Using machine learning approach for screening metastatic biomarkers in colorectal cancer and predictive modeling with experimental validation

Colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis accounts for the majority of fatalities associated with CRC. Early detection of metastasis is crucial for improving patient outcomes but can be delayed due to a lack of symptoms. In this research, we aimed to investigate CRC metastasis-related biomarkers by employing a machine learning (ML) approach and experimental validation. The gene expression profile of CRC patients with liver metastasis was obtained using the GSE41568 dataset, and the differentially expressed genes between primary and metastatic samples were screened. Subsequently, we carried out feature selection to identify the most relevant DEGs using LASSO and Penalized-SVM methods. DEGs commonly selected by these methods were selected for further analysis. Finally, the experimental validation was done through qRT-PCR. 11 genes were commonly selected by LASSO and P-SVM algorithms, among which seven had prognostic value in colorectal cancer. It was found that the expression of the MMP3 gene decreases in stage IV of colorectal cancer compared to other stages (P value < 0.01). Also, the expression level of the WNT11 gene was observed to increase significantly in this stage (P value < 0.001). It was also found that the expression of WNT5a, TNFSF11, and MMP3 is significantly lower, and the expression level of WNT11 is significantly higher in liver metastasis samples compared to primary tumors. In summary, this study has identified a set of potential biomarkers for CRC metastasis using ML algorithms. The findings of this research may provide new insights into identifying biomarkers for CRC metastasis and may potentially lay the groundwork for innovative therapeutic strategies for treatment of this disease.

Highlighting functions of apoptosis and circular RNAs in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is known as one of the global problems that endangers the lives of thousands of people every year. Various treatments have been used to deal with this disease, but in some cases, they are not effective. Circular RNAs, as a novel class of noncoding RNAs, have different expression levels and various functions in cancer cells, such as gene regulation through microRNA sponging. They play an important role in various cellular processes, including differentiation, proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis. Changes in the process of apoptosis are closely related to the progression or inhibition of various malignancies. Induction of apoptosis in cancer cells is a promising target for tumor therapy. In this study, circRNAs were investigated as being central to the induction or inhibition of apoptosis in CRC. It is hoped that through targeted changes in the function of these biomolecules, better outcomes will be achieved in cancer treatment. Perhaps better outcomes for cancer treatment can be achieved by using new methods and modifying the expression of these nucleic acids. However, using this method may come with challenges and limitations.

Promising Modulatory Effects of Cenicriviroc on the Progression of Mouse Colorectal Cancer through Inhibition of CCR2_CCL2 Signaling Pathway

The study was designed to assay the efficacy of cenicriviroc (CVC) on the progression of mouse colorectal cancer by downregulation of CCR2_CCL2. In this study, CVC was used to inhibit the CCR2 receptor. Next, an MTT assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of CVC on the CT26 cell line. CT26 cells were implanted subcutaneously in BALB/c mice. After tumor implantation, one group of animals received 20 mg/kg of CVC several times. The mRNA levels of CCR2, CCL2, VEGF, NF-κB, c-Myc, vimentin, and IL33 were determined in the CT26 cell line and then tumor tissues (after 21 days), by qRT-PCR. Protein levels of the above-mentioned targets were determined by western blot and ELISA. Flow cytometry was performed to assess the changes in apoptosis. Tumor growth inhibition was measured on the 1st, 7th, and 21st days after the first treatment. In both cell line and tumor cells treated with CVC, expression levels of the markers of our interest in mRNA and protein levels were significantly reduced compared to controls. A significantly higher apoptotic index was observed in CVC-treated groups. The rates of tumor growth were significantly decreased on the 7th and 21st days after the first injection. To our knowledge, this was the first time that we demonstrated the promising effect of CVC on the development of CRC through inhibition of the CCR2_CCL2 signaling and its downstream biomarkers.

A novel epigenetic biomarker, plasma miR-138-5p gene promoter-methylated DNA, for colorectal cancer diagnosis

Aim: The miR-138-5p promoter-methylated DNA level, miR-138-5p and PDL1 expression were investigated in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Materials & methods: miR-138-5p promoter methylation status and miR-138-5p expression were investigated using the MethyLight and qPCR method, respectively. For measuring PDL-1, we applied the Bioassay Technology Elisa kit. Results: The percentage of methylated reference values of plasma and tissue samples from patients was higher than control groups. The area under curve presented a sensitivity of 55% and a specificity of 82.5% for plasma samples. Compared with the control groups, lower expression of miR-138-5p and higher concentration of PDL1 protein were observed in the patients group. Conclusion: CRC may be detected early by identifying miR-138-5p methylated DNA in plasma as a diagnostic biomarker.

