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Akbar A, Gul Z, Hussain N, Al Haddad AHI, Khan NA, Sadiq MB, Sher H. High throughput biochemical profiling, and functional potential analysis for valorization of grape peduncles. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8328. [PMID: 37221193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitis vinifera L., commonly known as grape is a major fruit crop in the world. Grapes seem to confer health benefits due to their chemical components, biological and antioxidant activities. The present study is conducted to evaluate the biochemical constituents, antioxidant, and antimicrobial potential of ethanolic grape peduncles (EGP) extract. The result of phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various phytochemicals such as flavonoid, tannin, carbohydrates, alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, phenol, steroid, terpenoids, quinones and anthraquinones. Furthermore, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) were 7.35 ± 0.25 mg GAE/g (Gallic Acid Equivalent per gram) and 29.67 ± 0.13 mg QE/g (Quercetin Equivalent per gram) respectively. DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay revealed IC50 = 159.3 μg/mL. The antibacterial and antifungal study disclosed that the extract was highly potent against Salmonella typhi with maximum zone of inhibition of 27.2 ± 1.60 mm and Epidermophyton floccosum with 74 ± 1.81% inhibition. The extract was analyzed for its cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity and showed no activity against HeLa cell line and promastigotes of Leishmania major. Elements Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Cd were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and approximately 50 compounds were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Current work suggest that grape peduncles can be a promising source of bioactive medicinal component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, 87300, Balochistan, Pakistan.
| | - Zareen Gul
- Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, 87300, Balochistan, Pakistan
- Department of Botany, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, UAE
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Amal H I Al Haddad
- Chief Operations Office, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City (SSMC) in Partnership with Mayo Clinic, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Nazir Ahmad Khan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal Sadiq
- KAM School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Sher
- Centre for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Charbagh, 19120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Tariq M, Hussain N, Rehman K, Akash MSH, Al Haddad AHI, Said ASA, Fatease AA, Alamri A, Safhi AY, Sabei FY, Awadh AAA, Hussain M. Macrophages M2 polarization is involved in lapatinib-mediated chemopreventive effects in the lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114527. [PMID: 36931028 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
M2 polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have a multifunctional role in cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and contribute to chemotherapeutic resistance. Therefore, identifying M2 polarized TAMs is a potential target for cancer therapeutic intervention. The underlying mechanism that target the TAMs M2 polarized macrophages remains primarily uncharacterized; however, only a few compounds have been identified that inhibit TAMs M2 polarized macrophages. In this research, we investigated that lapatinib could effectively suppress the expression of IL_13-induced M2 polarized macrophages surface markers i.e., CD163 and CD206, and downregulation of M2 genes such as Fizz1, Mrc1, Arg1, IL-10, Ym1, nd CCL2 in vitro. Moreover, lapatinib abrogated the M2 polarized macrophage-mediated cancer cells invasion and migration. Mechanistically, in our study, lapatinib inhibited IL-13 triggered STAT6 phosphorylation. Furthermore, in LLCs tumor model, lapatinib significantly reduced tumorigenesis, followed by the downregulation of percentages of M2 marker CD206+ and CD68+ in the tumor. This downregulation correlates with chemopreventive effect of lapatinib. All taken together, these results demonstrated that lapatinib effectively prevents the macrophage M2 polarization and indicates a potential mechanism for preventing the tumor growth via M2 polarized polarization intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariq
- Department of Pharmacology, Lahore Pharmacy College Lahore, Pakistan; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Nadia Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, The Women University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Amal H I Al Haddad
- Chief Operations Office, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City (SSMC), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amira S A Said
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Adel Al Fatease
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alamri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awaji Y Safhi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Y Sabei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 1988, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaddique Hussain
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan.
