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Oliva M, Muñoz-Aguirre M, Kim-Hellmuth S, Wucher V, Gewirtz ADH, Cotter DJ, Parsana P, Kasela S, Balliu B, Viñuela A, Castel SE, Mohammadi P, Aguet F, Zou Y, Khramtsova EA, Skol AD, Garrido-Martín D, Reverter F, Brown A, Evans P, Gamazon ER, Payne A, Bonazzola R, Barbeira AN, Hamel AR, Martinez-Perez A, Soria JM, Pierce BL, Stephens M, Eskin E, Dermitzakis ET, Segrè AV, Im HK, Engelhardt BE, Ardlie KG, Montgomery SB, Battle AJ, Lappalainen T, Guigó R, Stranger BE. The impact of sex on gene expression across human tissues. Science 2020; 369:369/6509/eaba3066. [PMID: 32913072 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba3066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many complex human phenotypes exhibit sex-differentiated characteristics. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences remain largely unknown. We generated a catalog of sex differences in gene expression and in the genetic regulation of gene expression across 44 human tissue sources surveyed by the Genotype-Tissue Expression project (GTEx, v8 release). We demonstrate that sex influences gene expression levels and cellular composition of tissue samples across the human body. A total of 37% of all genes exhibit sex-biased expression in at least one tissue. We identify cis expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) with sex-differentiated effects and characterize their cellular origin. By integrating sex-biased eQTLs with genome-wide association study data, we identify 58 gene-trait associations that are driven by genetic regulation of gene expression in a single sex. These findings provide an extensive characterization of sex differences in the human transcriptome and its genetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Oliva
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Manuel Muñoz-Aguirre
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sarah Kim-Hellmuth
- Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valentin Wucher
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ariel D H Gewirtz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel J Cotter
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Princy Parsana
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Silva Kasela
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brunilda Balliu
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ana Viñuela
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephane E Castel
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pejman Mohammadi
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Yuxin Zou
- Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ekaterina A Khramtsova
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Computational Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Andrew D Skol
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Center for Translational Data Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Diego Garrido-Martín
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ferran Reverter
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Patrick Evans
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric R Gamazon
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony Payne
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rodrigo Bonazzola
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alvaro N Barbeira
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew R Hamel
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angel Martinez-Perez
- Genomics of Complex Diseases Group, Research Institute Hospital de la Sant Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Soria
- Genomics of Complex Diseases Group, Research Institute Hospital de la Sant Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Brandon L Pierce
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Stephens
- Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eleazar Eskin
- Departments of Computational Medicine, Computer Science, and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ayellet V Segrè
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hae Kyung Im
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Barbara E Engelhardt
- Department of Computer Science, Center for Statistics and Machine Learning, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Genomics plc, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Stephen B Montgomery
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexis J Battle
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tuuli Lappalainen
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roderic Guigó
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Barbara E Stranger
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Center for Translational Data Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Center for Genetic Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Ioannidis NM, Davis JR, DeGorter MK, Larson NB, McDonnell SK, French AJ, Battle AJ, Hastie TJ, Thibodeau SN, Montgomery SB, Bustamante CD, Sieh W, Whittemore AS. FIRE: functional inference of genetic variants that regulate gene expression. Bioinformatics 2018; 33:3895-3901. [PMID: 28961785 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Interpreting genetic variation in noncoding regions of the genome is an important challenge for personal genome analysis. One mechanism by which noncoding single nucleotide variants (SNVs) influence downstream phenotypes is through the regulation of gene expression. Methods to predict whether or not individual SNVs are likely to regulate gene expression would aid interpretation of variants of unknown significance identified in whole-genome sequencing studies. Results We developed FIRE (Functional Inference of Regulators of Expression), a tool to score both noncoding and coding SNVs based on their potential to regulate the expression levels of nearby genes. FIRE consists of 23 random forests trained to recognize SNVs in cis-expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTLs) using a set of 92 genomic annotations as predictive features. FIRE scores discriminate cis-eQTL SNVs from non-eQTL SNVs in the training set with a cross-validated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.807, and discriminate cis-eQTL SNVs shared across six populations of different ancestry from non-eQTL SNVs with an AUC of 0.939. FIRE scores are also predictive of cis-eQTL SNVs across a variety of tissue types. Availability and implementation FIRE scores for genome-wide SNVs in hg19/GRCh37 are available for download at https://sites.google.com/site/fireregulatoryvariation/. Contact nilah@stanford.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marianne K DeGorter
- Department of Genetics
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Amy J French
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alexis J Battle
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Trevor J Hastie
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stephen B Montgomery
- Department of Genetics
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carlos D Bustamante
- Department of Genetics
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Weiva Sieh
- Department of Health Research & Policy
- Department of Population Health Science & Policy
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alice S Whittemore
- Department of Health Research & Policy
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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