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Abdi A, Eckhardt CL, van Velzen AS, Vuong C, Coppens M, Castaman G, Hart DP, Hermans C, Laros‐van Gorkom B, Leebeek FWG, Mancuso ME, Mazzucconi MG, McRae S, Oldenburg J, Male C, van der Bom JG, Fijnvandraat K, Gouw SC. Treatment-related risk factors for inhibitor development in non-severe hemophilia A after 50 cumulative exposure days: A case-control study. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:2171-2181. [PMID: 34107158 PMCID: PMC8457239 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-severe hemophilia A patients have a life-long inhibitor risk. Yet, no studies have analyzed risk factors for inhibitor development after 50 factor VIII (FVIII) exposure days (EDs). OBJECTIVES This case-control study investigated treatment-related risk factors for inhibitor development in non-severe hemophilia A and assessed whether these risk factors were different for early versus late inhibitor development. PATIENTS/METHODS Non-severe hemophilia A patients (FVIII:C 2%-40%) were selected from the INSIGHT study. Inhibitor-positive patients were defined as early (<50 EDs) or late (>50EDs) cases and matched to 1-4 inhibitor-negative controls by year of birth, cumulative number of EDs, and center/country. We investigated treatment intensity during the last 10 EDs prior to inhibitor development. Intensive treatment was defined as: surgery, peak treatment (10 consecutive EDs), and high mean FVIII dose (>45 IU/kg/ED). Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by logistic regression. RESULTS Of 2709 patients, we analyzed 63 early and 26 late cases and 195 and 71 respectively matched controls. Peak treatment was associated with early and late inhibitor risk (crude OR 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-3.4; 4.0, 95%CI 1.1-14.3). This association was slightly less pronounced after adjustment for mean FVIII dose. High mean FVIII dose was also associated with early and late inhibitor risk (crude OR 2.8, 95%CI 1.5-5.1; 4.5, 95%CI 1.2-16.6). Surgery increased inhibitor risk for early cases. This was less pronounced for late cases. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that intensive FVIII treatment remains a risk factor for inhibitor development in non-severe hemophilia A after more than 50 EDs. Therefore, persistent caution is required throughout the life-time treatment course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Abdi
- Pediatric HematologyEmma Children’s HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Corien L. Eckhardt
- Pediatric HematologyEmma Children’s HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Alice S. van Velzen
- Pediatric HematologyEmma Children’s HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Caroline Vuong
- Pediatric HematologyEmma Children’s HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Michiel Coppens
- Vascular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Giancarlo Castaman
- OncologyCenter for Bleeding Disorders and CoagulationCareggi University HospitalFlorenceItaly
| | - Dan P. Hart
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryThe Royal London Hospital Haemophilia CentreQMULLondonUK
| | - Cedric Hermans
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis UnitCliniques Universitaires Saint‐LucUniversité Catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | | | - Frank W. G. Leebeek
- HematologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maria Elisa Mancuso
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemorrhagic DiseasesHumanitas Clinical and Research CenterRozzanoItaly
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center MilanFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | | | - Simon McRae
- HematologyLaunceston General HospitalLauncestonTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine BonnUniversity Clinic BonnBonnGermany
| | | | - Johanna G. van der Bom
- Clinical EpidemiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Center for Clinical Transfusion ResearchSanquin ResearchLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Karin Fijnvandraat
- Pediatric HematologyEmma Children’s HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Molecular Cellular HemostasisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Samantha C. Gouw
- Pediatric HematologyEmma Children’s HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Clinical EpidemiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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van Velzen AS, Eckhardt CL, Peters M, Oldenburg J, Cnossen M, Liesner R, Morfini M, Castaman G, McRae S, van der Bom JG, Fijnvandraat K. Product type and the risk of inhibitor development in nonsevere haemophilia A patients: a case-control study. Br J Haematol 2020; 189:1182-1191. [PMID: 32201943 PMCID: PMC7318706 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor development is a major complication of treatment with factor VIII concentrates in nonsevere haemophilia A. It has been suggested that plasma-derived factor VIII (FVIII) concentrates elicit fewer inhibitors than recombinant FVIII concentrates, but studies in severe haemophilia A patients have shown conflicting results. We designed a case-control study to investigate the clinical and genetic risk