1
|
Kanyama C, Phiri S, Matola BW, Banda A, Loyse A. How to DREAMM and end HIV-related deaths. Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11:e1857-e1858. [PMID: 37804852 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Kanyama
- University of North Carolina Project-Malawi, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | | | - Amanda Banda
- O'Neill for National and Global Health Law, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Angela Loyse
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK; Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kavanagh MM, Abinader LG, Banda A. Equity and technology in the pandemic treaty. BMJ 2023; 383:2533. [PMID: 37923325 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.p2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Kavanagh
- Center for Global Health Policy and Politics, Georgetown University School of Health and O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Luis Gil Abinader
- Center for Global Health Policy and Politics, Georgetown University School of Health and O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amanda Banda
- Center for Global Health Policy and Politics, Georgetown University School of Health and O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Lilongwe, Malawi
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Atallah SB, Banda NR, Banda A, Roeck NA. How large language models including generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) 3 and 4 will impact medicine and surgery. Tech Coloproctol 2023; 27:609-614. [PMID: 37452924 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-023-02837-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S B Atallah
- HCA Healthcare Oviedo, Adventheath Orlando, University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - N R Banda
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - A Banda
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - N A Roeck
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saxena A, Baker BK, Banda A, Herlitz A, Miller J, Karrar K, Fleurbaey M, Chiwa E, Atuire CA, Hirose I, Hassoun N. Pandemic preparedness and response: beyond the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:bmjgh-2022-010615. [PMID: 36650015 PMCID: PMC9852735 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nationalism has trumped solidarity, resulting in unnecessary loss of life and inequitable access to vaccines and therapeutics. Existing intellectual property (IP) regimens, trade secrets and data rights, under which pharmaceutical firms operate, have also posed obstacles to increasing manufacturing capacity, and ensuring adequate supply, affordable pricing, and equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines and other health products in low-income and middle- income countries. We propose: (1) Implementing alternative incentive and funding mechanisms to develop new scientific innovations to address infectious diseases with pandemic potential; (2) Voluntary and involuntary initiatives to overcome IP barriers including pooling IP, sharing data and vesting licences for resulting products in a globally agreed entity; (3) Transparent and accountable collective procurement to enable equitable distribution; (4) Investments in regionally distributed research and development (R&D) capacity and manufacturing, basic health systems to expand equitable access to essential health technologies, and non-discriminatory national distribution; (5) Commitment to strengthen national (and regional) initiatives in the areas of health system development, health research, drug and vaccine manufacturing and regulatory oversight and (6) Good governance of the pandemic prevention, preparedness and response accord. It is important to articulate principles for deals that include reasonable access conditions and transparency in negotiations. We argue for an equitable, transparent, accountable new global agreement to provide rewards for R&D but only on the condition that pharmaceutical companies share the IP rights necessary to produce and distribute them globally. Moreover, if countries commit to collective procurement and fair pricing of resulting products, we argue that we can greatly improve our ability to prepare for and respond to pandemic threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abha Saxena
- Independent Bioethics Advisor, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brook K Baker
- Northeastern University School of Law, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Anders Herlitz
- Department of Philosophy, Linguistics and Theory of Science, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden .,Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Miller
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Karrar Karrar
- International Development Department, Save the Children, London, UK
| | | | - Esther Chiwa
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Malawi Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Iwao Hirose
- Philosophy, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicole Hassoun
- Philosophy, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Koutsoumpa M, Odedo R, Banda A, Meurs M, Hinlopen C, Kramer K, Bemelmans M, Omaswa F, Ojoome V, Kiguli-Malwadde E. Health workforce financing in Uganda: challenges and opportunities. Eur J Public Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
For health systems to operate well and improve people's health by leaving no one behind, they need a fit-for-purpose health workforce. Shortage of health workers leads to reduced access to healthcare, health inequities, and adverse outcomes in the population's health. A key challenge in many low-income countries is mobilising the needed investment for health workforce development. This study evaluated the policy environment of the health workforce in Uganda, analysed its current status, and identified financing mechanisms and management practices that affect the country's health resource envelope.
