Novel Measurement of the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor from A=3 Mirror Nuclei

The electromagnetic form factors of the proton and neutron encode information on the spatial structure of their charge and magnetization distributions. While measurements of the proton are relatively straightforward, the lack of a free neutron target makes measurements of the neutron's electromagnetic structure more challenging and more sensitive to experimental or model-dependent uncertainties. Various experiments have attempted to extract the neutron form factors from scattering from the neutron in deuterium, with different techniques providing different, and sometimes large, systematic uncertainties. We present results from a novel measurement of the neutron magnetic form factor using quasielastic scattering from the mirror nuclei ^{3}H and ^{3}He, where the nuclear effects are larger than for deuterium but expected to largely cancel in the cross-section ratios. We extracted values of the neutron magnetic form factor for low-to-modest momentum transfer, 0.6 Collapse

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Affiliation(s)

S N Santiesteban University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
S Li University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
D Abrams University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
S Alsalmi Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
D Androic University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
K Aniol California State University, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA
J Arrington Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
T Averett William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA
C Ayerbe Gayoso William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA
J Bane University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37966, USA
S Barcus William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA
J Barrow University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37966, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
A Beck Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
V Bellini INFN Sezione di Catania, Italy
H Bhatt Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
D Bhetuwal Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
D Biswas Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia 23669, USA
A Camsonne Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
J Castellanos Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
J Chen William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA
J-P Chen Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
D Chrisman Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
M E Christy Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia 23669, USA Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
C Clarke Stony Brook, State University of New York, New York 11794, USA
S Covrig Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
R Cruz-Torres Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
D Day University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
D Dutta Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
E Fuchey University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
C Gal University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
F Garibaldi INFN, Rome, Italy
T N Gautam Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia 23669, USA
T Gogami Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
J Gomez Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
P Guèye Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia 23669, USA Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
T J Hague Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
J O Hansen Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
F Hauenstein Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA
W Henry Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
D W Higinbotham Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
R J Holt Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
C Hyde Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA
K Itabashi Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
M Kaneta Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
A Karki Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
A T Katramatou Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
C E Keppel Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
P M King Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
L Kurbany University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
T Kutz Stony Brook, State University of New York, New York 11794, USA
N Lashley-Colthirst Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia 23669, USA
W B Li William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA
H Liu Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
N Liyanage University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
E Long University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
A Lovato Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA Computational Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA INFN-TIFPA Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, 38123 Trento, Italy
J Mammei University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
P Markowitz Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
R E McClellan Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
F Meddi INFN, Rome, Italy
D Meekins Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
R Michaels Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
M Mihovilovič Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Institut für Kernphysik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, DE-55128 Mainz, Germany
A Moyer Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
S Nagao Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
D Nguyen University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
M Nycz Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
M Olson Saint Norbert College, De Pere, Wisconsin 54115, USA
L Ou Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
V Owen William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA
C Palatchi University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
B Pandey Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia 23669, USA
A Papadopoulou Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
S Park Stony Brook, State University of New York, New York 11794, USA
T Petkovic University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
S Premathilake University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
V Punjabi Norfolk State University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA
R D Ransome Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, USA
P E Reimer Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
J Reinhold Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
S Riordan Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
N Rocco Theoretical Physics Department, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
V M Rodriguez División de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Recinto de Cupey, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico
A Schmidt Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
B Schmookler Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
E P Segarra Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
A Shahinyan Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia
S Širca Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
K Slifer University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
P Solvignon University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
T Su Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
R Suleiman Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
L Tang Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
Y Tian Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
W Tireman Northern Michigan University, Marquette, Michigan 49855, USA
F Tortorici INFN Sezione di Catania, Italy
Y Toyama Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
K Uehara Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
G M Urciuoli INFN, Rome, Italy
D Votaw Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
J Williamson University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ Scotland, United Kingdom
B Wojtsekhowski Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
S Wood Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
Z H Ye Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
J Zhang University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
X Zheng University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA

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Modelling a Consultant Workforce for the United Kingdom: needs-based planning for Dental Public Health

OBJECTIVE

To develop a needs-based workforce planning model to explore specialist workforce capacity and capability for the effective, efficient, and safe provision of services in the United Kingdom (UK); and test the model using Dental Public Health (DPH).

BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN

Data from a national workforce survey, national audit, and specialty workshops in 2020 and 2021 set the parameters for a safe effective DPH workforce. A working group drawing on external expertise, developed a conceptual workforce model which informed the mathematical modelling, taking a Markovian approach. The latter enabled the consideration of possible scenarios relating to workforce development. It involved exploration of capacity within each career stage in DPH across a time horizon of 15 years. Workforce capacity requirements were calculated, informed by past principles.

RESULTS

Currently an estimated 100 whole time equivalent (WTE) specialists are required to provide a realistic basic capacity nationally for DPH across the UK given the range of organisations, population growth, complexity and diversity of specialty roles. In February 2022 the specialty had 53.55 WTE academic/service consultants, thus a significant gap. The modelling evidence suggests a reduction in DPH specialist capacity towards a steady state in line with the current rate of training, recruitment and retention. The scenario involving increasing training numbers and drawing on other sources of public health trained dentists whilst retaining expertise within DPH has the potential to build workforce capacity.

CONCLUSIONS

Current capacity is below basic requirements and approaching 'steady state'. Retention and innovative capacity building are required to secure and safeguard the provision of specialist DPH services to meet the needs of the UK health and care systems.

Mental Health Problems and Social Media Exposure during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Adult Population of Nepal

Background The COVID-19 pandemic is a significant global health crisis that poses a threat to a person's psychological well-being. A very large number of people got exposed to social network sites during this period which can be hazardous and cause psychological difficulties. There is no prior research or limited studies in this area during emergencies in Nepal. Objective To assess the mental health issues and examine their relationship with social media exposure in adults. Method A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted by using a validated scale of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress (DAAS-21) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) among 18 years above adult population. Data were collected through an online survey. Descriptive statistics was used to describe sociodemographic data. Binary logistic regression analysis were performed to examine the relationship between psychological problems and social media exposure. Result Out of 422 participants, the overall prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia among the study population were 32%, 28.4%, 24.5%, and 47% respectively. Additionally, 86.5% of individuals said they were frequently exposed to social media. Age, ethnicity, gender, past health problems, and health status were significantly associated with psychological problems. Further, social media exposure was associated with gender and marital status. There was no evidence of an association of psychological problems with social media exposure. Conclusion Depression, anxiety, stress and insomnia are common mental health problems found in the adult population during the time of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic and highly affected were under 25 years age. Female and unmarried adults are using more social media.

