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De Barros Oliveira R, Anselmi M, Marchette RCN, Roversi K, Fadanni GP, De Carvalho LM, Damasceno S, Heinrich IA, Leal RB, Cavalli J, Moreira-Júnior RE, Godard ALB, Izídio GS. Differential expression of alpha-synuclein in the hippocampus of SHR and SLA16 isogenic rat strains. Behav Brain Res 2024; 461:114835. [PMID: 38151185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Two inbred strains, Lewis (LEW) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR), are well-known for their contrasting behavior related to anxiety/emotionality. Studies with these two strains led to the discovery of the Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) on chromosome 4 (Anxrr16). To better understand the influences of this genomic region, the congenic rat strain SLA16 (SHR.LEW-Anxrr16) was developed. SLA16 rats present higher hyperactivity/impulsivity, deficits in learning and memory, and lower basal blood pressure than the SHR strain, even though genetic differences between them are only in chromosome 4. Thus, the present study proposed the alpha-synuclein and the dopaminergic system as candidates to explain the differential behavior of SHR and SLA16 strains. To accomplish this, beyond the behavioral analysis, we performed (I) the Snca gene expression and (II) quantification of the alpha-synuclein protein in the hippocampus (HPC), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and striatum (STR) of SHR and SLA16 strains; (III) sequencing of the 3'UTR of the Snca gene; and (IV) evaluation of miRNA binding in the 3'UTR site. A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) was identified in the 3'UTR of the Snca gene, which exhibited upregulation in the HPC of SHR compared to SLA16 females. Alpha-synuclein protein was higher in the HPC of SHR males compared to SLA16 males. The results of this work suggested that differences in alpha-synuclein HPC content could be influenced by miRNA regulation and associated with behavioral differences between SHR and SLA16 animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel De Barros Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Mayara Anselmi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Katiane Roversi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Pasetto Fadanni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Luana Martins De Carvalho
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Samara Damasceno
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Bainy Leal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Juliana Cavalli
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Lúcia Brunialti Godard
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Geison Souza Izídio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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Damasceno S, Fonseca PADS, Rosse IC, Moraes MFD, de Oliveira JAC, Garcia-Cairasco N, Brunialti Godard AL. Putative Causal Variant on Vlgr1 for the Epileptic Phenotype in the Model Wistar Audiogenic Rat. Front Neurol 2021; 12:647859. [PMID: 34177758 PMCID: PMC8220163 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.647859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wistar Audiogenic Rat is an epilepsy model whose animals are predisposed to develop seizures induced by acoustic stimulation. This model was developed by selective reproduction and presents a consistent genetic profile due to the several generations of inbreeding. In this study, we performed an analysis of WAR RNA-Seq data, aiming identified at genetic variants that may be involved in the epileptic phenotype. Seventeen thousand eighty-five predicted variants were identified as unique to the WAR model, of which 15,915 variants are SNPs and 1,170 INDELs. We filter the predicted variants by pre-established criteria and selected five for validation by Sanger sequencing. The genetic variant c.14198T>C in the Vlgr1 gene was confirmed in the WAR model. Vlgr1 encodes an adhesion receptor that is involved in the myelination process, in the development of stereocilia of the inner ear, and was already associated with the audiogenic seizures presented by the mice Frings. The transcriptional quantification of Vlgr1 revealed the downregulation this gene in the corpus quadrigeminum of WAR, and the protein modeling predicted that the mutated residue alters the structure of a domain of the VLGR1 receptor. We believe that Vlgr1 gene may be related to the predisposition of WAR to seizures and suggest the mutation Vlgr1/Q4695R as putative causal variant, and the first molecular marker of the WAR strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Damasceno
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pablo Augusto de Souza Fonseca
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Izinara Cruz Rosse
- Departamento de Farmácia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Márcio Flávio Dutra Moraes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Brunialti Godard
