1
|
Camargo Pires-Neto R, Júlia Lichtenfels A, Regina Soares S, Macchione M, Hilário Nascimento Saldiva P, Dolhnikoff M. Effects of São Paulo air pollution on the upper airways of mice. Environ Res 2006; 101:356-61. [PMID: 16460726 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 12/10/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The nose is the first region of the respiratory tract to come in contact with airborne pollutants. Previous studies have shown that the nasal mucosa can be altered in response to air pollution. In this study, we quantified neutral and acidic mucus in three different levels of the nasal cavity of mice exposed to ambient levels of air pollution in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Two groups of 6-day-old male Swiss mice were placed in two exposure chambers. Mice were maintained in the chambers 24 h/day, 7 days/week for 5 months. The first chamber contained an air filter device (clean chamber; n=20), whereas the second one received ambient air pollution (polluted chamber; n=20). We measured the concentration of PM(2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and black carbon inside both chambers. The nasal cavity was transversely sectioned at three specific anatomic locations (proximal, medial, and distal levels) and submitted to quantitative analysis of the amounts of neutral and acidic mucosubstances. We observed a 37.85% decrease in NO2, 54.77% decrease in PM(2.5), and 100% decrease in black carbon concentration in the clean chamber compared to the polluted chamber. Significant differences between polluted and clean chambers were observed in the epithelium lining the septum of proximal and medial levels of the nasal mucosa, with an increase in the percentage of acidic mucus in the polluted chamber (P=0.037, proximal level; P=0.023, medial level). We conclude that prolonged exposure to low levels of ambient air pollution from an early age shows evidence of causing secretory changes in the nasal cavity of mice, with increased production of acidic mucosubstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruy Camargo Pires-Neto
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, São Paulo, SP CEP01246-903, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hoelz C, Negri EM, Lichtenfels AJ, Conceção GM, Barbas CS, Saldiva PH, Capelozzi VL. Morphometric differences in pulmonary lesions in primary and secondary ARDS. A preliminary study in autopsies. Pathol Res Pract 2002; 197:521-30. [PMID: 11518044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken in order to describe the morphological differences between pulmonary lesions in acute respiratory distress syndrome originating from direct pulmonary injury (ARDSp) and those originating from extrapulmonary injury (ARDSexp). We investigated a total of 38 ARDS-patients (27 males) ranging in age from 19 to 75 years, classified according to underlying disease in pulmonary (ARDSp) and extrapulmonary disease (ARDSexp). The extent of acute diffuse alveolar damage was assessed morphometrically on histologic gross sections in the upper and lower lobes of one lung. The lesions showed quantitative differences in extent and distribution according to underlying disease (primary pulmonary or secondary involvement). In pulmonary ARDS, a predominance of alveolar collapse (16.6%+/-12.3% versus 10.3%+/-11.9%, p = 0,03), fibrinous exudate (1.7%+/-3.2% versus 0.4%+/-1.1%, p = 0.01) and alveolar wall edema (11.2%+/-7.4% versus 6.6%+/-4.4%, p = 0,05) were found compared to extrapulmonary ARDS. We conclude that the morphology of acute diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) is mainly determined by underlying disease (pulmonary ARDS or extrapulmonary ARDS) differing in quantitative terms within the lung. Physiological, radiographic and respiratory system mechanics differences described in ARDSp and ARDSexp may therefore be due to morphometric differences in pulmonary lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Hoelz
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cury PM, Lichtenfels AJ, Reymão MS, Conceição GM, Capelozzi VL, Saldiva PH. Urban levels of air pollution modifies the progression of urethane-induced lung tumours in mice. Pathol Res Pract 2001; 196:627-33. [PMID: 10997738 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(00)80006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the effects of air pollution in urethane-induced lung tumours in mice by means of histological, morphometrical, and DNA ploidy. The experimental exposure was done in locations with different air pollution profiles: a polluted area (downtown São Paulo) and a "clean" environment. Swiss mice were employed and urethane (3 g/kg) was used as a carcinogenic substance. All the animals, whether exposed or not to air pollution, were sacrificed after 6 months, and the lung lesions were analysed. The results showed a significant effect of air pollution on tumour progression, observed by changes in the phenotype of the tumour cells as demonstrated by morphometry and DNA ploidy. We observed more atypical adenomas in the air pollution-exposed group (p = 0.02). Coherently, morphometric differences were also detected between the two groups. Neoplasms of exposed mice exhibited an increase in the nuclear fraction (p = 0.002) and in the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio (p = 0.011), as a decrease in the stromal fraction (p < 0.001). There was a higher risk of aneuploidy in the 6-months-of-air-pollution-exposure group (relative risk: 1.58; 95% of confidence interval: 1.007 to 2.403). These results indicate that urban air pollution accelerates the process of progression towards malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Cury
- Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guimarães ET, Domingos M, Alves ES, Caldini N, Lobo DJ, Lichtenfels AJ, Saldiva PH. Detection of the genotoxicity of air pollutants in and around the city of São Paulo (Brazil) with the Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad-MCN) assay. Environ Exp Bot 2000; 44:1-8. [PMID: 10927123 DOI: 10.1016/s0098-8472(00)00050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tradescantia pallida cv. purpurea, a popular garden plant in Brazil, was used for the Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MCN) assay. In situ monitoring of the genotoxicity of air pollutants was carried out by sentinel approach, using the plant grown in the field or using the plants in pots which were carried to the monitoring sites. Two highly polluted sites, in São Paulo city (Cerqueira Cesar and Congonhas) and two rural sites (the cities of Pirassununga, 200 km and Caucaia do Alto, 50 km from São Paulo, respectively) were chosen for this study, in order to determine the gradient difference of the air pollution levels. Sentinel plants in Congonhas site presented the highest frequency of micronuclei (4.4%), in comparison with 2.2 and 2.3% found in plants from Pirassununga and Cerqueira Cesar sites, respectively (Kruskal-Wallis; P<0.020). Significant increases (F test; P<0.0001) in the frequency of micronuclei were observed in plants exposed in the polluted urban sites (Cerqueira Cesar: 5.7%; Congonhas: 7.1% and Caucaia do Alto: 2.3%). The increase in the frequency of micronuclei observed indicates the potential risk of mutagenicity in presence of high concentrations of pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ET Guimarães
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica Experimental, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 455, 01246-903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Batalha JR, Guimarães ET, Lobo DJ, Lichtenfels AJ, Deur T, Carvalho HA, Alves ES, Domingos M, Rodrigues GS, Saldiva PH. Exploring the clastogenic effects of air pollutants in São Paulo (Brazil) using the Tradescantia micronuclei assay. Mutat Res 1999; 426:229-32. [PMID: 10350603 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(99)00073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the clastogenicity of particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 microm) in the urban polluted air in the city of São Paulo. The Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad-MCN) assay was used throughout this study to evaluate the clastogenicity of the extracts of the particulate matter. Tradescantia pallida (Rose) Hunt. cv. purpurea, an indigenous cultivar, was used in the Trad-MCN assay. The efficacy of this plant material for the Trad-MCN assay was validated with dose-response studies using formaldehyde and beta radiation. Dose-response curves were established with these known mutagens. The extracts of the PM10 particles at concentrations between 5 and 50 ppm induced a dose-related increase in MCN frequencies. The results indicate that T. pallida is equally sensitive to mutagens as the standard Tradescantia clone 4430 or 03 and the particulate matter in the urban air are clastogenic to the chromosomes of this plant. Inhalation of these particles by urban dwellers may affect their health by inducing similar genetic damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Batalha
- Labóratorio de Poluicão Atmosférica Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Departmento de Patologia, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455 CEP o1246-903, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reymão MS, Cury PM, Lichtenfels AJ, Lemos M, Battlehner CN, Conceição GM, Capelozzi VL, Montes GS, Júnior MF, Martins MA, Böhm GM, Saldiva PH. Urban air pollution enhances the formation of urethane-induced lung tumors in mice. Environ Res 1997; 74:150-158. [PMID: 9339228 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.1997.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the association between air pollution and lung neoplasia in an animal model. The experimental exposures were done in two locations with different air pollution profiles: a polluted area (downtown São Paulo) and a "clean" environment (Atibaia). Swiss mice were employed and urethane (3 g/kg) was used as carcinogenic substance. Two experiments were performed: Experiment I was designed to verify whether air pollution acts as initiator and/or promoter of lung cancer, using 300 mice; Experiment II employed 250 animals and aimed to verify if the effects of air pollution on the development of lung tumors was dose dependent. A significant effect of air pollution in augmenting lung carcinogenecity induced by urethane was observed. This effect was shown to be dose-dependent and reproducible on two different occasions. In addition, morphometric studies revealed that pollution may influence tumor phenotype. These results support the hypothesis that air pollution plays a significant role in the development of lung tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Reymão
- Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The study was designed to investigate the influence of water pollution on gill apparatus. Specimens of Nile tilapia were collected from a polluted site in the São Paulo metropolitan area (Billings reservoir) and from a "clean" area. Fish from the polluted site showed a chronic inflammatory process in the distal region of the gill filaments, with epithelial hyperplasia. The raker length was increased and hypersecretion occurred, with a considerable volume of alcian blue-positive mucin on the epithelium of the rakers and a smaller volume of periodic acid-Schiff-positive mucin on the epithelial surface of the filaments. The rigidity of mucus in fish from the polluted site was increased, but no abnormalities in the viscosity to elasticity ratio or in mucus "wettability" were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Lichtenfels
- Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saldiva PH, Pope CA, Schwartz J, Dockery DW, Lichtenfels AJ, Salge JM, Barone I, Bohm GM. Air pollution and mortality in elderly people: a time-series study in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Arch Environ Health 1995; 50:159-63. [PMID: 7786052 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1995.9940893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between daily mortality of elderly (65+ y) persons and air pollution in the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, Brazil, for the period May 1990 to April 1991 was evaluated by time series regression, controlling for season, weather, and other factors. Mortality was associated with respirable particles (PM10), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). The association with PM10 was most statistically significant, robust, and independent of other air pollutants. An increase in PM10 equal to 100 micrograms/m3 was associated with an increase in overall mortality equal to approximately 13%. This association was consistent across various model specifications and estimation techniques. The dose-response relationship between mortality and respirable particulate pollution was almost linear, with no evidence of a "safe" threshold level. The results were similar to those observed in London and several U.S. cities. The results were also supportive of recent animal studies that have observed adverse health outcomes in experimental animals exposed to air pollution in Sao Paulo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P H Saldiva
- Laboratorio de Poluicao Atmosferica Experimental Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lemos M, Lichtenfels AJ, Amaro Júnior E, Macchione M, Martins MA, King M, Böhm GM, Saldiva PH. Quantitative pathology of nasal passages in rats exposed to urban levels of air pollution. Environ Res 1994; 66:87-95. [PMID: 8013440 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.1994.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the adverse effects of urban levels of air pollution, rats were used as biological indicators in a chronic exposure experiment. Animals were housed for 6 months in the center of São Paulo (the largest South American town) and compared to controls kept for the same period in a clean area. Pollution levels were obtained from a state air pollution monitoring station, 200 m distant from exposure location, which provided the levels of CO, SO2, particulates, and ozone. The nasal septum was submitted to quantitative analysis of morphological and histochemical parameters, comprising the measurement of volume of epithelium and lamina propria per unity of surface of basal lamina, the amount of mucus stored in the surface epithelium, the volume densities of neutral and acidic mucus in the lamina propria glands, and the densities of secretory and ciliated cells in the epithelium. The results obtained in the present investigation suggest that chronic exposure to urban levels of air pollution induces secretory hypertrophy, combined with a shift toward acidic mucus secretion and ciliary damage. The results are consistent with the idea that prolonged exposure to low levels of air pollution deteriorates respiratory defenses against infectious agents and may cause an increase in respiratory morbidity and perhaps mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lemos
- Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica Experimental, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saldiva PH, Lichtenfels AJ, Paiva PS, Barone IA, Martins MA, Massad E, Pereira JC, Xavier VP, Singer JM, Böhm GM. Association between air pollution and mortality due to respiratory diseases in children in São Paulo, Brazil: a preliminary report. Environ Res 1994; 65:218-225. [PMID: 8187738 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.1994.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the results of a time series study relating air pollution and respiratory mortality in children under 5 years of age in the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil. Daily records of mortality (excluding neonatal mortality) for the period May 1990 to April 1991 were collected along with daily records of relative humidity, temperature, SO2, CO, particulates (PM10), O3, and NOx concentrations. Using multiple regression methods we demonstrated a significant association between mortality due to respiratory diseases and the NOx levels. After controlling for weather and season effects, the odds of dying due to respiratory diseases, considering the mean levels of NOx in São Paulo, was estimated at 1.3 (+/- 0.13). This result is in accord with previous animal studies conducted by our group and indicates that air pollution in São Paulo has reached levels high enough to have adverse health effects on the exposed population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P H Saldiva
- Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica Experimental, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|