Determining the gluonic gravitational form factors of the proton

The proton is one of the main building blocks of all visible matter in the Universe¹. Among its intrinsic properties are its electric charge, mass and spin². These properties emerge from the complex dynamics of its fundamental constituents-quarks and gluons-described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics^3-5. The electric charge and spin of protons, which are shared among the quarks, have been investigated previously using electron scattering². An example is the highly precise measurement of the electric charge radius of the proton⁶. By contrast, little is known about the inner mass density of the proton, which is dominated by the energy carried by gluons. Gluons are hard to access using electron scattering because they do not carry an electromagnetic charge. Here we investigated the gravitational density of gluons using a small colour dipole, through the threshold photoproduction of the J/ψ particle. We determined the gluonic gravitational form factors of the proton^7,8 from our measurement. We used a variety of models^9-11 and determined, in all cases, a mass radius that is notably smaller than the electric charge radius. In some, but not all cases, depending on the model, the determined radius agrees well with first-principle predictions from lattice quantum chromodynamics¹². This work paves the way for a deeper understanding of the salient role of gluons in providing gravitational mass to visible matter.

Measured proton electromagnetic structure deviates from theoretical predictions

The visible world is founded on the proton, the only composite building block of matter that is stable in nature. Consequently, understanding the formation of matter relies on explaining the dynamics and the properties of the proton's bound state. A fundamental property of the proton involves the response of the system to an external electromagnetic field. It is characterized by the electromagnetic polarizabilities¹ that describe how easily the charge and magnetization distributions inside the system are distorted by the electromagnetic field. Moreover, the generalized polarizabilities² map out the resulting deformation of the densities in a proton subject to an electromagnetic field. They disclose essential information about the underlying system dynamics and provide a key for decoding the proton structure in terms of the theory of the strong interaction that binds its elementary quark and gluon constituents. Of particular interest is a puzzle in the electric generalized polarizability of the proton that remains unresolved for two decades². Here we report measurements of the proton's electromagnetic generalized polarizabilities at low four-momentum transfer squared. We show evidence of an anomaly to the behaviour of the proton's electric generalized polarizability that contradicts the predictions of nuclear theory and derive its signature in the spatial distribution of the induced polarization in the proton. The reported measurements suggest the presence of a new, not-yet-understood dynamical mechanism in the proton and present notable challenges to the nuclear theory.

Effect of ultrasound amplitude and frequency on nanoparticle diffusion in an agarose hydrogel

Exposure of nanoparticles in a porous medium, such as a hydrogel, to low-intensity ultrasound has been observed to dramatically enhance particle penetration rate. Enhancement of nanoparticle penetration is a key issue affecting applications such as biofilm mitigation and targeted drug delivery in human tissue. The current study used fluorescent imaging to obtain detailed experimental measurements of the effect of ultrasound amplitude and frequency on diffusion of nanoparticles of different diameters in an agarose hydrogel, which is often used as a simulant for biofilms and biological tissues. We demonstrate that the acoustic enhancement occurs via the phenomenon of oscillatory diffusion, in which a combination of an oscillatory flow together with random hindering of the particles by interaction with hydrogel proteins induces a stochastic random walk of the particles. The measured variation of acoustic diffusion coefficients with amplitude and frequency were used to validate a previous statistical theory of oscillatory diffusion based on the continuous time random walk approach.

A National Equity Initiative to Address Noncommunicable Diseases and Injuries: Findings and Recommendation from the Nepal NCDI Poverty Commission

We aimed to assess the burden of NCDIs across socioeconomic groups, their economic impact, existing health service readiness and availability, current policy frameworks and national investment, and planned programmatic initiatives in Nepal through a comprehensive literature review. Secondary data from Global Burden of Disease estimates from GBD 2015 and National Living Standard Survey 2011 were used to estimate the burden of NCDI and present the relationship of NCDI burden with socioeconomic status. The Commission used these data to define priority NCDI conditions and recommend potential cost-effective, poverty-averting, and equity-promoting health system interventions. NCDIs disproportionately affect the health and well-being of poorer populations in Nepal and cause significant impoverishment. The Commission found a high diversity of NCDIs in Nepal, with approximately 60% of the morbidity and mortality caused by NCDIs without primary quantified behavioral or metabolic risk factors, and nearly half of all NCDI-related DALYs occurring in Nepalese younger than 40 years. The Commission prioritized an expanded set of twenty-five NCDI conditions and recommended introduction or scale-up of twenty-three evidence-based health sector interventions. Implementation of these interventions would avert an estimated 9680 premature deaths per annum by 2030 and would cost approximately $8.76 per capita. The Commission modelled potential financing mechanisms, including increased excise taxation on tobacco, alcohol, and sugar-sweetened beverages, which would provide significant revenue for NCDI-related expenditures. Overall, the Commission's conclusions are expected to be a valuable contribution to equitable NCDI planning in Nepal and similar resource-constrained settings globally.

Measurement of the Nucleon F_{2}^{n}/F_{2}^{p} Structure Function Ratio by the Jefferson Lab MARATHON Tritium/Helium-3 Deep Inelastic Scattering Experiment

The ratio of the nucleon F_{2} structure functions, F_{2}^{n}/F_{2}^{p}, is determined by the MARATHON experiment from measurements of deep inelastic scattering of electrons from ^{3}H and ^{3}He nuclei. The experiment was performed in the Hall A Facility of Jefferson Lab using two high-resolution spectrometers for electron detection, and a cryogenic target system which included a low-activity tritium cell. The data analysis used a novel technique exploiting the mirror symmetry of the two nuclei, which essentially eliminates many theoretical uncertainties in the extraction of the ratio. The results, which cover the Bjorken scaling variable range 0.19<x<0.83, represent a significant improvement compared to previous SLAC and Jefferson Lab measurements for the ratio. They are compared to recent theoretical calculations and empirical determinations of the F_{2}^{n}/F_{2}^{p} ratio.

