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Zheng J, Mallon J, Lammers A, Rados T, Litschel T, Moody ERR, Ramirez-Diaz DA, Schmid A, Williams TA, Bisson-Filho AW, Garner E. Salactin, a dynamically unstable actin homolog in Haloarchaea. mBio 2023; 14:e0227223. [PMID: 37966230 PMCID: PMC10746226 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02272-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Protein filaments play important roles in many biological processes. We discovered an actin homolog in halophilic archaea, which we call Salactin. Just like the filaments that segregate DNA in eukaryotes, Salactin grows out of the cell poles towards the middle, and then quickly depolymerizes, a behavior known as dynamic instability. Furthermore, we see that Salactin affects the distribution of DNA in daughter cells when cells are grown in low-phosphate media, suggesting Salactin filaments might be involved in segregating DNA when the cell has only a few copies of the chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Mallon
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alex Lammers
- Physiology Course, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Theopi Rados
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Litschel
- Physiology Course, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edmund R. R. Moody
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Diego A. Ramirez-Diaz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy Schmid
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tom A. Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre W. Bisson-Filho
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ethan Garner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Bisson-Filho AW. Preprint Highlight: Distinct regions of Helicobacter pylori's bactofilin CcmA regulate protein-protein interactions to control helical cell shape. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:mbcP22071010. [PMID: 35981293 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.p22-07-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium commonly found in the human stomach. Its most famous feature is its helical shape, which is essential for invading the mucoid tissue and establishing infection that can cause gastrointestinal cancer. This study explored the regulatory role of a bactofilin, a cytoskeletal protein present in many bacteria and known to control cell shape and the assembly of subcellular structures. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that the H. pylori bactofilin CcmA controls the curvature of cells by interacting with factors that build up or degrade the cell wall. The new mechanisms of CcmA self-inhibition and binding to specific cell shape factors represents a breakthrough in how we understand the role of bactofilins. It also suggests bactofilins as a possible therapeutic target against a broad range of pathogenic spiral-shaped bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre W Bisson-Filho
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
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Bisson-Filho AW. Preprint Highlight: Pressure and curvature control of contact inhibition in epithelia growing under spherical confinement. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:mbcP22021002. [PMID: 35319243 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.p22-02-1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
All living systems evolved molecular mechanisms to respond to their physical surroundings, such as by tuning cell cycle progression as well as transport of different cargo across intracellular compartments. However, it is difficult to determine if such responses are genetically programmed or purely resultant of physical forces. This study deploys a new confinement device that modulates chamber stiffness, curvature, and compression over epithelial tissue. Compression specifically regulated cell cycle progression, while increasing stiffness changed cell aspect ratio. The authors propose a new independent function of previous cooperative pathways that regulate long-range tissue scales (β-catenin) and local spatial changes (YAP/TAZ). This work represents a methodological advance in creating specific physical cues while measuring cellular processes, enabling many future studies combining other chemical and genetic perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre W Bisson-Filho
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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Darnell CL, Zheng J, Wilson S, Bertoli RM, Bisson-Filho AW, Garner EC, Schmid AK. The Ribbon-Helix-Helix Domain Protein CdrS Regulates the Tubulin Homolog ftsZ2 To Control Cell Division in Archaea. mBio 2020; 11:e01007-20. [PMID: 32788376 PMCID: PMC7439475 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01007-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise control of the cell cycle is central to the physiology of all cells. In prior work we demonstrated that archaeal cells maintain a constant size; however, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the cell cycle remain unexplored in this domain of life. Here, we use genetics, functional genomics, and quantitative imaging to identify and characterize the novel CdrSL gene regulatory network in a model species of archaea. We demonstrate the central role of these ribbon-helix-helix family transcription factors in the regulation of cell division through specific transcriptional control of the gene encoding FtsZ2, a putative tubulin homolog. Using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy in live cells cultivated in microfluidics devices, we further demonstrate that FtsZ2 is required for cell division but not elongation. The cdrS-ftsZ2 locus is highly conserved throughout the archaeal domain, and the central function of CdrS in regulating cell division is conserved across hypersaline adapted archaea. We propose that the CdrSL-FtsZ2 transcriptional network coordinates cell division timing with cell growth in archaea.IMPORTANCE Healthy cell growth and division are critical for individual organism survival and species long-term viability. However, it remains unknown how cells of the domain Archaea maintain a healthy cell cycle. Understanding the archaeal cell cycle is of paramount evolutionary importance given that an archaeal cell was the host of the endosymbiotic event that gave rise to eukaryotes. Here, we identify and characterize novel molecular players needed for regulating cell division in archaea. These molecules dictate the timing of cell septation but are dispensable for growth between divisions. Timing is accomplished through transcriptional control of the cell division ring. Our results shed light on mechanisms underlying the archaeal cell cycle, which has thus far remained elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan M Bertoli
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexandre W Bisson-Filho
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ethan C Garner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy K Schmid
