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Puccio G, Ingraffia R, Giambalvo D, Frenda AS, Harkess A, Sunseri F, Mercati F. Exploring the genetic landscape of nitrogen uptake in durum wheat: genome-wide characterization and expression profiling of NPF and NRT2 gene families. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1302337. [PMID: 38023895 PMCID: PMC10665861 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1302337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate uptake by plants primarily relies on two gene families: Nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter (NPF) and Nitrate transporter 2 (NRT2). Here, we extensively characterized the NPF and NRT2 families in the durum wheat genome, revealing 211 NPF and 20 NRT2 genes. The two families share many Cis Regulatory Elements (CREs) and Transcription Factor binding sites, highlighting a partially overlapping regulatory system and suggesting a coordinated response for nitrate transport and utilization. Analyzing RNA-seq data from 9 tissues and 20 cultivars, we explored expression profiles and co-expression relationships of both gene families. We observed a strong correlation between nucleotide variation and gene expression within the NRT2 gene family, implicating a shared selection mechanism operating on both coding and regulatory regions. Furthermore, NPF genes showed highly tissue-specific expression profiles, while NRT2s were mainly divided in two co-expression modules, one expressed in roots (NAR2/NRT3 dependent) and the other induced in anthers and/ovaries during maturation. Our evidences confirmed that the majority of these genes were retained after small-scale duplication events, suggesting a neo- or sub-functionalization of many NPFs and NRT2s. Altogether, these findings indicate that the expansion of these gene families in durum wheat could provide valuable genetic variability useful to identify NUE-related and candidate genes for future breeding programs in the context of low-impact and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Puccio
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosolino Ingraffia
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dario Giambalvo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alfonso S. Frenda
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alex Harkess
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Francesco Sunseri
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
- Department Agraria , University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesco Mercati
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
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Giambalvo D, Amato G, Ingraffia R, Lo Porto A, Mirabile G, Ruisi P, Torta L, Frenda AS. Nitrogen fertilization and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi do not mitigate the adverse effects of soil contamination with polypropylene microfibers on maize growth. Environ Pollut 2023; 334:122146. [PMID: 37419209 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination with microplastics may adversely affect soil properties and functions and consequently crop productivity. In this study, we wanted to verify whether the adverse effects of microplastics in the soil on maize plants (Zea mays L.) are due to a reduction in nitrogen (N) availability and a reduced capacity to establish symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. To do this, we performed a pot experiment in which a clayey soil was exposed to two environmentally relevant concentrations of polypropylene (PP; one of the most used plastic materials) microfibers (0.4% and 0.8% w/w) with or without the addition of N fertilizer and with or without inoculation with AM fungi. The experiment began after the soil had been incubated at 23 °C for 5 months. Soil contamination with PP considerably reduced maize root and shoot biomass, leaf area, N uptake, and N content in tissue. The adverse effects increased with the concentration of PP in the soil. Adding N to the soil did not alleviate the detrimental effects of PP on plant growth, which suggests that other factors besides N availability played a major role. Similarly, although the presence of PP did not inhibit root colonization by AM fungi (no differences were observed for this trait between the uncontaminated and PP-contaminated soils), the addition of the fungal inoculum to the soil failed to mitigate the negative impact of PP on maize growth. Quite the opposite: mycorrhization further reduced maize root biomass accumulation. Undoubtedly, much research remains to be done to shed light on the mechanisms involved in determining plant behavior in microplastic-contaminated soils, which are most likely complex. This research is a priority given the magnitude of this contamination and its potential implications for human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Giambalvo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Amato
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosolino Ingraffia
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Antonella Lo Porto
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Mirabile
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Ruisi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Livio Torta
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alfonso S Frenda
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
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Puccio G, Ingraffia R, Mercati F, Amato G, Giambalvo D, Martinelli F, Sunseri F, Frenda AS. Transcriptome changes induced by Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in leaves of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) promote higher salt tolerance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:116. [PMID: 36596823 PMCID: PMC9810663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The salinity of soil is a relevant environmental problem around the world, with climate change raising its relevance, particularly in arid and semiarid areas. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) positively affect plant growth and health by mitigating biotic and abiotic stresses, including salt stress. The mechanisms through which these benefits manifest are, however, still unclear. This work aimed to identify key genes involved in the response to salt stress induced by AMF using RNA-Seq analysis on durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum Desf. Husn.). Five hundred sixty-three differentially expressed genes (DEGs), many of which involved in pathways related to plant stress responses, were identified. The expression of genes involved in trehalose metabolism, RNA processing, vesicle trafficking, cell wall organization, and signal transduction was significantly enhanced by the AMF symbiosis. A downregulation of genes involved in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidative stress responses as well as amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates metabolisms was also detected, suggesting a lower oxidative stress condition in the AMF inoculated plants. Interestingly, many transcription factor families, including WRKY, NAC, and MYB, already known for their key role in plant abiotic stress response, were found differentially expressed between treatments. This study provides valuable insights on AMF-induced gene expression modulation and the beneficial effects of plant-AMF interaction in durum wheat under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Puccio