Vaginal Atresia with Cervical Agenesis, a Rare Congenital Malformation

Congenital vaginal atresia and cervical agenesis is a rare congenital abnormality of the female genital tract. Here we report a case of 15-year old girl with primary amenorrhea with hematometra, presented with lower abdominal mass. She was symptomatic since 5 months and visited local hospital after 4 months of onset of her symptoms when it became severe, where diagnostic laparotomy was performed for suspected Adnexal mass. Intraoperatively adnexal mass was adhered with and extended up to the uterus with 16 weeks size of uterus. Abdomen was closed without any further intervention and was referred to higher center for needful. When she presented to Kathmandu Model Hospital, she was asymptomatic on her 5th post-operative day of laparotomy. We planned for surgical intervention after examination and investigation. Drainage with vaginoplasty with amnion graft with placement of mould was done.

Ruling out Color Transparency in Quasielastic ^{12}C(e,e^{'}p) up to Q^{2} of 14.2 (GeV/c)^{2}

Quasielastic ^{12}C(e,e^{'}p) scattering was measured at spacelike 4-momentum transfer squared Q^{2}=8, 9.4, 11.4, and 14.2  (GeV/c)^{2}, the highest ever achieved to date. Nuclear transparency for this reaction was extracted by comparing the measured yield to that expected from a plane-wave impulse approximation calculation without any final state interactions. The measured transparency was consistent with no Q^{2} dependence, up to proton momenta of 8.5  GeV/c, ruling out the quantum chromodynamics effect of color transparency at the measured Q^{2} scales in exclusive (e,e^{'}p) reactions. These results impose strict constraints on models of color transparency for protons.

Probing the Deuteron at Very Large Internal Momenta

We measure ^{2}H(e,e^{'}p)n cross sections at 4-momentum transfers of Q^{2}=4.5±0.5  (GeV/c)^{2} over a range of neutron recoil momenta p_{r}, reaching up to ∼1.0  GeV/c. We obtain data at fixed neutron recoil angles θ_{nq}=35°, 45°, and 75° with respect to the 3-momentum transfer q[over →]. The new data agree well with previous data, which reached p_{r}∼500  MeV/c. At θ_{nq}=35° and 45°, final state interactions, meson exchange currents, and isobar currents are suppressed and the plane wave impulse approximation provides the dominant cross section contribution. We compare the new data to recent theoretical calculations, where we observe a significant discrepancy for recoil momenta p_{r}>700  MeV/c.

Misleading Diagnosis of Dysgerminoma in a Young Asymptomatic Patient

Dysgerminomas account for approximately one third of all malignant ovarian germ cell tumors (tumors arising from ovarian germinal elements) and are the most common ovarian malignancy detected during pregnancy. They are the only germ cell malignancy with a significant rate of bilateral ovarian involvement that is 15-20 percent. They have a variable gross appearance, but in general are solid, pink to tan to cream colored lobulated masses. They have the best prognosis of all malignant ovarian germ cell tumor variants. Two thirds are stage I at diagnosis, and prognosis is excellent even for those with advanced disease due to exquisite tumor chemosensitivity. The 5 year disease specific survival rate approximates 99 percent. This is a case report of a huge ovarian dysgerminoma in a young unmarried lady that was quite asymptomatic. She underwent laparotomy with right ovarian cystectomy.

Pregnancy Complicated by Acute Pancreatitis with Ascariasis

Ascariasis lumbricoides infections are common in tropical and sub-tropical countries. As it is one of the common causes for common bile duct obstruction. But in pregnancy is a rare entity. It may present with complications like acute pancreatitis. Here we present a case of 24 year female gravida 2 para 1 at 34 weeks of pregnancy presented with chief complain of pain over epigastric region radiating to back and associated with two episodes of vomiting, non bilious, not mixed with blood. Ultrasonography showed long tubular hyperechoic structure in gallbladder lumen most likely ascariasis and then she was diagnosed as a case of acute pancreatitis with alive ascariasis.

Probing Few-Body Nuclear Dynamics via ^{3}H and ^{3}He (e,e^{'}p)pn Cross-Section Measurements

We report the first measurement of the (e,e^{'}p) three-body breakup reaction cross sections in helium-3 (^{3}He) and tritium (^{3}H) at large momentum transfer [⟨Q^{2}⟩≈1.9  (GeV/c)^{2}] and x_{B}>1 kinematics, where the cross section should be sensitive to quasielastic (QE) scattering from single nucleons. The data cover missing momenta 40≤p_{miss}≤500  MeV/c that, in the QE limit with no rescattering, equals the initial momentum of the probed nucleon. The measured cross sections are compared with state-of-the-art ab initio calculations. Overall good agreement, within ±20%, is observed between data and calculations for the full p_{miss} range for ^{3}H and for 100≤p_{miss}≤350  MeV/c for ^{3}He. Including the effects of rescattering of the outgoing nucleon improves agreement with the data at p_{miss}>250  MeV/c and suggests contributions from charge-exchange (SCX) rescattering. The isoscalar sum of ^{3}He plus ^{3}H, which is largely insensitive to SCX, is described by calculations to within the accuracy of the data over the entire p_{miss} range. This validates current models of the ground state of the three-nucleon system up to very high initial nucleon momenta of 500  MeV/c.

