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Rossi BRO, Philbois SV, Maida KD, Sánchez-Delgado JC, Veiga AC, Souza HCD. Role of aerobic physical training on cardiac autonomic and morphophysiological dysfunction in hypertensive rats subjected to ovarian hormone deprivation. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e11916. [PMID: 35584451 PMCID: PMC9113528 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e11916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we investigated the effects of physical training on cardiovascular autonomic control and cardiac morphofunctional parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) subjected to ovarian hormone deprivation. Forty-eight 10-week-old SHRs were divided into two groups: ovariectomized (OVX, n=24) and sham (SHAM, n=24). Half of each group (n=12) was trained by swimming for 12 weeks (OVX-T and SHAM-T). Cardiac morphology and functionality were assessed using echocardiography, and autonomic parameters were assessed using double pharmacological autonomic block, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and analyses of heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure variability (BPV). Ovariectomy did not influence the cardiac autonomic tonus balance unlike physical training, which favored greater participation of the vagal autonomic tonus. Ovariectomy and aerobic physical training did not modify HRV and BRS, unlike BPV, for which both methods reduced low-frequency oscillations, suggesting a reduction in sympathetic vascular modulation. Untrained ovariectomized animals showed a reduced relative wall thickness (RWT) and increased diastolic and systolic volumes and left ventricular diameters, resulting in increased stroke volume. Trained ovariectomized animals presented reduced posterior wall thickness and RWT as well as increased final diastolic diameter, left ventricular mass, and stroke volume. Ovarian hormone deprivation in SHRs promoted morphofunctional adaptations but did not alter the evaluation of cardiac autonomic parameters. In turn, aerobic physical training contributed to a more favorable cardiac autonomic balance to the vagal autonomic component and promoted morphological adaptations but had little effect on cardiac functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R O Rossi
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício e Fisioterapia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciência da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - S V Philbois
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício e Fisioterapia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciência da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - K D Maida
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício e Fisioterapia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciência da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - J C Sánchez-Delgado
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Sports and Recreation, University Santo Tomás, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - A C Veiga
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício e Fisioterapia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciência da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - H C D Souza
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício e Fisioterapia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciência da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Veiga AC, Milanez MIO, Campos RR, Bergamaschi CT, Nishi EE. The involvement of renal afferents in the maintenance of cardiorenal diseases. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R88-R93. [PMID: 33146555 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00225.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Elevated sympathetic vasomotor activity is a common feature of cardiorenal diseases. Therefore, the sympathetic nervous system is an important therapeutic target, particularly the fibers innervating the kidneys. In fact, renal denervation has been applied clinically and shown promising results in patients with hypertension and chronic kidney disease. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in the cardiorenal protection induced by renal denervation have not yet been fully clarified. This mini-review highlights historical and recent aspects related to the role of renal sensory fibers in the control of cardiorenal function under normal conditions and in experimental models of cardiovascular disease. Results have demonstrated that alterations in renal sensory function participate in the maintenance of elevated sympathetic vasomotor activity and cardiorenal changes; as such, renal sensory fibers may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiorenal diseases. Although it has not yet been applied in clinical practice, selective afferent renal denervation may be promising, since such an approach maintains efferent activity and can provide more refined control of renal function compared with total renal denervation. However, more studies are needed to understand the mechanisms by which renal afferents partially contribute to such changes, in addition to the need to evaluate the safety and advantages of the approach for application in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Veiga
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maycon I O Milanez
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruy R Campos
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassia T Bergamaschi
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika E Nishi
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Milanez MIO, Veiga AC, Martins BS, Pontes RB, Bergamaschi CT, Campos RR, Nishi EE. Renal Sensory Activity Regulates the γ-Aminobutyric Acidergic Inputs to the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus in Goldblatt Hypertension. Front Physiol 2020; 11:601237. [PMID: 33384613 PMCID: PMC7769809 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.601237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal sensory activity is centrally integrated within brain nuclei involved in the control of cardiovascular function, suggesting that renal afferents regulate basal and reflex sympathetic vasomotor activity. Evidence has shown that renal deafferentation (DAx) evokes a hypotensive and sympathoinhibitory effect in experimental models of cardiovascular diseases; however, the underlying mechanisms involved in this phenomenon need to be clarified, especially those related to central aspects. We aimed to investigate the role of renal afferents in the control of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inputs to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus in renovascular hypertensive (2K1C) rats and their influence in the regulation of cardiovascular function. Hypertension was induced by clipping the left renal artery. After 4 weeks, renal DAx was performed by exposing the left renal nerve to a 33 mM capsaicin solution for 15 min. After 2 weeks of DAx, microinjection of muscimol into the PVN was performed in order to evaluate the influence of GABAergic activity in the PVN and its contribution to the control of renal sympathetic nerve activity (rSNA) and blood pressure (BP). Muscimol microinjected into the PVN triggered a higher drop in BP and rSNA in the 2K1C rats and renal DAx mitigated these responses. These results suggest that renal afferents are involved in the GABAergic changes found in the PVN of 2K1C rats. Although the functional significance of this phenomenon needs to be clarified, it is reasonable to speculate that GABAergic alterations occur to mitigate microglia activation-induced sympathoexcitation in the PVN of 2K1C rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maycon I O Milanez
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda C Veiga
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S Martins
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto B Pontes
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassia T Bergamaschi
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruy R Campos
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika E Nishi
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lopes NR, Milanez MIO, Martins BS, Veiga AC, Ferreira GR, Gomes GN, Girardi AC, Carvalho PM, Nogueira FN, Campos RR, Bergamaschi CT, Nishi EE. Afferent innervation of the ischemic kidney contributes to renal dysfunction in renovascular hypertensive rats. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:325-334. [PMID: 31925527 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ablation of renal nerves, by destroying both the sympathetic and afferent fibers, has been shown to be effective in lowering blood pressure in resistant hypertensive patients. However, experimental studies have reported that the removal of sympathetic fibers may lead to side effects, such as the impairment of compensatory cardiorenal responses during a hemodynamic challenge. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of the selective removal of renal afferent fibers on arterial hypertension, renal sympathetic nerve activity, and renal changes in a model of renovascular hypertension. After 4 weeks of clipping the left renal artery, afferent renal denervation (ARD) was performed by exposing the left renal nerve to a 33 mM capsaicin solution for 15 min. After 2 weeks of ARD, we found reduced MAP (~ 18%) and sympathoexcitation to both the ischemic and contralateral kidneys in the hypertensive group. Moreover, a reduction in reactive oxygen species was observed in the ischemic (76%) and contralateral (27%) kidneys in the 2K1C group. In addition, ARD normalized renal function markers and proteinuria and podocin in the contralateral kidney. Taken altogether, we show that the selective removal of afferent fibers is an effective method to reduce MAP and improve renal changes without compromising the function of renal sympathetic fibers in the 2K1C model. Renal afferent nerves may be a new target in neurogenic hypertension and renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia R Lopes
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maycon I O Milanez
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S Martins
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda C Veiga
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanna R Ferreira
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guiomar N Gomes
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana C Girardi
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Polliane M Carvalho
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, Dentistry Faculty, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando N Nogueira
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, Dentistry Faculty, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruy R Campos
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cássia T Bergamaschi
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika E Nishi
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil.
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Division, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), Rua Botucatu, 862, São Paulo, SP, 04023-060, Brazil.
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