Evaluation of miR-330-3p and BMI1 Expression in Colorectal Cancer Patients, Healthy Adjacent Tissues, and Polypoid Adenomatous Lesions

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as essential gene expression regulators associated with human diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of miR-330-3p and its target gene BMI1 in tissue samples of patients with CRC, polyp, and healthy adjacent tissue samples and their association with clinicopathological and demographic factors such as age, tumor stage, grade, and lymph node invasion of the tumor. Following the extraction of total RNA from approximately 50 mg of colon and rectum tissue of 82 patients with CRC, 13 polypoid lesions, and 26 marginal healthy tissues using RiboEx reagent, cDNA synthesis was performed, and then quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect the expression levels of miR-330-3p and BMI1. Alterations in the gene expression were assessed using the 2(-∆∆ CT) method. The expression of miR-330-3p in all of the CRC samples was significantly lower than in adjacent healthy tissues and polyp (P<0.001). BMI1 was up-regulated in 97.9% of CRC tissue compared to healthy adjacent tissues and polyps (P<0.001). A negative reverse correlation between the miR-330-3p and BMI1 gene was observed in the CRC samples (r= -0.882, P<0.001). Down-regulation of miR-330-3p and BMI1 overexpression strongly correlates with higher tumor stage and lymph node invasion. The AUC for miR-330-3p and BMI1expression was 0.982 (sensitivity, 98.5%; specificity, 78.8%), and 0.971 (sensitivity, 97.6%; specificity, 84.6%) (P<0.001), respectively. Our results indicated that miR-330-3p and BMI1 expression probably could be considered potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for CRC patient.

The Promising Effect of Peucedanum chenur Chloroformic Extract on Prevention of Human Colorectal Cancer Progression by Modulating miR-135b, miR-21, and APC Genes

PURPOSE

The therapeutic use of herbal medicines for the diseases, including cancer, is increasing due to their lower side effects. The present research evaluated the effect of Peucedanum chenur chloroformic extract (PCCE) on cell proliferation against HCT-116 human colorectal cancer cell line.

METHODS

The cytotoxic effect of PCCE was evaluated by MTT assay. The activity of the Wnt/B-catenin pathway was assayed through measuring the expression of miR-135b, miR-21, and APC genes by real-time PCR. The flow cytometry and scratch tests were used to study the cell cycle and cell migration, respectively. Also, the antioxidant activity of PCCE was measured by DPPH and iron-chelating tests.

RESULTS

The results showed the downregulation of miR-135b and miR-21 and overexpression of the APC gene. Furthermore, PCCE decreased the free radicals, cell migration, and cell proliferation. The antioxidant activity of PCCE was confirmed by standard tests.

CONCLUSION

Altogether, our findings suggest that purified compounds of PCCE could be developed as a potent chemo-preventive drug for the treatment of CRC.

DCLK1 Inhibition Sensitizes Colorectal Cancer Cells to Radiation Treatment

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent diagnosed cancers and a common cause of cancer-related mortality. Despite effective clinical responses, a large proportion of patients undergo resistance to radiation therapy. Therefore, the identification of efficient targeted therapy strategies would be beneficial to overcome cancer radioresistance. Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) is an intestinal and pancreatic stem cell marker that showed overexpression in a variety of cancers. The transfection of DCLK1 siRNA to ‎normal HCT-116 cells was performed, and then cells were irradiated with X-rays. The effects of DCLK1 inhibition on cell survival, apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA damage response (ATM and γH2AX proteins), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related genes (vimentin, N‐cadherin, and E-cadherin), cancer stem cells markers (CD44, CD133, ALDH1, and BMI1), and β‐catenin signaling pathway (β‐catenin) were evaluated. DCLK1 siRNA downregulated DCLK1 expression in HCT-116 cells at both mRNA and protein levels (P <0.01). Colony formation assay showed a significantly reduced cell survival in the DCLK1 siRNA transfected group in comparison with the control group following exposure to 4 and 6 Gy doses of irradiation (P <0.01). Moreover, the expression of cancer stem cells markers (P <0.01), EMT related genes (P <0.01), and DNA repair proteins including pATM (P <0.01) and γH2AX (P <0.001) were significantly decreased in the transfected cells in comparison with the nontransfected group after radiation. Finally, the cell apoptosis rate (P <0.01) and the number of cells in the G0/G1 phase in the silencing DCLK1 group was increased (P <0.01). These findings suggest that DCLK1 can be considered a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of radioresistant human CRC.