Sonoporation as an Approach for siRNA delivery into T cells

Delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) into primary T cells is quite challenging because they are non-proliferating cells and are difficult to transfect with non-viral approaches. Because sonoporation is independent of the proliferation status of cells and siRNA acts in the cell cytoplasm, we investigated whether sonoporation could be used to deliver siRNA into mouse and human T cells. Cells mixed with Definity microbubbles and siRNA were sonicated with a non-focused transducer of center frequency 2.20 MHz producing ultrasound at a 10% duty cycle, pulse repetition frequency of 2.20 kHz and spatial average temporal average ultrasound intensity of 1.29 W/cm² for 5 s and then examined for siRNA fluorescence by flow cytometry analysis. These sonoporation conditions resulted in high-efficiency transfection of siRNA in mouse and human T cells. Further, the efficacy of siRNA delivery by sonoporation was illustrated by the successful visualization of decreased methylation-controlled J protein expression in mouse and human CD8 T cells via Western blot analysis. The results provide the first evidence that sonoporation is a novel approach to delivery of siRNA into fresh isolated mouse and human T cells in vitro, and might be used for in vivo studies in the future.

A small proton charge radius from an electron-proton scattering experiment

Elastic electron-proton scattering (e-p) and the spectroscopy of hydrogen atoms are the two methods traditionally used to determine the proton charge radius, r_p. In 2010, a new method using muonic hydrogen atoms¹ found a substantial discrepancy compared with previous results², which became known as the 'proton radius puzzle'. Despite experimental and theoretical efforts, the puzzle remains unresolved. In fact, there is a discrepancy between the two most recent spectroscopic measurements conducted on ordinary hydrogen^3,4. Here we report on the proton charge radius experiment at Jefferson Laboratory (PRad), a high-precision e-p experiment that was established after the discrepancy was identified. We used a magnetic-spectrometer-free method along with a windowless hydrogen gas target, which overcame several limitations of previous e-p experiments and enabled measurements at very small forward-scattering angles. Our result, r_p = 0.831 ± 0.007_stat ± 0.012_syst femtometres, is smaller than the most recent high-precision e-p measurement⁵ and 2.7 standard deviations smaller than the average of all e-p experimental results⁶. The smaller r_p we have now measured supports the value found by two previous muonic hydrogen experiments^1,7. In addition, our finding agrees with the revised value (announced in 2019) for the Rydberg constant⁸-one of the most accurately evaluated fundamental constants in physics.

Dermoscopic pattern of pityriasis versicolor

Background: Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is essentially a clinical diagnosis characterized by hypopigmented or hyperpigmented patches on the skin. Dermoscopy is gaining popularity as a noninvasive procedure for the diagnosis of different pigmentary and inflammatory disorders. However, scarce evidence exists on the dermoscopic pattern of PV. Objective: To describe the dermoscopic features of hypopigmented and hyperpigmented lesions of PV. Methods: Dermoscopic images of PV lesions located on different body sites were retrospectively evaluated for the presence of predefined criteria. Results: A total of 178 lesions from 125 patients were included in the study among which 164 lesions were hypopigmented and 14 lesions were hyperpigmented. Nonuniform pigmentation was the most common dermoscopic feature seen in both hypopigmented lesions (n=152, 92.68%) and hyperpigmented lesions (n=14, 100%). Scales were seen in 142 hypopigmented lesions (86.56%) and 13 hyperpigmented lesions (92.86%). Patchy scaling was more common in hypopigmented lesions (n=95, 57.92%) while scaling in the furrows was more common in the dermoscopy of hyperpigmented lesions (n=5, 35.71%). Inconspicuous ridges and furrows and perilesional hyperpigmentation were other significant features seen in dermoscopy of the lesions. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the dermoscopic features of PV in such a large number of patients. Description of these new features adds valuable information and may help to establish dermoscopy as an important auxiliary tool for the diagnosis of PV.

Dermoscopic clues in the skin lesions of secondary syphilis

Secondary syphilis may have a varied clinical presentation and might pose a diagnostic difficulty when a typical history is absent. We describe the dermoscopic clues of the skin lesions at different stages of the disease which could culminate to a proper diagnosis.

Isolated lichen planus of lip: Diagnosis and treatment monitoring using dermoscopy

Lichen planus (LP) of lip has chances of malignant transformation as it may be exposed to external trauma, smoking, and ultraviolet light. This case highlights the use of dermoscope as a quick noninvasive tool for the diagnosis of LP of lip and monitoring the response to treatment.

Tubular Hair Casts in Trichoscopy of Hair and Scalp Disorders

Introduction:

Hair casts have been reported in a variety of hair and scalp disorders. Trichoscopy allows a quick and noninvasive method for the evaluation of hair and scalp disorders in high magnification. However, the study of hair casts seen in trichoscopy is lacking.

Objective:

The main objective is to study the occurrence and patterns of tubular hair cast (THC) in different hair and scalp disorders.

Patients and Methods:

The patients with hair and scalp disorders presenting at the dermatology department of our hospital were evaluated using trichoscopy. Cases of primary parakeratotic disorders and behavioral disorders were excluded. After a detailed history and evaluation of the hair and scalp, histopathology, light microscopic examination, potassium hydroxide examination, and fungal culture were done when necessary.

Results:

THC was seen in total 21 cases of seven different hair and scalp disorders. Of these, the majority of cases were of discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) (5/21) and maximum frequency of THCs within a disorder was seen in cases of pemphigus foliaceus (PF) (50%). Proximal casts occurred in 90.47% of cases. Single cast involving two shafts was seen in a case of PF, and two casts within a single shaft were seen in two cases of DLE and one case of alopecia areata.

Conclusions:

THCs in trichoscopy can be seen in various hair and scalp disorders and their study may help during the diagnosis of those disorders when combined with other trichoscopic features.

