method. The most abundant FAs in the CBO samples were PUFAs, according to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Linoleic acid (methyl ester) was the main constituent, having relative concentrations of 43.4 (±1.95) % and 35.23 (±0.68) % for the lipid fractions separated from the common beans harvested from the NE and SW of Romania, respectively. Higher relative concentrations were obtained for the omega-3 α-linolenic acid methyl ester at values of 13.13 (±0.59) % and 15.72 (±0.30) % for NE and SW Romanian samples, respectively. The omega-3/omega-6 ratio consistently exceeds the lower limit value of 0.2, from where the PUFA glyceride mixture is valuable for the human health. This value was 0.32 (±0.02) for the NE samples and significantly higher for the CBO-SW samples, 0.51 (±0.01). These highly hydrophobic mixtures especially consisting of PUFA triglycerides provide β-CD complexes having higher thermal and oxidative stability. Kneading method allowed obtaining β-CD/CBO powder-like complexes with higher recovery yields of >70%. Thermal analyses of complexes revealed a lower content of hydration water (3.3–5.8% up to 110°C in thermogravimetry (TG) analysis and 154–347 J/g endothermal effect in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis) in comparison with the β-CD hydrate (12.1% and 479.5–480 J/g, respectively). These findings support the molecular inclusion process of FA moieties into the β-CD cavity. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis reveals the formation of the β-CD/CBO inclusion complexes by restricting the vibration and bending of some bonds from the host and guest molecules. Moreover, powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) analysis confirm the formation of the host-guest complexes by modifying the diffractograms for β-CD/CBO complexes in comparison with the β-CD and β-CD + CBO physical mixtures. A significant reduction of the level of crystallinity from 93.3 (±5.3) % for β-CD to 60–60.9% for the corresponding β-CD/CBO complexes have been determined. The encapsulation efficiency (EE), the profile of FAs, as well as the controlled release of the encapsulated oil have also been evaluated. The EE was >40% in all cases, the highest value being obtained for β-CD/CBO-SW complex. The SFA content increased, while the unsaturated FA glycerides had lower relative concentrations in the encapsulated CBO samples. It can be emphasized that the main omega-3 FA (namely α-linolenic acid glycerides) had close concentrations in the encapsulated and raw CBOs (13.13 (±0.59) % and 14.04 (±1.54) % for non-encapsulated and encapsulated CBO-NE samples, 15.72 (±0.30) % and 12.41 (±1.95) % for the corresponding CBO-SW samples, respectively). The overall unsaturated FA content significantly decreased after complexation (from 19.03–19.16% for the raw CBOs to 17.3–17.7% for encapsulated oils in the case of MUFAs, and from 55.7–58.8% to 35.13–43.36% for PUFAs). On the other hand, the omega-3/omega-6 ratio increased by β-CD nanoencapsulation to 0.51 (±0.07) and 0.76 (0.26) for β-CD/CBO-NE and β-CD/CBO-SW complexes, respectively. As a conclusion, the lipid fractions of the Romanian common beans are good candidates for β-CD complexation and they can be protected against thermal and oxidative degradation in common beans based food products such as functional foods or food supplements using natural CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan David
- Department of Food Science, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Manuela D. Orboi
- Department of Economics and Company Financing, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Marius D. Simandi
- Department of Food Science, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Cosmina A. Chirilă
- Department of Food Science, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Corina I. Megyesi
- Department of Food Science, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Laura Rădulescu
- Department of Food Science, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Lavinia P. Drăghia
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer–OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital of Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra T. Lukinich-Gruia
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer–OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital of Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Cornelia Muntean
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering of Inorganic Compounds and Environment, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
- Research Institute for Renewable Energy, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Daniel I. Hădărugă
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Organic and Natural Compounds Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Nicoleta G. Hădărugă
- Department of Food Science, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
- * E-mail:
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Hădărugă NG, Szakal RN, Chirilă CA, Lukinich-Gruia AT, Păunescu V, Muntean C, Rusu G, Bujancă G, Hădărugă DI. Complexation of Danube common nase (Chondrostoma nasus L.) oil by β-cyclodextrin and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Food Chem 2019; 303:125419. [PMID: 31470276 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
β-Cyclodextrin- and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/Danube common nase (Chondrostoma nasus L.) oil complexes (β-CD- and HP-β-CD/CNO) have been obtained for the first time. The fatty acid (FA) profile of the CNO indicates an important content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the most important being eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 6.3%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 1.6%), both ω-3 FAs. The complexes have been obtained by kneading method. The moisture content and successful of molecular encapsulation have been evaluated by thermal and spectroscopic techniques. Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry analyses reveals that the moisture content of CD/CNO complexes significantly decreased, compared to starting CDs. On the other hand, the crystallinity index was for the first time determined for such type of complexes, the β-CD/CNO complex having values of 43.9(±18.3)%, according to X-ray diffractometry. FA profile and CD/CNO characteristics sustain the use of these ω-3 based complexes for food supplements or functional food products, but further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta G Hădărugă
- Department of Food Science, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" from Timişoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timişoara, Romania.
| | - Raymond N Szakal
- Department of Food Science, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" from Timişoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Cosmina A Chirilă
- Department of Food Science, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" from Timişoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra T Lukinich-Gruia
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer - OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital of Timişoara, Liviu Rebreanu Blvd. 156, 300736 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Virgil Păunescu
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer - OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital of Timişoara, Liviu Rebreanu Blvd. 156, 300736 Timişoara, Romania; Department of Physiology and Immunology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania.
| | - Cornelia Muntean
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering of Inorganic Compounds and Environment, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Vasile Pârvan Bd. 6, 300223 Timişoara, Romania; Research Institute for Renewable Energy, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Gavril Musicescu 38, 300501 Timișoara, Romania.
| | - Gerlinde Rusu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Organic and Natural Compounds Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timişoara, Romania.
| | - Gabriel Bujancă
- Department of Food Science, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" from Timişoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Daniel I Hădărugă
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Organic and Natural Compounds Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timişoara, Romania.
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