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Rehman HM, Sajjad M, Ali MA, Gul R, Irfan M, Naveed M, Bhinder MA, Ghani MU, Hussain N, Said ASA, Al Haddad AHI, Saleem M. Identification of NS2B-NS3 Protease Inhibitors for Therapeutic Application in ZIKV Infection: A Pharmacophore-Based High-Throughput Virtual Screening and MD Simulations Approaches. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11010131. [PMID: 36679976 PMCID: PMC9862652 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) pandemic and its implication in congenital malformations and severe neurological disorders had created serious threats to global health. ZIKV is a mosquito-borne flavivirus which spread rapidly and infect a large number of people in a shorter time-span. Due to the lack of effective therapeutics, this had become paramount urgency to discover effective drug molecules to encounter the viral infection. Various anti-ZIKV drug discovery efforts during the past several years had been unsuccessful to develop an effective cure. The NS2B-NS3 protein was reported as an attractive therapeutic target for inhibiting viral proliferation, due to its central role in viral replication and maturation of non-structural viral proteins. Therefore, the current in silico drug exploration aimed to identify the novel inhibitors of Zika NS2B-NS3 protease by implementing an e-pharmacophore-based high-throughput virtual screening. A 3D e-pharmacophore model was generated based on the five-featured (ADPRR) pharmacophore hypothesis. Subsequently, the predicted model is further subjected to the high-throughput virtual screening to reveal top hit molecules from the various small molecule databases. Initial hits were examined in terms of binding free energies and ADME properties to identify the candidate hit exhibiting a favourable pharmacokinetic profile. Eventually, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations studies were conducted to evaluate the binding stability of the hit molecule inside the receptor cavity. The findings of the in silico analysis manifested affirmative evidence for three hit molecules with -64.28, -55.15 and -50.16 kcal/mol binding free energies, as potent inhibitors of Zika NS2B-NS3 protease. Hence, these molecules holds the promising potential to serve as a prospective candidates to design effective drugs against ZIKV and related viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muzzammel Rehman
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajjad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid e Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akhtar Ali
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid e Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Roquyya Gul
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Gulab Devi Educational Complex, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Kauser Abdulla Malik School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore 54600, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab Lahore, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Munir Ahmad Bhinder
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Ghani
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 112612, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amira S. A. Said
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 112612, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Amal H. I. Al Haddad
- Chief Operations Office, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City (SSMC) in Partnership with Mayo Clinic, Abu Dhabi 11001, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mahjabeen Saleem
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
- School of Medical Lab Technology, Minhaj University Lahore, Lahore 54770, Punjab, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
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Said ASA, Hussain N, Kharaba Z, Al Haddad AHI, Abdelaty LN, Hussein RRS. Correction to: Knowledge, attitude, and practice of pharmacists regarding asthma management: a cross-sectional study in Egypt. J Pharm Policy Pract 2022; 15:38. [PMID: 35606834 PMCID: PMC9125816 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-022-00436-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amira S A Said
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE. .,AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center (HBRC), Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, UAE. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt.
| | - Nadia Hussain
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center (HBRC), Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Zelal Kharaba
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center (HBRC), Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Amal H I Al Haddad
- Chief Operations Office, Sheikh Shakbout Medical City (SSMC), Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Lamiaa N Abdelaty
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Raghda R S Hussein
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt
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Said ASA, Hussain N, Kharaba Z, Al Haddad AHI, Abdelaty LN, Roshdy RRS. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of pharmacists regarding asthma management: a cross-sectional study in Egypt. J Pharm Policy Pract 2022; 15:35. [PMID: 35505447 PMCID: PMC9062855 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-022-00432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma is a significant public health issue that poses a substantial health and economic burden. Despite the availability of effective asthma medications, its management remain suboptimal. Recent asthma guidelines have highlighted the importance of pharmacist unique position and its interventional strategies in positively impacting asthma treatment outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the degree of Egyptian pharmacists’ knowledge, attitudes, as well as their practices towards asthma management in line with the recent asthma guidelines. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 800 pharmacists working in different private and governmental sectors. The data were collected using a 37-item pre-validated self-administered KAP questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Student’s t-test and analysis of variance to assess the association between each KAP level and the sociodemographic variables at the significance level of 0.05. Results Of the 800 distributed questionnaire, a total of 550 participants (316 Male, and 234 Female) responded, representing a 68.7% response rate. The mean ± SD score of knowledge, attitude, practice, and barrier was 5.49 ± 1.65 (min = 0; max = 8), 23.5 ± 2.84 (min = 15, max = 30), 43.12 ± 8.61 (min = 28, max = 62), and 27.76 ± 3.72 (min = 17, max = 39), respectively. The results showed that poor knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were achieved by 30.54, 0, and 38.72% of participants, respectively. Conclusion Our findings revealed the inconsistencies between poor pharmacists’ knowledge and practices with respect to their positive attitudes. The lack of pharmacists’ knowledge and compliance to recent GINA guidelines in this study highlight the crucial need for effective Educational strategies that should better equip pharmacists for their potential role in asthma care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira S A Said
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE. .,AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center (HBRC), Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, UAE. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt.