Vesico-vaginal fistula post Right radical nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision

Case: 61 years, female presented at KMH OPD with involuntary urinary leakage per vaginum for seven months following Right radical nephreureterectomy with bladder cuff excision for urinary bladder carcinoma at other centre. Dye test was positive. Cystoscopy revealed VVF defect around 2 cm (Goh’s stage 3biii) at right posterior wall of urinary bladder. Ureteric catheter was placed in left ureter and VVF repair was done. Dye test following 14 days of Foley’s catheterization was negative and patient went home dry. We present here a case of successful repair of VVF following Right radical nephreureterectomy with bladder cuff excision.  Key words: dye test, Goh’s stage, pelvic surgeries, urinary tract injuries, vesico-vaginal fistula

Profile of Obstetric and Iatrogenic Fistula Surgeries At Kathmandu Model Hospital

Aims: To find out the pattern of urogenital fistula. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 222 patients who underwent fistula surgery during the period of January 2012 to March 2018 in Kathmandu Model Hospital. The data were collected from the hospital records. The fistulae were classified according Goh system.  Patients’ demography, obstetric characteristics and surgical outcome were reviewed. The primary outcome was in terms of urinary continence. Results: Among 222 cases, majority of the patients had fistula due to obstetrical cause, contributing 58% (n=127) and 42% (n=95) had fistula after gyanaecological surgery. The age ranged from 15 to 65 years. Most of the patients had fistula of type 1a, contributing 38% (n=84) and only 0.01% (n=3) of type 3c and 4b according to Goh’s classification. Hundred (78.7%) cases of obstetric fistula patients were dry and continent after surgery, whereas 95(89.4%) cases of fistula after gynecological surgery were successfully repaired. Eighteen patients with obstetric fistula and 6 patients with fistula after gynecological surgery had failed repair. Conclusions: Our study showed obstructed and prolonged labor was the major cause of obstetric fistula, but   fistula resulting after gynecological surgery should not be overlooked. Keywords: fistula, iatrogenic, labour

Experience of Laparoscopic Gynecological Surgeries at Kathmandu Model Hospital

Aims: Laparoscopy has become the most common procedure in recent set-ups. It is now a major diagnostic as well as therapeutic modality for infertility, endometriosis, extrauterine pregnancy and benign ovarian tumors. The aim of the study was to share the experience of gynecological laparoscopic surgeries performed at Kathmandu Model Hospital. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out at Kathmandu Model Hospital from 1st January 2011 to 1st May 2017. All the patients who underwent gynecological laparoscopic surgeries were analyzed for the indication, type of procedure and its complications. Results: Out of 217, majority 24.4 %(n=53) patients were in age group 26-30 years. There were 51.1% (111) cases of ovarian cyst, 12.44%(27) cases of ectopic pregnancy. Eight cases were done with surgeons for cholecystectomy and ovarian cystectomy or hysterectomy. There were 15% (n=32) cases of diagnostic laparoscopy. Total laparoscopic hysterectomy was done in 16% (n=33) cases. Conversion to laparotomy was done in 3%(8) cases. There was one case of vascular injury. Most common immediate post-operative complaint was variable degree of pain, managed with parenteral and oral analgesics. Oral diet started at 4-6th hour post-operatively, and mobilization started after 24 hours. 75% (164) cases had a hospital stay of 2 days and 25%(53) cases stayed for 3 days. Conclusions: Laparoscopic surgery at our hospital has been well demonstrated in terms of reducing postoperative pain and decreasing postoperative morbidity, short hospital stay, and less postoperative recovery time. However, adequate advanced training and devices are needed to perform skillful laparoscopic surgeries. 

Measuring oral health impact among care home residents in Wales

Objective

To explore inequalities in oral health impact among care home residents using OHIP-14 and ADHS criteria.

Basic research design

Cross-sectional survey with structured interview and clinical examination using 2009 ADHS criteria including OHIP-14. Comparisons were made between groups of residents and with findings from the ADHS 2009.

Participants

Care homes and residents were randomly selected. Those without capacity and non-English/Welsh speakers were excluded. 447 residents answered all OHIP-14 questions and had full oral examination.

Main Outcome Measure

OHIP-14.

Results

Reporting of OHIP problems was more common among care home residents compared with older people examined in the ADHS 2009 (50% vs 40%). There was no difference in the mean number of impacts between residents who were: dentate/edentate; denture wearing/non-denture wearing; with/without caries. Residents reporting 'problems and pain in your mouth at the moment', or 'occasional or more frequent dry mouth', more often experienced OHIP-14 impacts.

Conclusion

Compared with peers living in the community, both dentate and edentate care home residents are more likely to live with one or more impacts. Two simple questions related to 'Any problems and pain in your mouth?' and 'Do you have frequent dry mouth?' may help to target care home residents more likely to experience oral health impacts.

Menopausal Health Status of Nepalese Women

INTRODUCTION

Menopause is an unavoidable and sometimes problematic condition in which women may suffer from a number of health problems. Knowledge of the major symptoms associated with menopause helps reduce the burden and stress associated with the condition. In this context, a study was conducted to establish baseline data regarding menopausal health problems among Nepalese women.

METHODS

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 2000 women aged over 40 years to identify their knowledge, attitude and practice related to menopausal health problems. Data was collected by interviewing the women and doing physical examination. Analysis was done using descriptive statistics and SPSS software was used for data analysis.

RESULTS

A cohort of 2073 women (ages 40-60 years) participated in the research, among them 2000 yielded complete response. The study revealed that 820 (41%) women had reached menopause. The average age of menopause was 48.7 years. Majority of the women 1183 (59.2%) in the study did not know about menopausal health problems. Abnormal bleeding 353 (17.65%), sweating 315 (15.75%), hot flushes 299 (14.95%), joint/muscle pain 285 (14.25%) were the most common menopausal symptoms known by the women. Joint pain 736 (36.8%), hot flushes 584 (29.2%), irregular bleeding 582 (29.1%) were the most common experienced symptoms of menopause and only 586 (29.3%) consulted the health workers to alleviate menopausal symptoms. Moreover, most of the women 926 (46.3%) accepted menopause as a part of life.

CONCLUSIONS

The research has tried to establish the baseline of menopausal health problems in the Nepalese women. The average age of menopause was 48.7 years. Majority did not know about menopausal health problems. Further researches with nationally representative sample are recommended to further explore the menopausal health problems of Nepalese women.

