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van der Zalm AJ, Daniel AB, Raabe HA, Choksi N, Flint Silva T, Breeden-Alemi J, O'Dell L, Kleinstreuer NC, Lowit AB, Allen DG, Clippinger AJ. Defined approaches to classify agrochemical formulations into EPA hazard categories developed using EpiOcular TM reconstructed human corneal epithelium and bovine corneal opacity and permeability assays. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2024; 43:58-68. [PMID: 37905558 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2023.2275029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Many sectors have seen complete replacement of the in vivo rabbit eye test with reproducible and relevant in vitro and ex vivo methods to assess the eye corrosion/irritation potential of chemicals. However, the in vivo rabbit eye test remains the standard test used for agrochemical formulations in some countries. Therefore, two defined approaches (DAs) for assessing conventional agrochemical formulations were developed, using the EpiOcularTM Eye Irritation Test (EIT) [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline (TG) 492] and the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (OECD TG 437; BCOP) test with histopathology. Presented here are the results from testing 29 agrochemical formulations, which were evaluated against the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) pesticide classification system, and assessed using orthogonal validation, rather than direct concordance analysis with the historical in vivo rabbit eye data. Scientific confidence was established by evaluating the methods and testing results using an established framework that considers fitness for purpose, human biological relevance, technical characterisation, data integrity and transparency, and independent review. The in vitro and ex vivo methods used in the DAs were demonstrated to be as or more fit for purpose, reliable and relevant than the in vivo rabbit eye test. Overall, there is high scientific confidence in the use of these DAs for assessing the eye corrosion/irritation potential of agrochemical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans A Raabe
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Tara Flint Silva
- US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Julie Breeden-Alemi
- US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lindsay O'Dell
- US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nicole C Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NC, USA
| | - Anna B Lowit
- US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Washington, DC, USA
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2
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Vliet SM, Markey KJ, Lynn SG, Adetona A, Fallacara D, Ceger P, Choksi N, Karmaus AL, Watson A, Ewans A, Daniel AB, Hamm J, Vitense K, Wolf KA, Thomas A, LaLone CA. Weight of evidence for cross-species conservation of androgen receptor-based biological activity. Toxicol Sci 2023; 193:131-145. [PMID: 37071731 PMCID: PMC10796108 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) is tasked with assessing chemicals for their potential to perturb endocrine pathways, including those controlled by androgen receptor (AR). To address challenges associated with traditional testing strategies, EDSP is considering in vitro high-throughput screening assays to screen and prioritize chemicals more efficiently. The ability of these assays to accurately reflect chemical interactions in nonmammalian species remains uncertain. Therefore, a goal of the EDSP is to evaluate how broadly results can be extrapolated across taxa. To assess the cross-species conservation of AR-modulated pathways, computational analyses and systematic literature review approaches were used to conduct a comprehensive analysis of existing in silico, in vitro, and in vivo data. First, molecular target conservation was assessed across 585 diverse species based on the structural similarity of ARs. These results indicate that ARs are conserved across vertebrates and are predicted to share similarly susceptibility to chemicals that interact with the human AR. Systematic analysis of over 5000 published manuscripts was used to compile in vitro and in vivo cross-species toxicity data. Assessment of in vitro data indicates conservation of responses occurs across vertebrate ARs, with potential differences in sensitivity. Similarly, in vivo data indicate strong conservation of the AR signaling pathways across vertebrate species, although sensitivity may vary. Overall, this study demonstrates a framework for utilizing bioinformatics and existing data to build weight of evidence for cross-species extrapolation and provides a technical basis for extrapolating hAR-based data to prioritize hazard in nonmammalian vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M.F. Vliet
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Scientific Computing and Data Curation Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Kristan J. Markey
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Scott G. Lynn
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kelsey Vitense
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Scientific Computing and Data Curation Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | | | - Amy Thomas
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carlie A. LaLone
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
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3
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Daniel AB, Choksi N, Abedini J, Bell S, Ceger P, Cook B, Karmaus AL, Rooney J, To KT, Allen D, Kleinstreuer N. Data curation to support toxicity assessments using the Integrated Chemical Environment. Front Toxicol 2022; 4:987848. [PMID: 36408349 PMCID: PMC9669273 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.987848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to large numbers of chemicals during their daily activities. To assess and understand potential health impacts of chemical exposure, investigators and regulators need access to reliable toxicity data. In particular, reliable toxicity data for a wide range of chemistries are needed to support development of new approach methodologies (NAMs) such as computational models, which offer increased throughput relative to traditional approaches and reduce or replace animal use. NAMs development and evaluation require chemically diverse data sets that are typically constructed by incorporating results from multiple studies into a single, integrated view; however, integrating data is not always a straightforward task. Primary study sources often vary in the way data are organized and reported. Metadata and information needed to support interoperability and provide context are often lacking, which necessitates literature research on the assay prior to attempting data integration. The Integrated Chemical Environment (ICE) was developed to support the development, evaluation, and application of NAMs. ICE provides curated toxicity data and computational tools to integrate and explore available information, thus facilitating knowledge discovery and interoperability. This paper describes the data curation workflow for integrating data into ICE. Data destined for ICE undergo rigorous harmonization, standardization, and formatting processes using both automated and manual expert-driven approaches. These processes improve the utility of the data for diverse analyses and facilitate application within ICE or a user's external workflow while preserving data integrity and context. ICE data curation provides the structure, reliability, and accessibility needed for data to support chemical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neepa Choksi