Methods
The study was conducted in 2018/19. It entailed literature review, key informant interviews and stakeholder consultations for validation of the findings.
Results
The shortage of health workers is persevering, despite efforts of the Ugandan Government and development partners. The health workforce is not keeping up with the population growth, nor the epidemiologic changes and demographic trends. Paradoxically, there is a large pool of qualified and licensed health professionals, who remain unabsorbed. Notably, even if all of them were absorbed, Uganda would be still far from the international requirements for universal health coverage. The issues are recognized at the policy level, but insufficient funding and poor management are impeding the recruitment and retention of health workers. Domestic resources are insufficient to fund a health system which can offer a minimum healthcare package and most donors are reluctant to contribute to health workers' salaries. Besides, Uganda is lacking a national health insurance scheme, which keeps out-of-pocket spending on health at very high rates. Moreover, increases in external financing have been accompanied by decreases in domestic government financing, despite economic growth.
Conclusions
The health sector financing is influenced by a complex political economy, which impedes investments in the health workforce.
Key messages
The problems and gaps of the Ugandan human resources for health are persisting due to the insufficient financial allocation and the poor management of the health workforce and existing funds. The shortage of health workers is a global health issue that goes beyond national borders and the health sector. It is an essential requirement for exercising the universal right to health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - R Odedo
- African Centre for Global Health and Social Transformation, Kampala, Uganda
| | - A Banda
- Wemos Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Meurs
- Wemos Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C Hinlopen
- Wemos Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - K Kramer
- Wemos Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - F Omaswa
- African Centre for Global Health and Social Transformation, Kampala, Uganda
| | - V Ojoome
- African Centre for Global Health and Social Transformation, Kampala, Uganda
| | - E Kiguli-Malwadde
- African Centre for Global Health and Social Transformation, Kampala, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dasgupta J, Schaaf M, Contractor SQ, Banda A, Viana M, Kashyntseva O, Ruano AL. Axes of alienation: applying an intersectional lens on the social contract during the pandemic response to protect sexual and reproductive rights and health. Int J Equity Health 2020; 19:130. [PMID: 32736634 PMCID: PMC7393811 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-01245-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While economic inequalities have been a key focus of attention through the COVID 19 pandemic, gendered relations of power at every level have undermined health rights of women, girls and gender diverse individuals. Sexual and reproductive health rights (SRHR) have always been sites of power contestations within families, societies, cultures, and politics; these struggles are exacerbated by economic, racial, religious, caste, citizenship status, and other social inequities, especially in times of crisis such as these. Policy responses to the COVID pandemic such as lockdown, quarantine, contact tracing and similar measures are premised on the existence of a social contract between the government and the people and among people, with the health sector playing a key role in preventive and curative care.We propose the use of an intersectional lens to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the social contract, drawing on our field experiences from different continents particularly as related to SRHR. Along with documenting the ways in which the pandemic hinders access to services, we note that it is essential to interrogate state-society relations in the context of vulnerable and marginalized groups, in order to understand implications for SRHR. Intersectional analysis takes on greater importance now than in non-pandemic times as the state exercises more police or other powers and deploys myriad ways of 'othering'.We conclude that an intersectional analysis should not limit itself to the cumulative disadvantages and injustices posed by the pandemic for specific social groups, but also examine the historical inequalities, structural drivers, and damaged social contract that underlie state-society relationships. At the same time, the pandemic has questioned the status quo and in doing so it has provided opportunities for disruption; for re-imagining a social contract that reaches across sectors, and builds community resilience and solidarities while upholding human rights and gender justice. This must find place in future organizing and advocacy around SRHR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Schaaf
- Independent Consultant, 357 Sixth Ave, Brooklyn, NY, 11215, USA.