Aerial Parts of Peucedanum chenur Have Anti-Cancer Properties through the Induction of Apoptosis and Inhibition of Invasion in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells

Background:

The Peucedanum species have many pharmacological effects due to the presence of coumarins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and essential fatty acids in these species. In this study, for the first time, the anticancer activity of Peucedanum chenur methanolic extract via the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of invasion in HCT-116 human colon cancer cells was investigated.

Methods:

P. chenur methanolic extract effect on HCT-116 cells viability and antioxidant activity were evaluated using MTT assay, DPPH, and iron chelating tests, respectively. Changes in mRNA expression level in a panel of relevant genes were assessed by the quantitative real-time PCR. Also, apoptosis was assessed by cell cycle analysis and Annexin V/PI method, and the effect on cell migration was tested using scratch test.

Results:

P. chenur methanolic extract increased significantly the expression of BAX while decreased the expression of BCL-2, AKT1, FAK, RhoA, and MMP genes compared to the control group. BAX/BCL-2 ratio and apoptosis elevated, whereas cell migration reduced significantly. Besides, our extract showed an appropriate antioxidant activity.

Conclusion:

P. chenur may be introduced as a new chemopreventive agent in medicine due to its notable power in terms of induction of apoptosis and inhibition of invasion.

Long Non-coding Ribonucleic Acid as a Novel Diagnosis and Prognosis Biomarker of Bladder Cancer

Long non-coding ribonucleic acids (lncRNAs) are the largest group of non-coding RNAs and supposedly have a broad spectrum of diverse functions in normal cellular processes. This study was carried out to review the biological functions of candidate lncRNAs (i.e., H19, MALAT-1, TUG1, UCA-1, MEG-3, HOTAIR, CCAT2, AATBC, and the like) with aberrant expressions that play critical roles in bladder cancer (BC) initiation, progression, and metastasis. A formal narrative review was performed by searching the PubMed database for English articles using a combination of keywords such as "long non-coding RNA", "lncRNA", "cancer", "bladder cancer", "screening", "prognosis", "diagnosis", and "response to therapy". In addition, the existing literature was studied on biological function, aberrant expression, and the clinical applications of candidate lncRNAs in BC. By a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs, they can be used as biomarkers for tumor signatures in urologic malignancies, which can improve screening, prognosis, diagnosis, and the treatment of BC.

Zerumbone Suppresses Human Colorectal Cancer Invasion and Metastasis via Modulation of FAk/PI3k/NFκB-uPA Pathway

The current study explored the basic molecular mechanisms of zerumbone (ZER), an herbal compound, in inhibiting the migration and invasion of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in vitro. Two types of CRC cells, namely HCT-116 and SW48, were treated with various concentrations of ZER (8, 16, and 24 µM) for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. In vitro assays were performed to determine alterations in proliferation ability, mRNA expression and protein levels, and migration and invasion potential of CRC cells. An SYBR Green-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was utilized to detect the gene expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) followed by the evaluation of the level of proteins by western blotting. Migration and invasion potentials of HCT-116 and SW48 cells treated by ZER were examined using migration and invasion assay kits, respectively. We compared the results of all experiments with control groups, including FAK inhibitor, ZER + FAK inhibitor-treated cells, NF-β inhibitor, ZER + NF-β inhibitor, and untreated cells. The data in the present study suggest that ZER may exert its antimetastatic effects through inhibition of FAk/PI3k/NF-κB-uPA signaling pathway, thereby possibly representing a novel class of FAK inhibitors.