factors for inhibitor development in nonsevere haemophilia A patients. We investigated whether the type of FVIII concentrate was associated with inhibitor development in nonsevere haemophilia A patients. This nested case-control study includes 75 inhibitor patients and 223 controls, from a source population of the INSIGHT study, including all nonsevere haemophilia A patients (FVIII:C 2-40%) that were treated with FVIII concentrates in 33 European and one Australian centre. Cases and controls were matched for date of birth and cumulative number of exposure days (CED) to FVIII concentrate. A conditional logistic regression model was used to calculate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios. No increased risk for inhibitor development was found for any type of FVIII concentrate; either when comparing recombinant FVIII concentrates to plasma-derived FVIII concentrates (adjusted odds ratio 0·96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·36-2·52) or for specific types of FVIII concentrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice S van Velzen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Corien L Eckhardt
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Peters
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marjon Cnossen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ri Liesner
- Department of Haematology & Oncology and Children's Haemophilia Comprehensive Care Centre, Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital & Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Massimo Morfini
- Italian Association of Haemophilia Centres (AICE), Florence, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Castaman
- Department of Oncology, Center for Bleeding Disorders, Careggi University Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Simon McRae
- Department of Haematology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Johanna G van der Bom
- Sanquin Research and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Fijnvandraat
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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Georgescu MT, Moorehead PC, van Velzen AS, Nesbitt K, Reipert BM, Steinitz KN, Schuster M, Hough C, Lillicrap D. Dexamethasone promotes durable factor VIII-specific tolerance in hemophilia A mice via thymic mechanisms. Haematologica 2018; 103:1403-1413. [PMID: 29674503 PMCID: PMC6068046 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.189852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of inhibitory antibodies to factor VIII is the most serious complication of replacement therapy in hemophilia A. Activation of the innate immune system during exposure to this protein contributes to inhibitor development. However, avoidance of factor VIII exposure during innate immune system activation by external stimuli (e.g., vaccines) has not been consistently shown to prevent inhibitors. We hypothesized that dexamethasone, a drug with potent anti-inflammatory effects, could prevent inhibitors by promoting immunologic tolerance to factor VIII in hemophilia A mice. Transient dexamethasone treatment during ainitial factor VIII exposure reduced the incidence of anti-factor VIII immunoglobulin G in both a conventional hemophilia A mouse model (E16KO, 77% vs. 100%, P=0.048) and a hemophilia A mouse model with a humanized major histocompatibility complex type II transgene (E17KO/hMHC, 6% vs. 33%, P=0.0048). More importantly, among E17KO/hMHC mice that did not develop anti-factor VIII immunoglobulin G after initial exposure, dexamethasone-treated mice were less likely to develop a response after re-exposure six (7% vs. 52%, P=0.005) and 16 weeks later (7% vs. 50%, P=0.097). Similar results were obtained even when factor VIII re-exposure occurred in the context of lipopolysaccharide (30% vs. 100%, P=0.069). The ability of these mice to develop immunoglobulin G to human von Willebrand factor, a structurally unrelated antigen, remained unaffected by treatment. Transient dexamethasone administration therefore promotes antigen-specific immunologic tolerance to factor VIII. This effect is associated with an increase in the percentage of thymic regulatory T cells (12.06% vs. 4.73%, P<0.001) and changes in the thymic messenger ribonucleic acid transcription profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Georgescu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Paul C Moorehead
- Janeway Children's Health and Rehabilitation Centre, St. John's, NL, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Alice S van Velzen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kate Nesbitt
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Christine Hough
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - David Lillicrap