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Walsh JC, Angstmann CN, Bisson-Filho AW, Garner EC, Duggin IG, Curmi PMG. Division plane placement in pleomorphic archaea is dynamically coupled to cell shape. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:785-799. [PMID: 31136034 PMCID: PMC6736733 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One mechanism for achieving accurate placement of the cell division machinery is via Turing patterns, where nonlinear molecular interactions spontaneously produce spatiotemporal concentration gradients. The resulting patterns are dictated by cell shape. For example, the Min system of Escherichia coli shows spatiotemporal oscillation between cell poles, leaving a mid-cell zone for division. The universality of pattern-forming mechanisms in divisome placement is currently unclear. We examined the location of the division plane in two pleomorphic archaea, Haloferax volcanii and Haloarcula japonica, and showed that it correlates with the predictions of Turing patterning. Time-lapse analysis of H. volcanii shows that divisome locations after successive rounds of division are dynamically determined by daughter cell shape. For H. volcanii, we show that the location of DNA does not influence division plane location, ruling out nucleoid occlusion. Triangular cells provide a stringent test for Turing patterning, where there is a bifurcation in division plane orientation. For the two archaea examined, most triangular cells divide as predicted by a Turing mechanism; however, in some cases multiple division planes are observed resulting in cells dividing into three viable progeny. Our results suggest that the division site placement is consistent with a Turing patterning system in these archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Walsh
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney NSW 2007, Australia
| | | | | | - Ethan C. Garner
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Iain G. Duggin
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Paul M. G. Curmi
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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Bisson-Filho AW, Zheng J, Garner E. Archaeal imaging: leading the hunt for new discoveries. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1675-1681. [PMID: 30001185 PMCID: PMC6080714 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-10-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of the archaeal domain in the mid-1970s, we have collected a great deal of metagenomic, biochemical, and structural information from archaeal species. However, there is still little known about how archaeal cells organize their internal cellular components in space and time. In contrast, live-cell imaging has allowed bacterial and eukaryotic cell biologists to learn a lot about biological processes by observing the motions of cells, the dynamics of their internal organelles, and even the motions of single molecules. The explosion of knowledge gained via live-cell imaging in prokaryotes and eukaryotes has motivated an ever-improving set of imaging technologies that could allow analogous explorations into archaeal biology. Furthermore, previous studies of essential biological processes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms give methodological roadmaps for the investigation of similar processes in archaea. In this perspective, we highlight a few fundamental cellular processes in archaea, reviewing our current state of understanding about each, and compare how imaging approaches helped to advance the study of similar processes in bacteria and eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ethan Garner
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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Hussain S, Wivagg CN, Szwedziak P, Wong F, Schaefer K, Izoré T, Renner LD, Holmes MJ, Sun Y, Bisson-Filho AW, Walker S, Amir A, Löwe J, Garner EC. MreB filaments align along greatest principal membrane curvature to orient cell wall synthesis. eLife 2018; 7:32471. [PMID: 29469806 PMCID: PMC5854468 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MreB is essential for rod shape in many bacteria. Membrane-associated MreB filaments move around the rod circumference, helping to insert cell wall in the radial direction to reinforce rod shape. To understand how oriented MreB motion arises, we altered the shape of Bacillus subtilis. MreB motion is isotropic in round cells, and orientation is restored when rod shape is externally imposed. Stationary filaments orient within protoplasts, and purified MreB tubulates liposomes in vitro, orienting within tubes. Together, this demonstrates MreB orients along the greatest principal membrane curvature, a conclusion supported with biophysical modeling. We observed that spherical cells regenerate into rods in a local, self-reinforcing manner: rapidly propagating rods emerge from small bulges, exhibiting oriented MreB motion. We propose that the coupling of MreB filament alignment to shape-reinforcing peptidoglycan synthesis creates a locally-acting, self-organizing mechanism allowing the rapid establishment and stable maintenance of emergent rod shape. Many bacteria are surrounded by both a cell membrane and a cell wall – a rigid outer covering made of sugars and short protein chains. The cell wall often determines which of a variety of shapes – such as rods or spheres – the bacteria grow into. One protein required to form the rod shape is called MreB. This protein forms filaments that bind to the bacteria’s cell membrane and associate with the enzymes that build the cell wall. Together, these filament-enzyme complexes rotate around the cell to build and reinforce the cell wall in a hoop-like manner. But how do the MreB filaments know how to move around the circumference of the rod, instead of moving in any other direction? Using a technique called total internal reflection microscopy to study how MreB filaments move across bacteria cells, Hussain, Wivagg et al. show that the filaments sense the shape of a bacterium by orienting along the direction of greatest curvature. As a result, the filaments in rod-shaped cells orient and move around the rod, while in spherical bacteria they move in all directions. However, spherical bacteria can regenerate into rods from small surface ‘bulges’. The MreB filaments in the bulges move in an oriented way, helping them to generate the rod shape. Hussain, Wivagg et al. also found that forcing cells that lack a cell wall into a rod shape caused the MreB filaments bound to the cell membrane to orient and circle around the rod. This shows that the organization of the filaments is sufficient to shape the cell wall. In the future, determining what factors control the activity of the MreB filaments and the enzymes they associate with might reveal new targets for antibiotics that disrupt the cell wall and so kill the bacteria. This will require higher resolution microscopes to be used to examine the cell wall in more detail. The activity of all the proteins involved in building cell walls will also need to be extensively characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Hussain