The Effect of the MicroRNA-183 Family on Hair Cell-Specific Markers of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Hearing loss is considered the most common sensory disorder across the world. Nowadays, a cochlear implant can be an effective treatment for patients. Moreover, it is often believed that sensorineural hearing loss in humans is caused by loss or disruption of the function of hair cells in the cochlea. In this respect, mesenchymal cells can be a good candidate for cell-based therapeutic approaches. To this end, the potential of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into hair cells with the help of transfection of microRNA in vitro was investigated. MicroRNA mimics (miRNA-96, 182, and 183) were transfected to human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells using Lipofec-tamine as a common transfection reagent following the manufacturer's instructions at 50 nM for microRNA mimics and 50 nM for the scramble. The changes in cell morphology were also observed under an inverted microscope. Then, the relative expression levels of SOX2, POU4F3, MYO7A, and calretinin were assayed using real-time polymerase chain reaction according to the ΔΔCt method. The ATOH1 level was similarly measured via real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The results showed that increased expression of miRNA-182, but neither miRNA-96 nor miRNA-183, could lead to higher expression levels in some hair cell markers. The morphology of the cells also did not change in this respect, but the evaluation of gene expression at the levels of mRNA could promote the expression of the ATOH1, SOX2, and POU4F3 markers. Furthermore, miRNA-182 could enhance the expression of ATOH1 at the protein level. According to the results of this study, it was concluded that miRNA-182 could serve as a crucial function in hair cell differentiation by the upregulation of SOX2, POU4F3, and ATOH1 to promote a hair cell's fate.

Assessment of CEP55, PLK1 and FOXM1 expression in patients with bladder cancer in comparison with healthy individuals

This case/control study is aimed at investigating the expression of CEP55, PLK1 and FOXM1 in bladder cancer tissues and comparing it with healthy tissue and their relationship with clinicopathological features of BC. Total RNA was extracted; then, gene expression was performed using real-time PCR relative to 18 s rRNA. 2-ΔΔCT method was used to calculate the relative expression of genes. A significant over expression of FOXM1, PLK1 and CEP55 was observed in tumor samples compared to adjacent and normal bladder tissues (all p = 0.001). Therefore, they may be supposed as potential candidate's biomarkers for early diagnosis and targets for cancer therapy.

Salivary and Serum Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Markers in Dental Caries

Dental caries is the most common, chronic, noncommunicable, preventable oral disease worldwide. Oxidation may play an important role in dental caries initiation and progression. Antioxidants in body fluids protect cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary and serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in dental caries. A total of 118 healthy caries-free and caries-active male and female students participated. Caries was detected clinically. Unstimulated whole-saliva samples and blood samples were obtained. Sialochemical analysis was carried out by spectrophotometric assay. Data were analyzed with the Student t test using STATA 11. Salivary and serum TAC levels in the case and control groups did not show any significant differences. Mean salivary MDA levels in the case and control groups were 0.71 ± 0.1 and 0.35 ± 0.06 nmol/mL, respectively. The results showed significantly higher levels of salivary and serum MDA in the case group compared to the healthy control group. The oxidative stress marker was significantly higher in the caries group compared to the healthy control group. Antioxidants were not significantly different between the two groups. MDA can be produced by dental caries, resulting in a decrease in antioxidant levels, causing disease progression. Further studies are necessary to determine whether MDA is the cause or effect of the disease.

Evaluation of the miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 Expression Levels in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus

BACKGROUND

Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is a chronic autoimmune disease that could be considered as a potential premalignant status.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 expression levels in patients with oral Lichen planus lesions compared to healthy subjects with normal oral mucosa.

METHODS

Forty patients with oral lichen planus and 18 healthy age and gender-matched controls were recruited in this case-control study. Oral lichen planus was diagnosed clinically and pathologically. The expression levels of two miRNAs in peripheral blood samples were determined using commercial TaqMan MicroRNA Assays. Relative quantification of gene expression was calculated by the 2-ΔΔct method.

RESULTS

The expression levels of miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 in patients with oral Lichen planus were significantly higher than those of healthy controls. Also, a direct but insignificant correlation was found between miRNA-155 and miRNA-146a expression levels among the patient group.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate that miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 could be potential biomarkers for the immunopathogenesis of oral lichen planus.