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Velzen ASV, Eckhardt CL, Streefkerk N, Peters M, Hart DP, Hamulyak K, Klamroth R, Meijer K, Nijziel M, Schinco P, Yee TT, Bom JGVD, Fijnvandraat K. The incidence and treatment of bleeding episodes in non-severe haemophilia A patients with inhibitors. Thromb Haemost 2018; 115:543-50. [DOI: 10.1160/th15-03-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe development of an inhibitory antibody in non-severe haemophilia A patients may aggravate the bleeding phenotype considerably. Effective treatment of bleeding episodes may be challenging, with ensuing severe complications. At present, evidence is scarce for optimal treatment of bleeding episodes in this patient group. The aim of this study was to describe the incidence and the treatment of bleeding episodes in inhibitor patients in a population-based unselected cohort of non-severe haemophilia A patients with clinically relevant inhibitors. Data were available for 100 of the 107 non-severe haemophilia A patients (factor VIII (FVIII) baseline, 2–40 lU/dl) from 29 centres in Europe and one centre in Australia who had developed a clinically relevant inhibitor between 1980 and 2011. The majority (89 %) of the patients were treated during the inhibitor period for bleeding episodes or a surgical intervention: 66 % needed treatment for bleeding episodes, at a median annual bleeding rate (ABR) of 1.1 (interquartile range (IQR) 0.1–2.5) and a median total of 2 (IQR 1–6) bleeding episodes. Compared to the median ABR before inhibitor development of 0.095 bleeds per year (IQR 0.02–0.42), the increase in ABR is more than a 10-fold. More than 90 % of the bleeding episodes were treated with only one type of product, most frequently (51 %) FVIII concentrates. This study provides the incidence of bleeding episodes and treatment choices in non-severe haemophilia A patients with inhibitors. The 10-fold increase to a median ABR of 1.1 episodes per year emphasizes the impact of inhibitor development for non-severe haemophilia A patients.
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Loomans JI, Kruip MJHA, Carcao M, Jackson S, van Velzen AS, Peters M, Santagostino E, Platokouki H, Beckers E, Voorberg J, van der Bom JG, Fijnvandraat K. Desmopressin in moderate hemophilia A patients: a treatment worth considering. Haematologica 2018; 103:550-557. [PMID: 29305412 PMCID: PMC5830393 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.180059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmopressin increases endogenous factor VIII levels in hemophilia A. Large inter-individual variation in the response to desmopressin is observed. Patients with a lower baseline factor VIII activity tend to show a reduced response, therefore, desmopressin is less frequently used in moderate hemophilia A patients (baseline factor VIII activity 1-5 international units/deciliter), even though factor VIII levels may rise substantially in some of them. We aim to describe the response to desmopressin in moderate hemophilia A patients and to identify predictors. We selected data on 169 patients with moderate hemophilia from the multicenter Response to DDAVP In non-severe hemophilia A patients: in Search for dEterminants (RISE) cohort study. Adequate response to desmopressin was defined as a peak factor VIII level ≥ 30, and excellent response as ≥ 50 international units/deciliter after desmopressin administration. We used univariate and multiple linear regression techniques to analyze predictors of the peak factor VIII level. Response was considered adequate in 68 patients (40%), of whom 25 showed excellent response (15%). Intravenous administration, age, pre-desmopressin factor VIII activity and von Willebrand factor antigen, peak von Willebrand factor activity and desmopressin-induced rise in von Willebrand factor antigen were significant predictors of peak factor VIII level and explained 65% of the inter-individual variation. In 40% of moderate hemophilia A patients, desmopressin response was adequate, thus it is important not to with-hold this group of patients from desmopressin responsiveness. Among the six predictors that we identified for desmopressin-induced factor VIII rise, factor VIII activity and desmopressin-induced rise in von Willebrand factor antigen had the strongest effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke I Loomans
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke J H A Kruip
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manuel Carcao
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon Jackson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alice S van Velzen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Peters
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Santagostino
- A. Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, IRCCS Ca' Granda Foundation, Maggiore Hospital Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Erik Beckers
- Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Voorberg
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna G van der Bom
- Leiden University Hospital, the Netherlands
- Sanquin Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Fijnvandraat
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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van Velzen AS, Eckhardt CL, Hart DP, Peters M, Rangarajan S, Mancuso ME, Smiers FJ, Khair K, Petrini P, Jimenez-Yuste V, Hay CRM, van der Bom JG, Yee TT, Fijnvandraat K. Inhibitors in nonsevere haemophilia A: outcome and eradication strategies. Thromb Haemost 2017; 114:46-55. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-11-0940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