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Carl N Wivagg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Piotr Szwedziak
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Wong
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, United States
| | - Kaitlin Schaefer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Thierry Izoré
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lars D Renner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthew J Holmes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | | | - Suzanne Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Ariel Amir
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jan Löwe
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ethan C Garner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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Bisson-Filho AW, Hsu YP, Squyres GR, Kuru E, Wu F, Jukes C, Sun Y, Dekker C, Holden S, VanNieuwenhze MS, Brun YV, Garner EC. Treadmilling by FtsZ filaments drives peptidoglycan synthesis and bacterial cell division. Science 2017; 355:739-743. [PMID: 28209898 DOI: 10.1126/science.aak9973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which bacteria divide is not well understood. Cell division is mediated by filaments of FtsZ and FtsA (FtsAZ) that recruit septal peptidoglycan-synthesizing enzymes to the division site. To understand how these components coordinate to divide cells, we visualized their movements relative to the dynamics of cell wall synthesis during cytokinesis. We found that the division septum was built at discrete sites that moved around the division plane. FtsAZ filaments treadmilled circumferentially around the division ring and drove the motions of the peptidoglycan-synthesizing enzymes. The FtsZ treadmilling rate controlled both the rate of peptidoglycan synthesis and cell division. Thus, FtsZ treadmilling guides the progressive insertion of new cell wall by building increasingly smaller concentric rings of peptidoglycan to divide the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre W Bisson-Filho
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yen-Pang Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Georgia R Squyres
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Erkin Kuru
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Fabai Wu
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
| | - Calum Jukes
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Cees Dekker
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands.
| | - Seamus Holden
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
| | - Michael S VanNieuwenhze
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Yves V Brun
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Ethan C Garner
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Blasios V, Bisson-Filho AW, Castellen P, Nogueira MLC, Bettini J, Portugal RV, Zeri ACM, Gueiros-Filho FJ. Genetic and biochemical characterization of the MinC-FtsZ interaction in Bacillus subtilis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60690. [PMID: 23577149 PMCID: PMC3618327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division in bacteria is regulated by proteins that interact with FtsZ and modulate its ability to polymerize into the Z ring structure. The best studied of these regulators is MinC, an inhibitor of FtsZ polymerization that plays a crucial role in the spatial control of Z ring formation. Recent work established that E. coli MinC interacts with two regions of FtsZ, the bottom face of the H10 helix and the extreme C-terminal peptide (CTP). Here we determined the binding site for MinC on Bacillus subtilis FtsZ. Selection of a library of FtsZ mutants for survival in the presence of Min overexpression resulted in the isolation of 13 Min-resistant mutants. Most of the substitutions that gave rise to Min resistance clustered around the H9 and H10 helices in the C-terminal domain of FtsZ. In addition, a mutation in the CTP of B. subtilis FtsZ also produced MinC resistance. Biochemical characterization of some of the mutant proteins showed that they exhibited normal polymerization properties but reduced interaction with MinC, as expected for binding site mutations. Thus, our study shows that the overall architecture of the MinC-FtsZ interaction is conserved in E. coli and B. subtilis. Nevertheless, there was a clear difference in the mutations that conferred Min resistance, with those in B. subtilis FtsZ pointing to the side of the molecule rather than to its polymerization interface. This observation suggests that the mechanism of Z ring inhibition by MinC differs in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdir Blasios
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Patricia Castellen
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisas em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Brasil
| | - Maria Luiza C. Nogueira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisas em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Brasil
| | - Jefferson Bettini
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisas em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo V. Portugal
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisas em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina M. Zeri
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisas em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Brasil
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DeMarco R, Machado AA, Bisson-Filho AW, Verjovski-Almeida S. Identification of 18 new transcribed retrotransposons in Schistosoma mansoni. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 333:230-40. [PMID: 15939396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work describes 18 new transcribed retrotransposons of the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Among them, 9 were LTR, 8 non-LTR, and 1 Penelope-like element (PLE) retrotransposon. Sequences were generated by in silico reconstruction using S. mansoni ESTs and transcripts obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends, complemented in some cases by sequencing of genomic clones amplified by PCR. A novel element from the ancient R2/R4/CRE transposon group is described for the first time in S. mansoni. In addition, one non-LTR retrotransposon family displays long (40-450 bp) 3'-UTR with at least six different transcribed sequences among the copies, five LTR retrotransposons have abundantly transcribed incomplete copies lacking the sequence segment coding for the reverse transcriptase domain, and four non-LTR retrotransposons code for DNA-binding PHD domains that may give them a differential targeting. These results allow for a comprehensive description of the transcribed retrotransposon diversity of this complex human parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo DeMarco
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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