Admitting Deserving Medical Students from Rural and Disadvantaged: Patan Academy of Health Sciences' Approach

BACKGROUND

Patan Academy of Health Sciences (PAHS) aims to produce physicians who would be able and willing to serve in the rural areas. Recognizing the critical importance of student selection strategy, among others, in achieving the program goals, it has adopted an innovative scheme for selecting medical students. This paper describes PAHS medical student selection scheme that favors enrollment of deserving applicants from rural and disadvantaged groups so as to help improve distribution of physicians in rural Nepal.

METHODS

A student admission committee comprising a group of medical educators finalized a three-step student selection scheme linked with scholarships after reviewing relevant literatures and consultative meetings with experts within and outside Nepal. The committee did local validation of Personal Quality Assessment (PQA) that tested cognitive ability and personality traits, Admission OSPE (Objective Structured Performance Examination) that assessed non-cognitive attributes of applicants. It also provided preferential credits to applicants' socio-economic characteristics to favor the enrollment of deserving applicants from rural and disadvantaged groups through Social Inclusion Matrix (SIM). Three different categories of scholarship schemes namely Partial, Collaborative and Full were devised with Partial providing 50% and other two categories each providing 100% coverage of tuition fee.

RESULTS

PAHS student selection scheme succeeded in enrolling more than half of its students from rural areas of Nepal, including about 10% of the students from that of the most backward region of the country. About one third of students were female and about the same were from public and community school. Sixty percent of students receive different categories of scholarships.

CONCLUSIONS

Limited findings indicate the success of the selection scheme in enrolling high proportion of applicants from rural and disadvantageous groups and enable them to pursue study by providing scholarships.

Prevalence of Early Repolarization Patterns in Adults

Background The finding of persistent Junction point elevation of 1 mm or more in adjacent leads in electrocardiogram is considered to be due to early repolarization. This condition was considered benign in the past but presently it is believed to be the rare cause of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and sudden death. Objective The main objective of the study is to find out the prevalence of early repolarization pattern in subjects having electrocardiogram at Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital. Method Twelve lead electrocardiograms of patients attending Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital were studied. Data was collected for patient particulars. Electrocardiograms were analyzed for the type of early repolarization. Result The overall prevalence of early repolarization pattern of electrocardiogram was 2.82 %. It's prevalence in male and female was 4.95 % and 0.77 % respectively. The prevalence of different types of early repolarization electrocardiography pattern was 0.70 %, 1.25% and 0.63% of the population studied for type I, II, and III early repolarization patterns. Type IV or Brugada pattern was not detected in our study. Conclusion The commonest pattern observed was type II that is early repolarization pattern in inferior or inferolateral leads. Having knowledge of early repolarization and its type helps to counsel the physicians about the risk of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death.

Study on Corticosteroids use Pattern in Dermatological Practice and Investigating Adverse Effect of Corticosteroids Including its Associated Factors

Background Corticosteroids are highly effective drugs with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Due to this, they have become a mainstay of pharmacotherapy in dermatology. However, improper and long term uses are associated with a number of serious adverse effects. Objective To investigate the corticosteroids use pattern, adverse effects and various factors associated with adverse effects in dermatological practice. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted in a dermatology department of tertiary care hospital. All patients using at least one corticosteroids, either topically or systemically or the combination were included in this study. Informed consent was taken from the patients and interviewed using structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 20. p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Result Among the 60 participants under this study, 81.67% of them were females. The mean (±SD) age of the patients was 31.03 years (±15.0). A majority (58.30%) of the patients was prescribed with topical corticosteroids with low potency (25%). Most of them had used corticosteroids for urticaria. Adverse effects were reported by 33.30% of the patients. The most common adverse effect reported was the shedding of skin. Adverse effects was significantly associated with gender; use of systemic corticosteroids; regular use of corticosteroids; discontinuation of dose abruptly; and missed dose. However, there was no significant association between adverse effects and the duration of use of corticosteroids. Conclusion In conclusion, the present study suggested that the proper counselling and clear instruction regarding the use of corticosteroid should be provided to the patients for avoiding the abrupt discontinuation of the prescribed medication leading to treatment failure.

Profile of Ectopic Pregnancy at Kathmandu Model Hospital

Aims: The study was done to analyze the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment aspect of patients with ectopic pregnancy at Kathmandu Model Hospital.Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients with ectopic pregnancy who received treatment at Kathmandu Model Hospital from January 2008 to September 2015. Data were analyzed from patient records and discharge summary. Delivery number was obtained from maternity record.Results: There were 61 cases of ectopic pregnancy with the hospital incidence of 1.46%. Highest number of patients 20 (32.79%) were in the age range of 28-32 years. Most of the patients were nullipara 22 (36.06%) or with parity two 20 (32.79%). Some risk factors were found in 29 (47.54%) cases. The commonest risk factor was pelvic inflammatory disease in 12 (19.67%). All presented with pain abdomen, 48 (78.68%) had per vaginal bleeding, 17 (27.87%) presented in shock. Cervival excitation was present in 38 (62.29%). Urine for pregnancy test was positive in all and 37 (60.66%) had ultrasonography. Ten (16.39%) patients underwent emergency laparoscopic surgery and 40 (65.57%) had emergency laparotomy. Salpingectomy was required in 53 (86.89%) cases. The average hospital stay was 5 days.Conclusions: The study showed that ectopic pregnancy could occur at any reproductive age without obvious risk factors. Although not all patients gave history of amenorrhoea, pain abdomen was present in all.

Development of Community Based Learning and Education system within Undergraduate Medical Curriculum of Patan Academy of Health Sciences

BACKGROUND

In response to continuing health disparities between rural and urban population, Patan Academy of Health Sciences (PAHS) was established in 2008. It aimed to produce physicians who would be able and willing to serve in the rural areas. In order to empower them with understanding and tools to address health issues of rural population, an innovative curriculum was developed. This paper aims to describe the community based learning and education (CBLE) system within the overall framework of PAHS undergraduate medical curriculum.