| | - Sana Qais Contractor
- COPASAH Sexual and Reproductive Rights Hub, CHSJ, Basement of Young Women's Hostel No 2, Avenue 21, G block, Saket, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Amanda Banda
- Wemos, Amsterdam, Hallmark House, 54 Siemert Road, New Doornfontein, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2094, South Africa
| | - Marisa Viana
- RESURJ, RESURJ, C/O The Praxis Project, 1900 Fruitvale Avenue, #3D, Oakland, CA, 94601, USA
| | - Oksana Kashyntseva
- Center for Harmonization of Human Rights of the Scientific Research Institute of IP of National Academy of Law Sciences of Ukraine, Каzymyra Маlevycha, 11, Kyiv, 03150, Ukraine
| | - Ana Lorena Ruano
- Center for International Health, University of Bergen / Center for the Study of Equity and Governance in Health Systems (CEGSS), Guatemala, Center for International Health, Postboks 7804, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Atallah S, Kural S, Banda N, Banda A, Bawaney F, Cabral F, Neychev V, Patel C, Larach S. Initial clinical experience with a powered circular stapler for colorectal anastomosis. Tech Coloproctol 2020; 24:479-486. [PMID: 32193667 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-020-02162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Echelon circular™ powered stapler (ECP stapler) obviates the need for manual firing of conventional circular staplers during the construction of a colorectal anastomosis, but has not been evaluated clinically. The aim of this study was to perform a clinical evaluation of this stapler. METHODS A retrospective review of the initial clinical experience of a single surgeon using the ECP stapler for left-sided colorectal anastomosis construction during elective colorectal resections for benign and malignant disease was conducted by analyzing results from a prospectively maintained study database. Additionally, four attending colorectal and/or general surgeons who had performed ≥ 5 colorectal operations with the ECP stapler were invited to complete an anonymous online survey to subjectively assess the user experience with the device. Statistical analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel Version 15.33. RESULTS Seventeen patients underwent left-sided anastomotic reconstruction using the ECP stapler. All donuts (proximal and distal) were intact. Anastomotic integrity was evaluated using the air-leak test utilizing flexible video sigmoidoscopy. No leaks were observed, although one patient (5.9%) developed a postoperative pelvic abscess. The anonymous survey was completed by all four surgeons. Subjective evaluation of the ECP stapler suggests that the overall stapling quality, overall device ease-of-use, and the overall perception of anastomotic quality as above average when compared to manual 'end-to-end anastomosis' (EEA) stapling devices. CONCLUSIONS In an initial clinical evaluation of the ECP stapler, the safety and ease-of-use of the device appears to be satisfactory. Powered stapling and the design of '3D stapling' may provide advantages over manual systems, and may improve the construction quality of left-sided colorectal anastomosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Atallah
- University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA.
- HCA North Florida Division, Winter Park, FL, 32792, USA.
| | - S Kural
- Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - N Banda
- University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - A Banda
- University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - F Bawaney
- University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - F Cabral
- Instituto Português de Oncologia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - V Neychev
- University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
- HCA North Florida Division, Winter Park, FL, 32792, USA
| | - C Patel
- University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
- HCA North Florida Division, Winter Park, FL, 32792, USA
| | - S Larach
- University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
- HCA North Florida Division, Winter Park, FL, 32792, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Banda A, Cohen E, Lynskey G, Fernandez S, Hsu C, Kim A. 4:12 PM Abstract No. 325 Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt improves liver function in patients with alcohol-induced cirrhosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
9
|
Banda A, Lynskey G, Cohen E, Hsu C, Kim A. 3:36 PM Abstract No. 251 MELD and ALBI score correlation increases with time following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
10
|