Evaluation of MicroRNA-99a and MicroRNA-205 Expression Levels in Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer in the genitourinary tract, showing often recurrence and progress into invasive states. Epigenetic changes, such as microRNA alteration are involved in bladder cancer tumorigenesis through a variety of signaling pathways. The epigenetic state depends on geographic and lifestyle conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression level of microRNA-99a and microRNA-205 in bladder cancer in Iranian populations and to determine the relationship between their expressions with clinicophatological features. 36 patients with bladder cancer were included in the study. The control group was the healthy adjacent tissue of the same patients. Total RNA was extracted from approximately 50 mg tissue using TRIzol reagent. cDNA was synthesized and Real-Time PCR was carried out using specific primers. The Unisp6 rRNA was used as a reference gene. A significant decrease was found in the expression level of miR-99a in tumor samples, compared to healthy adjacent tissues (P<0.001). The increased expression level of miR-99a was significantly associated with muscle invasion (P=0.02). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for miR-99a showed AUC value equal to 0.944, with specificity of 97%, sensitivity of 91%, and cut off value of 8.31 (P<0.001). A significant association was found between smoking and miR-99a (P=0.04) and miR-205 (P= 0.01) expression levels. Dramatic down-regulation of miR-99a in bladder cancer tissues confirmed the tumor suppressor role of miR-99a in bladder cancer. A higher amount of miR-99a expression was associated with invasive bladder cancer. According to ROC analysis, miR-99a could be considered as a valuable diagnostic biomarker.

Evaluation of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 and transforming growth factor-beta2 expression in bladder cancer tissue in comparison with healthy adjacent tissue

Purpose

The fifth most common cancer is allocated to bladder cancer (BC) worldwide. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of BC invasion and metastasis to identify target therapeutic strategies will improve disease survival. So the aim of this study was to measure expression rate of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) and transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-β2) mRNA in tissue samples of patients with BC and its healthy adjacent tissue samples and their association with muscle invasion, size and grade of the tumor.

Materials and Methods

Tissue samples were collected from 35 newly diagnosed untreated patients with BC from 2013 to 2014. Total RNA was extracted from about 50-mg tissue samples using TRIzol reagent. TAKARA SYBR Premix EX Tag II was applied to determine the rate of mRNA expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To obtain final validation, PCR product of ZEB1 and TGF-β2 were sequenced. STATA 11 software was used to analyze the data.

Results

The expression level of ZEB1 in tumor samples was significantly more than of in healthy adjacent tissue samples. Up-regulation of TGF-β2 showed a strong association with muscle invasion (p=0.017). There was also demonstrated a relationship between over expression of ZEB1 with the tumor size (p=0.050).

Conclusions

It looks ZEB1 and TGF-β2 had a role in BC patients. In this study ZEB1 expression was higher in BC tissues than that of in healthy control tissues. There was demonstrated a markedly association between overexpression of TGF-β2 and muscle invasion. Therefore, they are supposed to be candidate as potential biomarkers for early detection and progression of BC.

Resveratrol Inhibits Proliferation, Invasion, and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Increasing miR-200c Expression in HCT-116 Colorectal Cancer Cells

OBJECTIVE

colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies, associated with high rates of relapse. A notable challenge in treatment is low response rate to current therapies for advanced CRC. The miR-200c plays an essential role in tumor suppression by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Resveratrol, a natural compound found in red wine, reveals anti-cancer properties in several types of cancers such as CRC. The aim of current study was to evaluate the effects of resveratrol on proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion of HCT-116 cells and also expression of EMT-related genes in presences or absence of miR-200c.

METHODS

the effect of resveratrol on viability was examined by MTT assay. LNA-anti-miR-200c transfection of HCT-116 cells was carried out in a time dependent manner. Then, the expression of miR-200c and EMT-related genes were quantified by qRT-PCR. Further, expression of EMT-related proteins, apoptosis, and invasion were analyzed by Western blot, Annexin V/PI staining and scratch test, respectively.

RESULTS

resveratrol could significantly inhibit viability of HCT-116 cells. LNA-anti-miR-200c suppressed the endogenous miR-200c in transfected cells compared with the control. qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis of LNA-anti-miR-200c transfected cells revealed a considerable increase in vimentin and ZEB-1 expression, with a concomitant reduction in E-cadherin expression level. Migration of HCT-116 cells increased, and apoptosis significantly reduced in transfected cells. While, resveratrol could entirely reverse these changes by modulation of miR-200c expression.