- grid.10776.370000 0004 1762 5517Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy ,grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosolino Ingraffia
- grid.10776.370000 0004 1762 5517Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy ,grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Plant Ecology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.452299.1Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Mercati
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Amato
- grid.10776.370000 0004 1762 5517Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dario Giambalvo
- grid.10776.370000 0004 1762 5517Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federico Martinelli
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco Sunseri
- grid.11567.340000000122070761Department of Agraria, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Alfonso S. Frenda
- grid.10776.370000 0004 1762 5517Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Ingraffia R, Amato G, Ruisi P, Giambalvo D, Frenda AS. Early sowing can boost grain production by reducing weed infestation in organic no-till wheat. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:6246-6254. [PMID: 35491936 PMCID: PMC9790624 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conservative tillage techniques have several agro-ecological benefits for organic farming. The application of these techniques, however, can create quite a few challenges due to the increased weed competition. Here, we report the results of an organic field experiment in which the responses of wheat and weeds to no tillage (NT) were evaluated compared with conventional tillage (CT). We also tested the hypothesis that, under NT, moving up the sowing date, compared with using the ordinary sowing date for the study area, can result in increased competitiveness of the crop against weeds. Two wheat genotypes, a modern variety and an ancient landrace, were tested. RESULTS Substantial reductions in grain yield and protein content were observed in wheat under NT than under CT when the ordinary sowing date was used. This was mainly due to the considerable increase in weed biomass under NT. The tillage system also altered the composition of weed flora, with some species favored under NT and others under CT. In general, early sowing mitigated the detrimental effect of NT on yield. The two genotypes responded differently to the treatments. The early sowing in the modern variety reduced but did not eliminate the advantages of CT over NT, whereas no appreciable differences in grain yield were observed between CT and NT in the landrace. CONCLUSION Our results show clearly that, under organic management, using NT alone as a substitute for CT is not agronomically feasible. Moving up the sowing date and using a competitive genotype can help mitigate the negative effects of NT, but surely a more effective application of NT could be achieved by acting simultaneously on other factors of the cropping management system (e.g. crop rotation, fertilization strategy, type of seeder). © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosolino Ingraffia
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest SciencesUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Gaetano Amato
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest SciencesUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Paolo Ruisi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest SciencesUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Dario Giambalvo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest SciencesUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Alfonso S Frenda
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest SciencesUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
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Ingraffia R, Saia S, Giovino A, Amato G, Badagliacca G, Giambalvo D, Martinelli F, Ruisi P, Frenda AS. Addition of high C:N crop residues to a P-limited substrate constrains the benefits of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis for wheat P and N nutrition. Mycorrhiza 2021; 31:441-454. [PMID: 33893547 PMCID: PMC8266712 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects concerning the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in plant nutrient uptake from organic sources remain unclear. Here, we investigated the contribution of AM symbiosis to N and P uptake by durum wheat after the addition of a high C:N biomass to a P-limited soil. Plants were grown in pots in the presence or absence of a multispecies AM inoculum, with (Org) or without (Ctr) the addition of 15N-labelled organic matter (OM). A further treatment, in which 15N was applied in mineral form (Ctr+N) in the same amount as that supplied in the Org treatment, was also included. Inoculation with AM had positive effects on plant growth in both control treatments (Ctr and Ctr+N), mainly linked to an increase in plant P uptake. The addition of OM, increasing the P available in the soil for the plants, resulted in a marked decrease in the contribution of AM symbiosis to plant growth and nutrient uptake, although the percentage of mycorrhization was higher in the Org treatment than in the controls. In addition, mycorrhization drastically reduced the recovery of 15N from the OM added to the soil whereas it slightly increased the N recovery from the mineral fertiliser. This suggests that plants and AM fungi probably exert a differential competition for different sources of N available in the soil. On the whole, our results provide a contribution to a better understanding of the conditions under which AM fungi can play an effective role in mitigating the negative effects of nutritional stresses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosolino Ingraffia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Saia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Giovino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), SS 113 km 245.500, 90011, Bagheria (PA), Italy