Lampiao F, Matambo E, Banda A. The effects of acute administration of Chinese aphrodisiacs sold in Blantyre City on sperm characteristics and fertility profile in guinea pigs. Malawi Med J 2013; 25:60-61. [PMID: 24358420 PMCID: PMC3859989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese aphrodisiacs have become popular remedy for sexual dysfunction and improvement of libido in men in Malawi. However, selling of these drugs seems not to be well regulated. Probably the aphrodisiacs that are currently on the market have unknown efficacy, potency and safety profiles. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of imported Chinese aphrodisiacs using guinea pigs as a model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two types of drugs were purchased from vendors in Blantyre City. Tonic tea, which was purported to improve erectile function and libido, and sperm multiplier tablets which were claimed to increase the sperm count. The tonic tea was prepared by soaking one tea bag in 100ml boiling water. The tea was cooled and administered to eight male experimental animals in varying doses. Each animal was introduced into a separate cage with a female guinea pig. Sexual behaviour such as mounting, sniffing behind the female were observed and recorded. Each sperm multiplier tablet was dissolved in distilled water and administered to the experimental animals in the morning and evening for seven days. At the end of the treatment, the experimental and control animals were sacrificed, their semen collected and analysed sperm motility, concentration and morphology. RESULTS For the tonic tea, there were no statistical differences between the experimental and the control animals in terms of the number of mountings and sniffing behind the female. The sperm multiplier drug showed statistically significant differences between the experimental and the control animals in terms of the sperm motility (78.24 ± 1.35 vs. 86.54 ± 1.88, p< 0.05), and concentration (54.28 ± 1.24 vs. 67.59 ± 2.12, p<0.05). CONCLUSION The tonic tea did not show any efficacy in improving erection and libido. The sperm multiplier tablets, purported to increase sperm production, significantly increased the sperm motility, sperm concentration in the treated animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Lampiao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi
| | - E Matambo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, University of Malawi
| | - A Banda
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, University of Malawi
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Burn L, Amanzi P, Chilemu K, Daka D, Chisumpa V, Banda A, Nikisi J, Meredith G, Craytor W, Martin E, Mwenda E, Mumba M, Keating R, Membe I, Mwapela LM, Kamocha S, Marx M, Committee ES. P2-376 Developing sustainable epidemiology capacity among public health field workers in Zambia, results of a pilot training. Br J Soc Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2011.142976l.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
12
|
Abstract
From June 1999 to September 2001, 216 bursal samples from broiler farms in the United States and from countries of Latin America were submitted to the Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center at the University of Georgia for the purpose of genotyping field infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs). The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to amplify a 248-bp product, encompassing the hypervariable region of VP2 gene. The genotyping was conducted by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with six restriction endonucleases, DraI, SacI, TaqI, Sty, BstNI, and SspI. For the 150 samples received from the United States, 125 samples (83.3%) were RT-PCR positive for the presence of IBDV. One hundred positive samples (80%) had RFLP identical to the variant Delaware E strain, whereas 10 samples (8.0%) exhibited a RFLP pattern similar to this antigenic variant. Other IBDV strains such as Grayson Laboratory strain (GLS), Lukert, PBG-98, Delaware A, and the vaccine strains Sal-1 and D-78 were also detected. Two samples exhibited a pattern similar to the standard challenge (STC) strain, and seven strains (5.6%) were not classified by RFLP. Sixty-six bursal samples previously inactivated with phenol were received from Latin American countries. IBDV strains with analyzed genotypes similar to the Lukert strain were predominantly detected in Mexico. IBDV strains similar to variant E were detected in Colombia and Ecuador. Peru and Venezuela exhibited a higher heterogeneity of IBDV strains due to the detection of classic Delaware type as well as GLS variant strains. IBDV strains detected from Brazil and Dominican Republic exhibited RFLP patterns identical to very virulent IBDV strains prevalent in several countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Banda
- Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4875, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Nine Spanish isolates of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were characterized and classified after reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of a 248-bp fragment of the VP2 gene hypervariable region and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The restriction endonucleases (REs) used were BstNI, Sad, SspI, TaqI, DraI, and StyI. Sequencing of the amplified product and further comparison of these sequences with published sequence data from other IBDV strains were also performed. Very virulent and classic strains were identified. None of the strains identified had molecular characteristics similar to that of the American variant strains. Four very virulent strains (VG-248, 5939, 6145, and 7333) were digested by the TaqI, SspI, and StyI enzymes. The sequences of these strains were closely related to other European and Japanese very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) strains. Strains VG-311, VG-262, and VG-208 were digested by the BstNI and Sad REs and were classified as classic strains. Strains VG-276 and VG-313 had unique RFLP patterns. VG-276 exhibited the SspI RE site, which has been reported as a characteristic of vvIBDV strains, whereas the VG-313 strain exhibited a Sad and StyI RE site indicative of the classic IBDV Edgar and 52-70 strains. However, nucleotide sequence analysis of the amplified hypervariable region strain VG-276 revealed a higher identity with the classic strains STC, 52/70, and 9109 IBDV strains, whereas strain VG-313 exhibited a higher identity with the vvIBDV strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Majó