CONCLUSION

our findings revealed a major role of resveratrol in apoptosis, invasion, and switching of EMT to MET phenotype through upregulation of miR-200c in CRC. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1547-1555, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Evaluation of Salivary and Serum Alpha Amylase Level in Dental Caries of Adolescence

<p><strong>Objective</strong>: Some previous studies suggested a significant relationship between alpha- amylase, and caries formation. This study was implemented in order to investigate the interrelation between level of salivary and serum alpha- amylase and dental caries. <strong>Material and Methods</strong>: In this cross-sectional investigation, un-stimulated whole saliva  and serum sample was collected from 118 high school students  who were divided to four groups: Caries free female (N= 28), caries active females (N=35), caries free males(N= 28) and caries active males(N= 27). Mean levels of salivary and serum alpha-amylase was assayed by spectrophotometric method to assay enzyme kinetics. Data were analyzed using student’s t-test and chi-square test. <strong>Results</strong>: The results of this study demonstrated  that salivary and Serum alpha- amylase were  significantly   higher in caries active group as compared to carries free group(P = 0.002, P= 0.001 respectively). In addition in male groups the mean salivary and serum alpha -amylase was significantly higher in caries active as compared to caries free (P = 0.002, P = 0.02 respectively) and in   female Groups the mean serum   alpha- amylase was statistically significant higher in caries active as compared to caries free (P = 0.01)<strong>. Conclusion</strong>: The results of this study demonstrated significant association between salivary and serum alpha- amylase in adolescence with dental caries. More research should be done to demonstrate real relation between   alpha amylase and   dental caries.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Alpha–amylase; Dental caries; Saliva; Serum.<strong></strong></p>

Association between tissue miR-141, miR-200c and miR-30b and bladder cancer: a matched case-control study

PURPOSE

To evaluate the expression of microRNAs in tissue samples from patients with bladder cancer and to compare it with healthy adjacent tissue samples as controls.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty five tissue samples from patients with newly diagnosed untreated bladder transitional cell carcinoma and 35 adjacent normal urothelium were collected during 2013 to 2014. TRIzol reagent was used to isolate total RNA including microRNAs. RNA concentration and purity were determined using a nanodrop spectrophotometer. Also 1% agarose gel electrophoresis was used to assess integrity of RNA. Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) method was performed using the PARSGENOME microRNA RT-PCR system. Data was analyzed by STATA 11.

RESULTS

A couple of patients were female the remainder were male. Mean age of patients were 71.06 ± 11.43 years. The expression level of miR-30b, miR-141 and miR-200c in case group were significantly higher than that of control normal tissue samples. miR-141 had higher expression rate in malignant tissue than two other miRNAs (P < .001).

CONCLUSION

There was a more expression rate of miR-200c, miR-141 and miR-30b in bladder cancer tissues than healthy adjacent control tissues. Further studies are needed to draw final conclusion.

Evaluation of miR-141, miR-200c, miR-30b Expression and Clinicopathological Features of Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer (BC) ranks the second most common genitourinary tract malignant tumor with high mortality and 70% recurrence rate worldwide. MiRNAs expression has noticeable role in bladder tumorigenesis. The purpose of this study was to assess miR-200c, miR-30b and miR-141 in tissue samples of patients with BC and healthy adjacent tissue samples and their association with muscle invasion, grade and the size of the tumor. Transurethral resection tissue samples were collected from thirty- five newly diagnosed untreated patients with BC from 2013 to 2014. The control group consisted of adjacent normal urothelium. All samples, observed by two pathologists, were diagnosed transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) with the proportion of tumor cells greater than 80%. Total RNA including miRNAs was extracted from about 50 mg tissue samples by applying TRIzol reagent. 2((-ΔΔ CT)) method was used to calculate relative quantification of miRNA expression. Two of 35 patients were females and the other 33 were males. Invasion to bladder muscle was observed in 13 (37%) cases. MiR-141, miR-200-c and miR30-b were up-regulated in 91%, 79% and 64% of malignant tissues, respectively. Down-regulation of miR-141 had a strong association with muscle invasion (P= 0.017). Significant inverse correlation between grading and miRNA-141 level was observed (P= 0.043).