SummaryIn nonsevere haemophilia A (HA) patients the presence of an inhibitor may exacerbate the bleeding phenotype dramatically. There are very limited data on the optimal therapeutic approach to eradicate inhibitors in these patients. We aimed to describe inhibitor eradication treatment in a large cohort of unselected nonsevere HA patients with inhibitors. We included 101 inhibitor patients from a source population of 2,709 nonsevere HA patients (factor VIII 2–40 IU/dl), treated in Europe and Australia (median age 37 years, interquartile range (IQR) 15–60; median peak titre 7 BU/ml, IQR 2–30). In the majority of the patients (71 %; 72/101) the inhibitor disappeared; either spontaneously (70 %, 51/73) or after eradication treatment (75 %, 21/28). Eradication treatment strategies varied widely, including both immune tolerance induction and immunosuppression. Sustained success (no inhibitor after rechallenge with factor VIII concentrate after inhibitor disappearance) was achieved in 64 % (30/47) of those patients rechallenged with FVIII concentrate. In high-titre inhibitor patients sustained success was associated with eradication treatment (unadjusted relative risk 2.3, 95 % confidence interval 1.3–4.3), compared to no eradication treatment. In conclusion, in nonsevere HA patients most inhibitors disappear spontaneously. However, in 35 % (25/72) of these patients an anamnestic response still can occur when rechallenged, thus disappearance in these patients does not always equal sustained response. Treatment for those requiring eradication has to be decided case by case, as one single approach is unlikely to be appropriate for all.Study was carried out in: Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Hartholt RB, van Velzen AS, Peyron I, Ten Brinke A, Fijnvandraat K, Voorberg J. To serve and protect: The modulatory role of von Willebrand factor on factor VIII immunogenicity. Blood Rev 2017; 31:339-347. [PMID: 28716211 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hemophilia A is a bleeding disorder characterized by the absence or dysfunction of blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). Patients are treated with regular infusions of FVIII concentrate. In response to treatment, approximately 30% of patients with severe hemophilia A develop inhibitory antibodies targeting FVIII. Both patient and treatment related risk factors for inhibitor development have been described. Multiple studies comparing the immunogenicity of recombinant and plasma-derived FVIII have yielded conflicting results. The randomized controlled SIPPET (Survey of Inhibitors in Plasma-Product Exposed Toddlers) trial demonstrated an increased risk of inhibitor development of recombinant FVIII when compared to von Willebrand factor (VWF)-containing plasma-derived FVIII. Presently, it is unclear which mechanism underlies the reduced immunogenicity of plasma-derived FVIII. In this review we address the potential role of VWF on FVIII immunogenicity and we discuss how VWF affects the immune recognition, processing and presentation of FVIII. We also briefly discuss the potential impact of glycan-composition on FVIII immunogenicity. It is well established that VWF shields the uptake of FVIII by antigen presenting cells. We have recently shown that VWF binds to the surface of dendritic cells. Here, we present a novel model in which surface bound FVIII-VWF complexes regulate the internalization of FVIII. Binding of FVIII to VWF is critically dependent on sulfation of Tyr1699 (HVGS numbering) in the light chain of FVIII. Incomplete sulfation of Tyr1699 has been suggested to occur in several recombinant FVIII products resulting in a loss of VWF binding. We hypothesize that this results in alternative pathways of FVIII internalization by antigen presenting cells which are not regulated by VWF. This hypothetical mechanism may explain the reduced immunogenicity of VWF containing plasma-derived FVIII concentrates as found in the SIPPET study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin B Hartholt
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alice S van Velzen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivan Peyron
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anja Ten Brinke
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Karin Fijnvandraat
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Voorberg
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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van Velzen AS, Peters M, van der Bom JG, Fijnvandraat K. Effect of von Willebrand factor on inhibitor eradication in patients with severe haemophilia A: a systematic review. Br J Haematol 2014; 166:485-95. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice S. van Velzen
- Department of Pediatric Haematology; Emma Children's Hospital; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Peters
- Department of Pediatric Haematology; Emma Children's Hospital; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Johanna G. van der Bom
- Centre for Clinical Transfusion Research; Sanquin Research; Leiden the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology; Leiden University Medical Centre; Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Karin Fijnvandraat
- Department of Pediatric Haematology; Emma Children's Hospital; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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