METHODS

A Medical School Steering Committee (MSSC) comprising of a group of committed medical educators led the curriculum development process. The committee reviewed different medical curricula, relevant literatures, and held a series of consultative meetings with the stakeholders and experts within and outside Nepal. This process resulted in defining the desirable attributes, terminal competencies of the graduates, and then the actual development of the entire curriculum including CBLE.

RESULTS

Given the critical importance of population health, 25% of the curricular weightage was allocated to the Community Health Sciences (CHS). CBLE system was developed as the primary means of delivering CHS curriculum. The details of CBLE system was finalized for implementation with the first cohort of medical students commencing their studies from June 2010.

CONCLUSIONS

The CBLE, a key educational strategy of PAHS curriculum, is envisaged to improve retention and performance of PAHS graduates and, thereby, health status of rural population. However, whether or not that goal will be achieved needs to be verified after the graduates join the health system.

Medical and Surgical Abortion in the Second Trimester of Pregnancy

Aims: This study was done to know the demographic profile of women undergoing second trimester abortion at Kathmandu Model Hospital. The aim was to see the success rate of combination of mifeprostone and misoprostol for the medical induction and misoprostol alone for the cervical dilation in case of surgical evacuation.Methods: A retrospective study was done by looking at the profiles of 540 clients on whom second trimester abortion was performed during the period of October 2010 to October 2014. Twenty-nine women underwent dilatation and evacuation (D&E) with misoprostol cervical priming, and 510 underwent medical induction with mifeprostone and misoprostol whereas one client absconded. Furthermore, the reasons for seeking second trimester abortion were also investigated.Results: It can be seen that the age of women undergoing second trimester abortion at Kathmandu Model Hospital was greatest (33.33%) for the age group of 26-30 years. Most women were illiterate (31.67%) and a majority of the women were housewives (89.81%). A greater proportion of the women had never undergone abortion. Mental cause appeared to be the major reason for abortion constituting 82.04%. Success was 90.58%, expulsion with total five doses of misoprostol. The median induction to abortion time was 4-7 hours. The expulsion hours increased as the gestational age increased. The median number of dose of misoprostol required was two for medical induction and three for surgical abortion.Conclusions: Mifeprostone and misoprostol, as combination was a good method for the medical induction of second trimester pregnancy and misoprostol alone for the cervical preparation in surgical evacuation was promising.

Experience of Managing Urogenital Fistula

 Aim: The study was done to review the demography of urogenital fistulae including obstetric fistula (OF) and its surgical outcome in the early phase of fistula surgery and to create awareness about OF. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 47 patients who underwent fistula surgery during the period of January 2012 to May 2014 in Kathmandu Model Hospital, Helping Hand Community Hospital, Camp in Mid-wetern Regional Hospital Surkhet and Hamlin Hospital, Ethiopia. The primary outcome was in terms of urinary continence after 14 days of repair. Results: In the study 70% (n=33) of fistula were due to obstructed labour and 30% (n=14) were due to hysterectomy for gynecological indications. Ninety six percent (n=45) had successful closure of fistula. Seventy seven percent (n=36) were continent after surgery, and 17% (n=8) had some stress incontinence. Conclusions: The study showed obstructed labour was the major cause of OF, however iatrogenic fistula was also becoming common. The success of repair depended on the type, site, size of fistula and urethral length. Majority of our cases had successful closure of fistula with some degree of stress in some patients. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i1.11181 NJOG 2014 Jan-Jun; 2(1):17-20

Obstetric Fistula in the Developing World: An Agonising Tragedy

Obstetric fistulae is the most tragic of preventable childbirth complications in the developing world, as affected women are often abandoned by their husbands and family, and forced to live in shame. They occur almost entirely in the developing world and their incidence is poorly studied. Their management requires accurate diagnosis, sufficient pre-operative work-up, fine surgery following standard surgical repair steps and principles by skilled surgeons, specialised post-op care, and follow-up. As obstetric fistula is a serious preventable public health issue in developing countries, national and international organizations should launch a campaign to end fistula by increasing the resources and skilled staff available locally to treat obstetric fistula for improving the lives of women currently living with this condition. Moreover, effective preventive strategies for obstetric fistula such as better education to women and provision of improved obstetric care and searching for the best approaches to both prevention and treatment should be the priority. The materials published in PubMed, Lancet, Medline, WHO and Google Scholar web pages from 1990 to 2013 have been utilized to prepare this paper.Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 2 / Issue 16 / July-Dec, 2013 / 5-15 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i2.9759

Effects of whole body cryotherapy and cold water immersion on knee skin temperature

This study sought to (a) compare and contrast the effect of 2 commonly used cryotherapy treatments, 4 min of -110 °C whole body cryotherapy and 8 °C cold water immersion, on knee skin temperature and (b) establish whether either protocol was capable of achieving a skin temperature (<13 °C) believed to be required for analgesic purposes. After ethics committee approval and written informed consent was obtained, 10 healthy males (26.5±4.9 yr, 183.5±6.0 cm, 90.7±19.9 kg, 26.8±5.0 kg/m2, 23.0±9.3% body fat; mean±SD) participated in this randomised controlled crossover study. Skin temperature around the patellar region was assessed in both knees via non-contact, infrared thermal imaging and recorded pre-, immediately post-treatment and every 10 min thereafter for 60 min. Compared to baseline, average, minimum and maximum skin temperatures were significantly reduced (p<0.001) immediately post-treatment and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min after both cooling modalities. Average and minimum skin temperatures were lower (p<0.05) immediately after whole body cryotherapy (19.0±0.9 °C) compared to cold water immersion (20.5±0.6 °C). However, from 10 to 60 min post, the average, minimum and maximum skin temperatures were lower (p<0.05) following the cold water treatment. Finally, neither protocol achieved a skin temperature believed to be required to elicit an analgesic effect.

Etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens from urinary tract infection

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common infection in both community and hospital patients. In majority of the cases, empirical antimicrobial treatment is practiced before the laboratory results of urine culture. Thus, antibiotic resistance may increase in urinary bacterial pathogens due to improper use of drugs. This study was designed to find out the etiological agents of UTI and their prevalence, and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the bacterial pathogens isolated from urine culture. This study was conducted in Kathmandu Model Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal from April to October, 2009. Midstream Urine samples from 1323 patients suspected of UTI were analyzed by microscopy, and conventional semi-quantitative culture technique for the significant growth. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for the isolates by Modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software window version 16. The overall prevalence of UTI was found to be 18.89%. The most frequent causative organisms isolated were Escherichia coli (82.30%), Enterococcus faecalis (5.60%), Citrobacter freundii (3.60%), Enterobacter aerogenes (2.40%), Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (2.40%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.20%), Proteus mirabilis (0.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (0.4%), and Staphylococcus aureus (0.4%). Nitrofurantoin and Amoxycillin were found to be the most effective antibiotic against gram negative and gram positive isolates respectively. E. coli was found to be the most common etiological agent of UTI and Nitrofurantoin was the most effective drug among the isolates.

Risk of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in babies born to 'O' positive mothers: a prospective cohort study

INTRODUCTION

Hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate is one of the most common problems that may occur in 60-70 % of term and 80% of preterm babies. It is known to be associated with significant morbidity like neonatal bilirubin encephalopathy and even death. Clinically, and almost exclusively ABO incompatibility occur in 'A' and 'B' blood group babies of O '+ve' mothers. These babies are reported to be at high risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia (serum bilirubin level more than 16 mg/dl).

OBJECTIVES

To find out the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia in babies born to 'O' positive mothers. To estimate the risk of ABO incompatibility in babies born to 'O' positive mothers.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A prospective cohort study conducted in B. P. Koirala institute of Health Science (Department of Pediatrics and Dept. of Gynae and Obstetric) from July 2002 to June 2003. A total of 199 women having 'O' positive blood group admitted to the Department of Gynae and Obstetric were included in the study. A piloted proforma was used to collect information. The blood group of neonates was tested by tile and slide method and serum bilirubin was estimated by diazo method in the Central Laboratory Services and Emergency laboratory of BPKIHS. The data was observed and analysis was carried out using statistical software SPSS-10.

RESULTS

Total 37 (18.5%) babies had developed hyperbilirubinemia and among them 14 (38%) were from group of babies having 'O' Positive blood group and 23 (62%) were from group of babies having other than 'O' Positive blood group. There was 2.6 times higher chance of having hyperbilirubinemia in the babies with ABO incompatibility than 'O' Positive babies after adjusting other significant variables.

CONCLUSION

Among different significantly associated variables, ABO incompatibility was found to be a major risk factor for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.It was seen that neonate with ABO incompatibility had two times higher chances of having hyperbilirubinemia than those babies with O '+ve' blood group. This finding in BPKIHS suggests that there is a need of screening cord blood bilirubin and continuous monitoring of bilirubin level in the hospital especially among ABO incompatible neonates.

Diagnostic dilemma of an unusual pelvic mass in a young girl

Dysgerminoma of ovary is the most common germ cell tumor, accounting for 50% of all germ cell tumor cases. About 20% of cases are diagnosed during pregnancy, and 80% occur in women under 30. It is rare to find both ovaries to be involved in germ cell tumors. The prognosis of patients with malignant germ cell has improved significantly over the last two decades after the introduction of chemotherapy specially cisplatin. The only exceptions are stage 1, grade 1, immature teratoma and stage 1A dysgerminoima who are followed up after surgery without adjuvant chemotherapy. Normal ovarian functions and fertility can be retained in most patients by following the conservative surgery.

Diagnostic Dilemma of an Unusual Pelvic Mass in a Young Girl

abstract

Prevalence of acute diarrhoea in Kathmandu valley

This retrospective study was conducted during January to September in the year 1997. Three hundred and forty nine stool samples were collected from diarrhoea patients from different places of Kathmandu valley and examined at National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Teku, Kathmandu. Acute diarrhoea becomes epidemic in rainy season and is a major public health problem of the city. In this study, people with poor hygiene practice and poor education were infected more than other people. Among the 349 patients with the gastrointestinal disease, 26.0% were found to have bacterial infection. Out of which, 88 (25.1%), one (0.28%), one (0.28%), and one (0.28%) were found to be Vibrio cholerae 01, Vibrio cholerae 0139, Shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia coli respectively. Cholera cases were found almost throughout the year in the city though the numbers increased during the rainy season. It was highest during July (34.6%) followed by August (32.35%), September 32% and June (6.89%). The uncommon species of Vibrio i.e. Vibrio cholerae 0139 was also found in the study. Higher prevalence was found in urban areas (83.52%) than in rural areas (16.48%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates showed that Ciprofloxacin (97.85%) was found to be the most effective antibiotic followed by Tetracycline (92.34%), Erythromycin (92.34%), Norfloxacin (93.34%), Cholramphenicol, Ampicillim, but Cotrimoxazole were found to be resistant to all isolated Vibrio cholerae.

Relapsing polychondritis: a rare disease of multisystem involvement

Relapsing Polychondritis (RP) is a rare connective tissue disease of unclear pathogenesis and may present with multisystem involvement. In this report we describe a case of Relapsing Polychondritis, a rare autoimmune disease of varied presentation, course, and response to therapy.

Hemidiaphragmatic paralysis: a rare complication of cervical herpes zoster

Herpes zoster, a sequel of the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, usually presents with cutaneous eruptions associated with intense pain and burning sensation in the affected dermatomes. Motor weakness, however, can sometimes complicate herpes zoster. In this report we present a case that had diaphragmatic motor weakness as a sequel of herpes zoster lesions in the neck.

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare hemolytic disorder of acquired origin and is clinically manifested by chronic hemolysis, thromboses in various sites, and bone marrow failure. The disease isso rare that the delay in the diagnosis is not uncommon and this bears a tremendous impact on patientmanagement. We present this case to draw attention to this uncommon cause of hemolytic anemia, whichshould be considered in any patient, of any age, who has signs of chronic hemolysis.Key Words: Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria, Hemolytic anemia.