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Oliveira PRS, de Matos LO, Araujo NM, Sant Anna HP, da Silva E Silva DA, Damasceno AKA, Martins de Carvalho L, Horta BL, Lima-Costa MF, Barreto ML, Wiers CE, Volkow ND, Brunialti Godard AL. LRRK2 Gene Variants Associated With a Higher Risk for Alcohol Dependence in Multiethnic Populations. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:665257. [PMID: 34135785 PMCID: PMC8202767 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.665257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Genetics influence the vulnerability to alcohol use disorders, and among the implicated genes, three previous studies have provided evidences for the involvement of LRRK2 in alcohol dependence (AD). LRRK2 expression is broadly dysregulated in postmortem brain from AD humans, as well as in the brain of mice with alcohol dependent-like behaviors and in a zebrafish model of alcohol preference. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of variants in the LRRK2 gene with AD in multiethnic populations from South and North America. Methods: Alcohol-screening questionnaires [such as CAGE and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)] were used to determine individual risk of AD. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were done in three independent populations (898 individuals from Bambuí, Brazil; 3,015 individuals from Pelotas, Brazil; and 1,316 from the United States). Linkage disequilibrium and conditional analyses, as well as in silico functional analyses, were also conducted. Results: Four LRRK2 variants were significantly associated with AD in our discovery cohort (Bambuí): rs4768231, rs4767971, rs7307310, and rs1465527. Two of these variants (rs4768231 and rs4767971) were replicated in both Pelotas and US cohorts. The consistent association signal (at the LRRK2 locus) found in populations with different genetic backgrounds reinforces the relevance of our findings. Conclusion: Taken together, these results support the notion that genetic variants in the LRRK2 locus are risk factors for AD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rafael Silveira Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Centro de Integração de Dados e Conhecimentos para Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lorena Oliveira de Matos
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Matta Araujo
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hanaísa P Sant Anna
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Andresa K Andrade Damasceno
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Centro de Integração de Dados e Conhecimentos para Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luana Martins de Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bernardo L Horta
- Programa de Pos-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Mauricio Lima Barreto
- Centro de Integração de Dados e Conhecimentos para Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ana Lúcia Brunialti Godard
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Paiva IM, de Carvalho LM, Di Chiaccio IM, Lima Assis ID, Naranjo ES, Bernabé MG, Ferreira FNA, Cayuela ML, Murgas LDS, Brunialti Godard AL. Inhibition of Lrrk2 reduces ethanol preference in a model of acute exposure in zebrafish. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 100:109885. [PMID: 32032698 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to its multifactorial and yet to be fully understood origin, ethanol addiction is a field that still requires studies for the elucidation of novel genes and pathways that potentially influence the establishment and maintenance of addiction-like phenotypes. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the role of the LRRK2 pathway in the modulation of ethanol preference behavior in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Using the behavioral Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) paradigm, we accessed the preference of animals for ethanol. Next, we evaluated the transcriptional regulation of the gene lrrk2 and the receptors drd1, drd2, grin1a, gria2a, and gabbr1b in the zebrafish brain. Additionally, we used a selective inhibitor of Lrrk2 (GNE-0877) to assess the role of this gene in the preference behavior. Our results revealed four distinct ethanol preference phenotypes (Light, Heavy, Negative Reinforcement, and Inflexible), each showing different transcriptional regulation patterns of the drd1, drd2, grin1a, gria2a, and gabbr1b receptors. We showed that the lrrk2 gene was hyperregulated only in the brains of the animals with the Inflexible phenotype. Most importantly, we showed, for the first time in the context of preference for ethanol, that treatment with the GNE-0877 inhibitor modulates the transcription of the target receptor genes and reduces the preference for ethanol in the animals of the Inflexible group. This result corroborates the hypothesis that the LRRK2 pathway is involved in the inflexible preference for ethanol behavior. Lastly, we identified a possible pharmacological target for the treatment of abusive preference behavior for ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Marques Paiva
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luana Martins de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Isabela Martins Di Chiaccio
- Biotério Central, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Brazil
| | - Isadora de Lima Assis
- Biotério Central, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Brazil
| | - Elena Sánchez Naranjo
- Aging Cancer and Telomerase Laboratory, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Garcia Bernabé
- Aging Cancer and Telomerase Laboratory, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Felipe Norberto Alves Ferreira
- Laboratório de Nutrição Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Luisa Cayuela
- Aging Cancer and Telomerase Laboratory, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis David Solis Murgas
- Biotério Central, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Brunialti Godard
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Martins de Carvalho L, Lauar Gonçalves J, Sondertoft Braga Pedersen A, Damasceno S, Elias Moreira Júnior R, Uceli Maioli T, Faria AMCD, Brunialti Godard AL. High-fat diet withdrawal modifies alcohol preference and transcription of dopaminergic and GABAergic receptors. J Neurogenet 2018; 33:10-20. [DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2018.1526934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Martins de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lauar Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Agatha Sondertoft Braga Pedersen