| | - Gaetano Amato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Badagliacca
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, 89124, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Dario Giambalvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federico Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Paolo Ruisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Alfonso S Frenda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
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Ruisi P, Ingraffia R, Urso V, Giambalvo D, Alfonzo A, Corona O, Settanni L, Frenda AS. Influence of grain quality, semolinas and baker's yeast on bread made from old landraces and modern genotypes of Sicilian durum wheat. Food Res Int 2021; 140:110029. [PMID: 33648257 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies showed that products made with ancient wheat genotypes have beneficial health properties compared to those obtained with modern wheat varieties, even though the mechanisms responsible for the positive effects are not clear. Ancient durum wheat genotypes are being currently used for the production of pasta, bread and other typical bakery products but the consumption is strictly local. In this work 15 genotypes of Triticum turgidum subsp. durum, including 10 ancient and 5 modern, were characterized for their technological traits through the determination of different parameters: protein content, dry gluten, gluten index, yellow index, ash, P/L, W and G. In addition, the baking aptitude of all genotypes was evaluated. All semolinas were subjected to leavening by commercial baker's yeast and the experimental breads were subjected to the qualitative characterization (weight loss, height, firmness, colour, volatile organic compounds, image and sensory analysis). The results obtained showed that protein content of grains and semolinas was higher in ancient rather than modern genotypes. Dry gluten ranged from 6.7% of the modern variety Simeto to 13.6% of the ancient genotype Scorsonera. Great differences were found for the yellow index which reached the highest value in Saragolla variety. The P/L and W ratios were significantly higher for the modern genotypes. On average, weight loss was about 14 g, while bread height varied significantly between the trials. Bread consistency varied between 12.6 and 31.3 N. Differences were observed for the yellow of the crumb (higher for modern genotypes) and for the redness of the crust (higher for ancient genotypes). The sensory evaluation displayed a high variability among the breads from the 10 ancient genotypes, while the control breads received scores closed to those of the modern genotypes. This study revealed that the modern durum wheat varieties showed a certain uniformity of behaviour, while the ancient genotypes exhibited a great variability of the final attributes of breads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ruisi
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosolino Ingraffia
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Urso
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Dario Giambalvo
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Alfonzo
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Onofrio Corona
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Settanni
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alfonso S Frenda
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Ficco DB, Beleggia R, Pecorella I, Giovanniello V, Frenda AS, Vita PD. Relationship between Seed Morphological Traits and Ash and Mineral Distribution along the Kernel Using Debranning in Durum Wheats from Different Geographic Sites. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111523. [PMID: 33114112 PMCID: PMC7690802 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Debranning was applied to durum wheat to the study the relationship between kernel shape and size, and ash and mineral distribution having implications for semolina yield. To this aim four durum wheat genotypes carried out over three environments were selected to determine the morphological and yield traits as well as the distribution along the kernel of the ash, macro- (Na, K, P, Ca, and Mg), and micro-elements (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mo). A descendent ash gradient within the kernel reflects the decreases in the minerals that occurred during debranning. Perciasacchi with high seed weight (TKW) and greater thickness followed by Cappelli showed a more uniform distribution of ash content along the kernels. High r Pearson coefficient (p < 0.01) showed an inverse relationship between thickness and ash decay. Since thickness was strongly affected by the genotype, it could represent a useful trait for breeding programs to predict the milling quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella B.M. Ficco
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agrarian—Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, S.S. 673 km 25.200, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.B.); (I.P.); (V.G.); (P.D.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-881-742972
| | - Romina Beleggia
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agrarian—Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, S.S. 673 km 25.200, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.B.); (I.P.); (V.G.); (P.D.V.)
| | - Ivano Pecorella
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agrarian—Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, S.S. 673 km 25.200, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.B.); (I.P.); (V.G.); (P.D.V.)
| | - Valentina Giovanniello
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agrarian—Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, S.S. 673 km 25.200, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.B.); (I.P.); (V.G.); (P.D.V.)
| | - Alfonso S. Frenda
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Pasquale De Vita
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agrarian—Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, S.S. 673 km 25.200, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.B.); (I.P.); (V.G.); (P.D.V.)