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Shannon Bell
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Bethany Cook
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - John Rooney
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - David Allen
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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Rooney JP, Choksi NY, Ceger P, Daniel AB, Truax J, Allen D, Kleinstreuer N. Analysis of variability in the rabbit skin irritation assay. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 122:104920. [PMID: 33757807 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo rabbit test is the benchmark against which new approach methodologies for skin irritation are usually compared. No alternative method offers a complete replacement of animal use for this endpoint for all regulatory applications. Variability in the animal reference data may be a limiting factor in identifying a replacement. We established a curated data set of 2624 test records, representing 990 substances, each tested at least twice, to characterize the reproducibility of the in vivo assay. Methodological deviations from guidelines were noted, and multiple data sets with differing tolerances for deviations were created. Conditional probabilities were used to evaluate the reproducibility of the in vivo method in identification of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or Globally Harmonized System hazard categories. Chemicals classified as moderate irritants at least once were classified as mild or non-irritants at least 40% of the time when tested repeatedly. Variability was greatest between mild and moderate irritants, which both had less than a 50% likelihood of being replicated. Increased reproducibility was observed when a binary categorization between corrosives/moderate irritants and mild/non-irritants was used. This analysis indicates that variability present in the rabbit skin irritation test should be considered when evaluating nonanimal alternative methods as potential replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Rooney
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, 601 Keystone Park Dr, Suite 800, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA.
| | - Neepa Y Choksi
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, 601 Keystone Park Dr, Suite 800, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Patricia Ceger
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, 601 Keystone Park Dr, Suite 800, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Amber B Daniel
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, 601 Keystone Park Dr, Suite 800, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - James Truax
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, 601 Keystone Park Dr, Suite 800, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, 601 Keystone Park Dr, Suite 800, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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5
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Patlewicz G, Lizarraga LE, Rua D, Allen DG, Daniel AB, Fitzpatrick SC, Garcia-Reyero N, Gordon J, Hakkinen P, Howard AS, Karmaus A, Matheson J, Mumtaz M, Richarz AN, Ruiz P, Scarano L, Yamada T, Kleinstreuer N. Exploring current read-across applications and needs among selected U.S. Federal Agencies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:197-209. [PMID: 31078681 PMCID: PMC6814248 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Read-across is a well-established data gap-filling technique applied for regulatory purposes. In US Environmental Protection Agency's New Chemicals Program under TSCA, read-across has been used extensively for decades, however the extent of application and acceptance of read-across among U.S. federal agencies is less clear. In an effort to build read-across capacity, raise awareness of the state of the science, and work towards a harmonization of read-across approaches across U.S. agencies, a new read-across workgroup was established under the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM). This is one of several ad hoc groups ICCVAM has convened to implement the ICCVAM Strategic Roadmap. In this article, we outline the charge and scope of the workgroup and summarize the current applications, tools used, and needs of the agencies represented on the workgroup for read-across. Of the agencies surveyed, the Environmental Protection Agency had the greatest experience in using read-across whereas other agencies indicated that they would benefit from gaining a perspective of the landscape of the tools and available guidance. Two practical case studies are also described to illustrate how the read-across approaches applied by two agencies vary on account of decision context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Patlewicz
- (a)National Center for Computational Toxicology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Lucina E Lizarraga
- (b)National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Diego Rua
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - David G Allen
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Amber B Daniel
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Suzanne C Fitzpatrick
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Developmental Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - John Gordon
- U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Pertti Hakkinen
- National Library of Medicine, 6707 Democracy Blvd., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Agnes Karmaus
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Joanna Matheson
- U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Moiz Mumtaz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1600 Clifton Rd., Chamblee, GA, 30341, USA
| | | | - Patricia Ruiz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1600 Clifton Rd., Chamblee, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Louis Scarano
- Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Strickland J, Daniel AB, Allen D, Aguila C, Ahir S, Bancos S, Craig E, Germolec D, Ghosh C, Hudson NL, Jacobs A, Lehmann DM, Matheson J, Reinke EN, Sadrieh N, Vukmanovic S, Kleinstreuer N. Skin sensitization testing needs and data uses by US regulatory and research agencies. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:273-291. [PMID: 30377734 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
United States regulatory and research agencies may rely upon skin sensitization test data to assess the sensitization hazards associated with dermal exposure to chemicals and products. These data are evaluated to ensure that such substances will not cause unreasonable adverse effects to human health when used appropriately. The US Consumer Product Safety Commission, the US Environmental Protection Agency, the US Food and Drug Administration, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and the US Department of Defense are member agencies of the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM). ICCVAM seeks to identify opportunities for the use of non-animal replacements to satisfy these testing needs and requirements. This review identifies the standards, test guidelines, or guidance documents that are applicable to satisfy each of these agency's needs; the current use of animal testing and flexibility for using alternative methodologies; information needed from alternative tests to fulfill the needs for skin sensitization data; and whether data from non-animal alternative approaches are accepted by these US federal agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Strickland
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Amber B Daniel
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - David Allen
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Cecilia Aguila
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), HFV-153, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, MD, 20855, USA
| | - Surender Ahir
- US Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 200 Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20210, USA
| | - Simona Bancos
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, White Oak Office Building 66, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Evisabel Craig
- Office of Pesticide Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA
| | - Dori Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Chandramallika Ghosh
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, White Oak Office Building 66, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Naomi L Hudson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1150 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45226, USA
| | - Abigail Jacobs
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, White Oak Office Building 22, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - David M Lehmann
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Joanna Matheson
- US Consumer Product Safety Commission, 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Emily N Reinke
- US Army Public Health Center, 5158 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Nakissa Sadrieh
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, Harvey W. Wiley Building, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Stanislav Vukmanovic
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, Harvey W. Wiley Building, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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7
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Daniel AB, Strickland J, Allen D, Casati S, Zuang V, Barroso J, Whelan M, Régimbald-Krnel MJ, Kojima H, Nishikawa A, Park HK, Lee JK, Kim TS, Delgado I, Rios L, Yang Y, Wang G, Kleinstreuer N. International regulatory requirements for skin sensitization testing. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:52-65. [PMID: 29518484 PMCID: PMC5935556 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Skin sensitization test data are required or considered by chemical regulation authorities around the world. These data are used to develop product hazard labeling for the protection of consumers or workers and to assess risks from exposure to skin-sensitizing chemicals. To identify opportunities for regulatory uses of non-animal replacements for skin sensitization tests, the needs and uses for skin sensitization test data must first be clarified. Thus, we reviewed skin sensitization testing requirements for seven countries or regions that are represented in the International Cooperation on Alternative Test Methods (ICATM). We noted the type of skin sensitization data required for each chemical sector and whether these data were used in a hazard classification, potency classification, or risk assessment context; the preferred tests; and whether alternative non-animal tests were acceptable. An understanding of national and regional regulatory requirements for skin sensitization testing will inform the development of ICATM's international strategy for the acceptance and implementation of non-animal alternatives to assess the health hazards and risks associated with potential skin sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber B Daniel
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Judy Strickland
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - David Allen
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Silvia Casati
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Valérie Zuang
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - João Barroso
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Maurice Whelan
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - M J Régimbald-Krnel
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Japanese Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Akiyoshi Nishikawa
- Japanese Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hye-Kyung Park
- Korean Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Kwon Lee
- Korean Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Korean Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Isabella Delgado
- National Institute of Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Avenida Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ludmila Rios
- Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA), Setor de Indústria e Abastecimento (SIA), Trecho 5, Área Especial 57, Lote 200, 71205-050, Guará, DF, Brazil.
| | - Ying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qunxian Road 160, Panyu Strict, 510430, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Gangli Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Tiantan Xili Road 2, 100050, Beijing, China.
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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