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Samara Damasceno
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renato Elias Moreira Júnior
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiani Uceli Maioli
- Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Caetano de Faria
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Departamento de Nutrição, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Brunialti Godard
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Damasceno S, Menezes NBD, Rocha CDS, Matos AHBD, Vieira AS, Moraes MFD, Martins AS, Lopes-Cendes I, Godard ALB. Transcriptome of the Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR) strain following audiogenic seizures. Epilepsy Res 2018; 147:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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de Almeida Magalhães T, Correia D, de Carvalho LM, Damasceno S, Brunialti Godard AL. Maternal separation affects expression of stress response genes and increases vulnerability to ethanol consumption. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00841. [PMID: 29568676 PMCID: PMC5853632 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal separation is an early life stress event associated with behavioral alterations and ethanol consumption. We aimed to expand the current understanding on the molecular mechanisms mediating the impact of postnatal stress on ethanol consumption. METHODS In the first experiment (T1), some of the pups were separated from their mothers for 6 hr daily (Maternal Separation group - MS), whereas the other pups remained in the cage with their respective mothers (Control group - C). In the second experiment (T2), mice from both groups were subjected to the model of free-choice between water and sucrose solution or between water and ethanol solution. Maternal behavior was assessed at the end of T1. At the end of both T1 and T2, pups were subjected to the light/dark box behavioral test and blood corticosterone concentrations were analyzed. RESULTS Our maternal separation protocol led to intense maternal care and affected weight gain of the animals. The expression of stress response genes was altered with higher levels of Crh and Pomc being observed in the hypothalamus, and higher levels of Crhr1, Crhr2, Htr2a and lower levels of Nr3c1 and Htr1a being observed in the hippocampus after T1. At the end of T2, we observed higher levels of Avp and Pomc in the hypothalamus, and higher levels of Crhr1, Crhr2, Nr3c1, Slc6a4, Bdnf and lower levels of Htr1a in the hippocampus. Additionally, maternal separation increased vulnerability to ethanol consumption during adolescence and induced changes in anxiety/stress-related behavior after T2. Furthermore, voluntary ethanol consumption attenuated stress response and modified expression of reward system genes: enhancing Drd1 and Drd2, and reducing Gabbr2 in the striatum. CONCLUSION Maternal separation induced behavioral changes and alterations in the expression of key genes involved in HPA axis and in the serotonergic and reward systems that are likely to increase vulnerability to ethanol consumption in adolescence. We demonstrated, for the first time, that ethanol consumption masked stress response by reducing the activity of the HPA axis and the serotonergic system, therefore, suggesting that adolescent mice from the MS group probably consumed ethanol for stress relieving purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taciani de Almeida Magalhães
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana Departamento de Biologia Geral Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Diego Correia
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana Departamento de Biologia Geral Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Luana Martins de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana Departamento de Biologia Geral Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Samara Damasceno
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana Departamento de Biologia Geral Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Brunialti Godard
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana Departamento de Biologia Geral Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
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de Paiva Lima C, da Silva E Silva DA, Damasceno S, Ribeiro AF, Rocha CS, Berenguer de Matos AH, Correia D, Boerngen-Lacerda R, Brunialti Godard AL. Loss of control over the ethanol consumption: differential transcriptional regulation in prefrontal cortex. J Neurogenet 2017; 31:170-177. [PMID: 28714806 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1349121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a complex multifactorial disease with heritability of ∼50% and corresponds to the state in which the body triggers a reinforcement or reward compulsive behavior due to ethanol consumption, even when faced with negative consequences. Although several studies have shown the impact of high ethanol intake on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) gene expression, few have addressed the relationship between the patterns of gene expression underlying the compulsive behaviour associated with relapsing. In this study, we used a chronic three-bottle free-choice mouse model to investigate the PFC transcriptome in three different groups of mice drinkers: 'Light drinkers' (preference for water throughout the experiment); 'Heavy drinkers' (preference for ethanol with a non-compulsive intake), and 'Inflexible drinkers' (preference for ethanol with a compulsive drinking component). Our