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Ingraffia R, Amato G, Sosa-Hernández MA, Frenda AS, Rillig MC, Giambalvo D. Nitrogen Type and Availability Drive Mycorrhizal Effects on Wheat Performance, Nitrogen Uptake and Recovery, and Production Sustainability. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:760. [PMID: 32636854 PMCID: PMC7318877 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant performance is strongly dependent on nitrogen (N), and thus increasing N nutrition is of great relevance for the productivity of agroecosystems. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on plant N acquisition are debated because contradictory results have been reported. Using 15N-labeled fertilizers as a tracer, we evaluated the effects of AM fungi on N uptake and recovery from mineral or organic sources in durum wheat. Under sufficient N availability, AM fungi had no effects on plant biomass but increased N concentrations in plant tissue, plant N uptake, and total N recovered from the fertilizer. In N-deficient soil, AM fungi led to decreased aboveground biomass, which suggests that plants and AM fungi may have competed for N. When the organic source had a low C:N ratio, AM fungi favored both plant N uptake and N recovery. In contrast, when the organic source had a high C:N ratio, a clear reduction in N recovery from the fertilizer was observed. Overall, the results indicate an active role of arbuscular mycorrhizae in favoring plant N-related traits when N is not a limiting factor and show that these fungi help in N recovery from the fertilizer. These results hold great potential for increasing the sustainability of durum wheat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosolino Ingraffia
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Amato
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Moisés A Sosa-Hernández
- Plant Ecology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso S Frenda
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Plant Ecology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dario Giambalvo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Saia S, Rappa V, Ruisi P, Abenavoli MR, Sunseri F, Giambalvo D, Frenda AS, Martinelli F. Soil inoculation with symbiotic microorganisms promotes plant growth and nutrient transporter genes expression in durum wheat. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:815. [PMID: 26483827 PMCID: PMC4591488 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In a field experiment conducted in a Mediterranean area of inner Sicily, durum wheat was inoculated with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), or with both to evaluate their effects on nutrient uptake, plant growth, and the expression of key transporter genes involved in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake. These biotic associations were studied under either low N availability (unfertilized plots) and supplying the soil with an easily mineralizable organic fertilizer. Regardless of N fertilization, at the tillering stage, inoculation with AMF alone or in combination with PGPR increased the aboveground biomass yield compared to the uninoculated control. Inoculation with PGPR enhanced the aboveground biomass yield compared to the control, but only when N fertilizer was added. At the heading stage, inoculation with all microorganisms increased the aboveground biomass and N. Inoculation with PGPR and AMF+PGPR resulted in significantly higher aboveground P compared to the control and inoculation with AMF only when organic N was applied. The role of microbe inoculation in N uptake was elucidated by the expression of nitrate transporter genes. NRT1.1, NRT2, and NAR2.2 were significantly upregulated by inoculation with AMF and AMF+PGPR in the absence of organic N. A significant down-regulation of the same genes was observed when organic N was added. The ammonium (NH4 (+)) transporter genes AMT1.2 showed an expression pattern similar to that of the NO3 (-) transporters. Finally, in the absence of organic N, the transcript abundance of P transporters Pht1 and PT2-1 was increased by inoculation with AMF+PGPR, and inoculation with AMF upregulated Pht2 compared to the uninoculated control. These results indicate the soil inoculation with AMF and PGPR (alone or in combination) as a valuable option for farmers to improve yield, nutrient uptake, and the sustainability of the agro-ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Saia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
- Fondazione A. e S. Lima Mancuso, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Vito Rappa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Ruisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Abenavoli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio CalabriaReggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesco Sunseri
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio CalabriaReggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Dario Giambalvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Alfonso S. Frenda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Federico Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
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Ruisi P, Frangipane B, Amato G, Frenda AS, Plaia A, Giambalvo D, Saia S. Nitrogen uptake and nitrogen fertilizer recovery in old and modern wheat genotypes grown in the presence or absence of interspecific competition. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:185. [PMID: 25859252 PMCID: PMC4373253 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Choosing genotypes with a high capacity for taking up nitrogen (N) from the soil and the ability to efficiently compete with weeds for this nutrient is essential to increasing the sustainability of cropping systems that are less dependent on auxiliary inputs. This research aimed to verify whether differences exist in N uptake and N fertilizer recovery capacity among wheat genotypes and, if so, whether these differences are related to a different competitive ability against weeds of wheat genotypes. To this end, 12 genotypes, varying widely in morphological traits and year of release, were grown in the presence or absence of interspecific competition (using Avena sativa L. as a surrogate weed). Isotopic tracer (15)N was used to measure the fertilizer N uptake efficiencies of the wheat genotypes and weed. A field experiment, a split-plot design with four replications, was conducted during two consecutive growing seasons in a typical Mediterranean environment. In the absence of interspecific competition, few differences in either total N uptake (range: 98-112 kg N ha(-1)) or the (15)N fertilizer recovery fraction (range: 30.0-36.7%) were observed among the wheat genotypes. The presence of competition, compared to competitor-free conditions, resulted in reductions in grain yield (49%), total N uptake (29%), and an (15)N fertilizer recovery fraction (32%) that were on average markedly higher in modern varieties than in old ones. Both biomass and grain reductions were strongly related to the biomass of the competitor (correlation coefficients > 0.95), which ranged from 135 to 573 g m(-2). Variations in both grain and biomass yield due to interspecific competition were significantly correlated with percentage of soil cover and leaf area at tillering, plant height at heading, and total N uptake, thus highlighting that the ability to take up N from the soil played a certain role in determining the different competitive abilities against weed of the genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ruisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Amato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Alfonso S. Frenda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Plaia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Aziendali e Statistiche, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Dario Giambalvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Saia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
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