| | - Nadia Hussain
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center (HBRC), Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Zelal Kharaba
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center (HBRC), Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Amal H I Al Haddad
- Chief Operations Office, Sheikh Shakbout Medical City (SSMC), Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Lamiaa N Abdelaty
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Raghda R S Roshdy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt
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Al-Rifai RH, Ali N, Barigye ET, Al Haddad AHI, Al-Maskari F, Loney T, Ahmed LA. Maternal and birth cohort studies in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2020; 9:14. [PMID: 31948468 PMCID: PMC6964097 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-1277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We systematically reviewed and chronicled exposures and outcomes measured in the maternal and birth cohort studies in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and quantitatively summarized the weighted effect estimates between maternal obesity and (1) cesarean section (CS) and (2) fetal macrosomia. METHODS We searched MEDLINE-PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases up to 30 June 2019. We considered all maternal and birth cohort studies conducted in the six GCC countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates (UAE)). We categorized cohort studies on the basis of the exposure(s) (anthropometric, environmental, medical, maternal/reproductive, perinatal, or socioeconomic) and outcome(s) (maternal or birth) being measured. Adjusted weighted effect estimates, in the form of relative risks, between maternal obesity and CS and fetal macrosomia were generated using a random-effects model. RESULTS Of 3502 citations, 81 published cohort studies were included. One cohort study was in Bahrain, eight in Kuwait, seven in Qatar, six in Oman, 52 in Saudi Arabia, and seven in the UAE. Majority of the exposures studied were maternal/reproductive (65.2%) or medical (39.5%). Birth and maternal outcomes were reported in 82.7% and in 74.1% of the cohort studies, respectively. In Saudi Arabia, babies born to obese women were at a higher risk of macrosomia (adjusted relative risk (aRR), 1.15; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10-1.20; I2 = 50%) or cesarean section (aRR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.15-1.26; I2 = 62.0%). Several cohort studies were only descriptive without reporting the magnitude of the effect estimate between the assessed exposures and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Cohort studies in the GCC have predominantly focused on reproductive and medical exposures. Obese pregnant women are at an increased risk of undergoing CS delivery or macrosomic births. Longer-term studies that explore a wider range of environmental and biological exposures and outcomes relevant to the GCC region are needed. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42017068910.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami H. Al-Rifai
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nasloon Ali
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Esther T. Barigye
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal H. I. Al Haddad
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatima Al-Maskari
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tom Loney
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Luai A. Ahmed
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Al-Rifai RH, Ali N, Barigye ET, Al Haddad AHI, Loney T, Al-Maskari F, Ahmed LA. Maternal and birth cohort studies in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: protocol for a systematic review and narrative evaluation. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e019843. [PMID: 29374677 PMCID: PMC5829589 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cohort studies have revealed that genetic, socioeconomic, communicable and non-communicable diseases, and environmental exposures during pregnancy may influence the mother and her pregnancy, birth delivery and her offspring. Numerous studies have been conducted in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries to examine maternal and birth health. The objectives of this protocol for a systematic review are to systematically review and characterise the exposures and outcomes that have been examined in the mother and birth cohort studies in the GCC region, and to summarise the strength of association between key maternal exposures during pregnancy (ie, body mass index) and different health-related outcomes (ie, mode of birth delivery). The review will then synthesise and characterise the consequent health implications and will serve as a platform to help identify areas that are overlooked, point out limitations of studies and provide recommendations for future cohort studies. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science electronic databases will be comprehensively searched. Two reviewers will independently screen each study for eligibility, and where discrepancies arise they will be discussed and resolved; otherwise a third reviewer will be consulted. The two reviewers will also independently extract data into a predefined Excel spreadsheet. The included studies will be categorised on the basis of whether the participant is a mother, infant or mother-infant dyad. Outcome variables will be divided along two distinctions: mother or infant. Exposure variables will be divided into six domains: psychosocial, biological, environmental, medical/medical services, maternal/reproductive and perinatal/child. Studies are expected to be of heterogeneous nature; therefore, quantitative syntheses might be limited. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION There is no primary data collection; therefore, ethical review is not necessary. The findings of this review will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant conferences. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42017068910.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami H Al-Rifai
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nasloon Ali
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Esther T Barigye
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal H I Al Haddad
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tom Loney
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatima Al-Maskari
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Luai A Ahmed
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the USA. The 5-year survival of < 5% has not changed in decades. In contrast to other major cancers, the incidence of PDAC is increasing. AREAS COVERED The aims of this paper are first to analyze why PDAC is so difficult to treat and, second, to suggest future directions for PDAC therapeutics. The authors provide an article that is based on a comprehensive search through MEDLINE and the clinicalTrials.gov website. EXPERT OPINION Progress has been made recently. Notably, FOLFIRINOX or nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine provide survival benefit over gemcitabine alone, which was previously the mainstay of therapy for PDAC. Most of the current trials are testing combinations of repurposed drugs rather than addressing key targets in the PDAC pathogenesis. It is clear that to really make an impact on this disease, it will be necessary to address three different problems with targeted therapeutics. First, it is important to eradicate PDAC stem cells that result in recurrence. Second, it is important to reduce the peritumoral stroma that provides the tumors with growth support and provides a barrier to access of therapeutic agents. Finally, it is important to address the marked cachexia and metabolic derangement that contribute to morbidity and mortality and further complicate therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal H I Al Haddad
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , PO Box 17666, Al Ain , UAE
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