aim was to correlate the intake patterns observed in this model with gene expression changes in the PFC, a brain region critical for the development and maintenance of alcohol addiction. We found that the Camk2a gene showed a downregulated profile only in the Inflexible when compared to the Light drinkers group, the Camk2n1 and Pkp2 genes showed an upregulated profile only in the Inflexible drinkers when compared to the Control group, and the Gja1 gene showed an upregulated profile in the Light and Inflexible drinkers when compared to the Control group. These different transcription patterns have been associated to the presence of alcohol, in the Camk2n1 and Gja1 genes; to the amount of ethanol consumed, in the Camk2a gene; and to the loss of control in the alcohol consumption, in the Pkp2 gene. Here, we provide, for the first time, the potential involvement of the Pkp2 gene in the compulsivity and loss of control over the voluntary ethanol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina de Paiva Lima
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Biologia Geral , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Daniel Almeida da Silva E Silva
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Biologia Geral , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Samara Damasceno
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Biologia Geral , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Andrea Frozino Ribeiro
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Faculdade de Filosofia de Ciências Humanas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Cristiane S Rocha
- c Departamento de Genética Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Medicas , Universidade de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Alexandre H Berenguer de Matos
- c Departamento de Genética Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Medicas , Universidade de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Diego Correia
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Biologia Geral , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil.,d Departamento de Farmacologia, Jardim das Américas , Universidade Federal do Paraná , Curitiba , PR , Brazil
| | - Roseli Boerngen-Lacerda
- d Departamento de Farmacologia, Jardim das Américas , Universidade Federal do Paraná , Curitiba , PR , Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Brunialti Godard
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Biologia Geral , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
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da Silva E Silva DA, Frozino Ribeiro A, Damasceno S, Rocha CS, Berenguer de Matos AH, Boerngen-Lacerda R, Correia D, Brunialti Godard AL. Inflexible ethanol intake: A putative link with the Lrrk2 pathway. Behav Brain Res 2016; 313:30-37. [PMID: 27411784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a complex multifactorial disorder with a strong genetic influence. Although several studies have shown the impact of high ethanol intake on the striatal gene expression, few have addressed the relationship between the patterns of gene expression underlying the compulsive behaviour associated with the two major concerns in addiction: the excessive drug consumption and relapsing. In this study, we used a chronic three-bottle free-choice murine model to address striatal transcript regulation among animals with different ethanol intakes and preferences: Light Drinkers (preference for water throughout the experiment), Heavy Drinkers (preference for ethanol with a non-compulsive intake) and Inflexible Drinkers (preference for ethanol and simultaneous loss of control over the drug intake). Our aim was to correlate the intake patterns observed in this model with gene expression changes in the striatum, a brain region critical for the development of alcohol addiction. We found that the transcripts of the Lrrk2 gene, which encodes a multifunctional protein with kinase and GTPase activities, is upregulated only in Inflexible Drinkers suggesting, for the first time, that the Lrrk2 pathway plays a major role in the compulsive ethanol intake behaviour of addicted subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Frozino Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Faculdade de Filosofia de Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Samara Damasceno
- Departmento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Cristiane S Rocha
- Departmento de Genética Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Medicas, Universidade de Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre H Berenguer de Matos
- Departmento de Genética Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Medicas, Universidade de Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roseli Boerngen-Lacerda
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Jardim das Américas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Diego Correia
- Departmento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacologia, Jardim das Américas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Brunialti Godard
- Departmento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