- Unitat d'Histologia i Anatomia Patològica, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Banda A, Villegas P, El-Attrache J, Estévez C. Molecular characterization of seven field isolates of infectious bursal disease virus obtained from commercial broiler chickens. Avian Dis 2001; 45:620-30. [PMID: 11569735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Specific-pathogen-free sentinel birds were used as an initial biological system to isolate infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) field isolates from commercial broiler farms exhibiting recurrent respiratory problems and poor performance. Reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a 248-bp product encompassing the hypervariable region of the IBDV VP2 gene. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the RT-PCR products was performed with the restriction endonucleases DraI, SadI, TaqI, StyI, BstNI, and SspI. Two isolates (619 and 850) exhibited a RFLP pattern characteristic of Delaware variant E IBDV. Restriction enzyme digestion for four isolates (625, 849, 853, and 11,153) revealed unmatched RFLP patterns when compared with reference IBDV strains. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence analyses of the VP2 hypervariable region for these six isolates revealed identity (96.3% up to 98%) with Delaware E variant IBDV strain. However, serine at position 254, which is characteristic of Delaware variant strains, was substituted by asparagine in these six isolates. The seventh IBDV isolate (9109) also exhibited a unique RFLP pattern, which included the SspI restriction site, which is characteristic of very virulent (vv) IBDV strains. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyses of the hypervariable region for this isolate revealed identity (90%) with the standard challenge strain. However, the leucine residue at position 294 was substituted by isoleucine. This substitution corresponds to one of the amino acids that are conserved in the vvIBDV strains. Antigenic index studies of the predicted amino acid sequence of the hypervariable region of VP2 from isolates 619, 625, 849, 850, 853, and 11,153 exhibited a profile almost identical to variant E, whereas the isolate 9109 exhibited a profile characteristic of standard IBDV strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Banda
- Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-4875, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Banda A, Villegas P, El-Attrache J, Estevez C. Molecular Characterization of Seven Field Isolates of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Obtained from Commercial Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2001. [DOI: 10.2307/1592903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
16
|
Kettlun AM, Alvarez A, Quintar R, Valenzuela MA, Collados L, Aranda E, Banda A, Chayet L, Chiong M, Mancilla M. Human placental ATP-diphosphohydrolase: biochemical characterization, regulation and function. Int J Biochem 1994; 26:437-48. [PMID: 8187939 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(94)90065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1. Kinetic and physico-chemical studies on human placental microsomal fraction confirmed that the ATPase and ADPase activities detected in this fraction correspond to the enzyme ATP-diphosphohydrolase or apyrase (EC 3.6.1.5). These include substrate specificity, and coincident M(r) and pI values of both ATPase-ADPase activities. 2. This enzyme hydrolyses both the free unprotonated and cation-nucleotide complex, the catalytic efficiency for the latter being considerably higher. 3. Microsomal apyrase is insensitive to ouabain and Ap5A. The highly purified enzyme was only inhibited by o-vanadate, DES and slightly by DCCD. 4. Apyrase seems to be a glycoprotein from its interaction with Concanavalin-A. 5. Preliminary studies on the essential amino acid residues suggest the participation of Arg, Lys and His residues, and discard the requirement of -SH, COO-, -OH, and probably also Tyr and Trp. 6. Two kinetic modulatory proteins of apyrase were detected in placental tissue. An activating protein was found in the soluble fraction and an inhibitory protein was loosely bound to the membranes. 7. The proposed in vivo function for apyrase is related to the inhibition of platelet aggregation due to its ADPase activity, which is supported by the direct effect on washed platelets and by its plasma membrane localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Kettlun
- Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|