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de Oliveira Almeida VC, Ribeiro DD, Gomes KB, Godard ALB. Polymorphisms of CYP2C9, VKORC1, MDR1, APOE and UGT1A1 Genes and the Therapeutic Warfarin Dose in Brazilian Patients with Thrombosis: A Prospective Cohort Study. Mol Diagn Ther 2014; 18:675-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-014-0121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Torres AA, Rzadzinska AK, Ribeiro AF, Silva DADSE, Guénet JL, Massironi SMG, Godard ALB. The circling mutant Pcdh15roda is a new mouse model for hearing loss. Mutat Res 2013; 751-752:29-35. [PMID: 24044941 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mutagenesis is a key tool for studying gene function and several mutant alleles have been described and constitute mouse models for human hereditary diseases. Genetic hearing loss represents over 50% of all hearing loss cases in children and, due to the heterogeneity of the disorder, there is still a demand for the isolation and characterization of new genes and alleles. Here we report phenotypic and molecular characterization of a new mouse model for hereditary hearing loss. The mutant rodador, isolated by Massironi and colleagues in 2006, presents an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by deafness and balance dysfunction associated with abnormal stereocilia in the inner ear. The mutation was mapped to mouse chromosome 10, and characterization of the gene Pcdh15 revealed an AT-to-GC transition in intron 23 of mutant animals. The alteration led to the switch of a dinucleotide ApA for ApG, creating a novel intronic acceptor splice site, which leads to incorporation of eight intronic bases into the processed mRNA and alteration of the downstream reading frame. In silico analysis indicated that the mutated protein is truncated and lacks two cadherin domains, and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Real Time PCR analyses revealed a significantly reduced Pcdh15 mRNA level in the brain of mutant mice, which might be due to the mechanism of non-sense mediated decay. In man, mutations in the orthologue PCDH15 cause non-syndromic deafness and Usher Syndrome Type 1F, a genetic disorder characterized by hearing loss and retinitis pigmentosa. Rodador mouse constitutes a new model for studying deafness in these conditions and may help in the comprehension of the pathogeneses of the disease, as well as of the mechanisms involved in the morphogenesis and function of inner ear stereocilia. This is a new ENU-induced allele and the first isolated in a BALB/c background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Amorim Torres
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Valadares ER, Pizarro MX, Oliveira LR, Amorim RHCD, Pinheiro TMM, Grieben U, Santos HH, Queiroz RR, Lopes GDC, Godard ALB. Juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis: clinical and molecular investigation in a large family in Brazil. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2011; 69:13-8. [PMID: 21359416 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2011000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Juvenile Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinosis (JNCL, CLN 3, Batten Disease) (OMIM #204200) belongs to the most common group of neurodegenerative disorders of childhood. We report the clinical data and molecular analysis of a large Brazilian family. METHOD Family composed of two consanguineous couples and thirty-two children. Clinical data of ten JNCL patients and molecular analyses on 13 participants were obtained. RESULTS The large 1.02 kb deletion was detected. The most severe phenotype, with autistic behavior, tics and parkinsonism was seen in a 12-year-old female and a milder phenotype in a 14-year-old male. Nyctalopia was the first symptom in one deceased child. The visual loss of six patients has been first observed in the school and not at home. CONCLUSION The report highlights the phenotypical intrafamily variation in 10 affected children of this family. The molecular investigation of this large family in our metabolic center turned possible the diagnosis, right approach and genetic counseling.
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Correia D, Ribeiro AF, Brunialti Godard AL, Boerngen-Lacerda R. Trait anxiety and ethanol: anxiolysis in high-anxiety mice and no relation to intake behavior in an addiction model. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:880-8. [PMID: 19394387 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety has been proposed to play a role in the development of alcohol addiction, but the exact mechanisms by which this occurs remain unclear. The present study aimed to verify the relationship between basal anxiety levels, the anxiolytic-like effect of ethanol, and ethanol intake in mice exposed to an addiction model. In one experiment Swiss mice were characterized as high-anxiety (HA), medium-anxiety (MA), or non-anxiety (NA) in the elevated plus maze and then received saline or ethanol 2 g/kg acutely and chronically and were again exposed to the same test. NA mice decreased while MA mice maintained anxiety indices over the test days, regardless of treatment. HA ethanol-treated mice showed an anxiolytic-like effect, both acutely and chronically, while the saline-treated ones maintained their basal anxiety levels. In another experiment HA and MA mice were exposed to an addiction model based on a 3-bottle free-choice paradigm (ethanol 5% and 10%, and water) consisting of four phases: acquisition (10 weeks), withdrawal (W, 2 weeks), reexposure (2 weeks), and quinine-adulteration (2 weeks). HA and MA control mice had access only to water. Mice were characterized as addicted, heavy-drinker and light-drinker [Fachin-Scheit DJ, Ribeiro AF, Pigatto G, Goeldner FO, Boerngen-Lacerda R. Development of a mouse model of ethanol addiction: naltrexone efficacy in reducing consumption but not craving. J Neural Transm 2006;113:1305-21.]. No difference was observed between HA and MA mice in their preference for and intake of ethanol. No correlation was observed between ethanol intake, during any phase, and anxiety indices measured in the basal tests and during the W phase. The differences in anxiety indices between HA and MA groups persisted in the test performed during ethanol withdrawal, suggesting a "trait" anxiety profile. The data suggest that despite the fact that high anxiety trait levels are important for the anxiolytic-like effects of ethanol, they are not a determining factor for high ethanol intake, at least not under these experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Correia
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, CEP 81531-990; Brazil
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Souza CP, Valadares ER, Trindade ALC, Rocha VL, Oliveira LR, Godard ALB. Mutation in intron 5 of GTP cyclohydrolase 1 gene causes dopa-responsive dystonia (Segawa syndrome) in a Brazilian family. Genet Mol Res 2008; 7:687-94. [PMID: 18752196 DOI: 10.4238/vol7-3gmr467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD), also known as Segawa syndrome or hereditary progressive dystonia with diurnal fluctuation, is clinically characterized by the occurrence of simultaneous or late Parkinsonism and by an excellent response to treatment with low doses of L-dopa. Diagnosis of DRD is essentially clinical. It is based on clinical history and the response to treatment with low doses of L-dopa. However, due to the low penetrance of the disease, asymptomatic carriers may exist. In these cases, mutational analysis of the GCH1 gene is an alternative to diagnose DRD. In the present study, we investigated a large DRD-carrier family in an attempt to identify the disease-causing mutation. The proband, a young woman diagnosed at the age of 13 years, is the daughter of a healthy non-consanguineous couple with history of several cases, on the maternal side of the family, of tip-toeing, disturbance of gait, Parkinsonism, rigidity and cramps in the lower limbs. Using single strand conformational polymorphism and DNA sequencing techniques to analyze DNA extracted from blood samples, we identified a mutation in the GCH1 gene, IVS5+3insT, which would preclude the formation of the active enzyme due to the formation of truncated peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Rosa FM, Godard ALB, Negrão-Correa D, Rodrigues HA, Carvalho ODS, Caldeira RL, Teles HMS, Maciel E, Jannotti-Passos LK, Coelho PMZ. Biomphalaria tenagophila: dynamics of populations of resistant and susceptible strains to Schistosoma mansoni, with or without pressure of the parasite. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101 Suppl 1:247-51. [PMID: 17308777 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000900038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistant (Taim, RS) and susceptible albino (Joinville, SC) Biomphalaria tenagophila populations were kept together, at different proportions, throughout a 18-month-period. Some of the snail groups were submitted to Schistosoma mansoni infection. The targets of this study were (a) to analyze the populational dynamics among resistant and susceptible individuals to S. mansoni; (b) to study the resistance phenotype in descendants of cross-breeding; (c) to observe whether the parasite could exert any kind of selection in those snail populations. Throughout the experiment it could be observed that the susceptible B. tenagophila strain (Joinville) underwent a selective pressure of the parasite that was negative, since the individuals showed a high mortality rate. Although B. tenagophila (Taim) population presented a higher mortality rate without pressure of the parasite, this event was compensated by a reproductive capacity. B. tenagophila Taim was more fecund than B. tenagophila Joinville and was able to transmit the resistance character to their descendants. F1 generation obtained by cross-breeding between resistant and susceptible lineages was completely resistant to S. mansoni infection, irrespective of the Taim proportion. Moreover, less than 5% of F2 progeny were susceptible to S. mansoni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mara Rosa
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horzonte, MG, Brazil
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Massironi SMG, Reis BLFS, Carneiro JG, Barbosa LBS, Ariza CB, Santos GC, Guénet JL, Godard ALB. Inducing mutations in the mouse genome with the chemical mutagen ethylnitrosourea. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39:1217-26. [PMID: 16972005 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006000900009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When compared to other model organisms whose genome is sequenced, the number of mutations identified in the mouse appears extremely reduced and this situation seriously hampers our understanding of mammalian gene function(s). Another important consequence of this shortage is that a majority of human genetic diseases still await an animal model. To improve the situation, two strategies are currently used: the first makes use of embryonic stem cells, in which one can induce knockout mutations almost at will; the second consists of a genome-wide random chemical mutagenesis, followed by screening for mutant phenotypes and subsequent identification of the genetic alteration(s). Several projects are now in progress making use of one or the other of these strategies. Here, we report an original effort where we mutagenized BALB/c males, with the mutagen ethylnitrosourea. Offspring of these males were screened for dominant mutations and a three-generation breeding protocol was set to recover recessive mutations. Eleven mutations were identified (one dominant and ten recessives). Three of these mutations are new alleles (Otop1mlh, Foxn1sepe and probably rodador) at loci where mutations have already been reported, while 4 are new and original alleles (carc, eqlb, frqz, and Sacc). This result indicates that the mouse genome, as expected, is far from being saturated with mutations. More mutations would certainly be discovered using more sophisticated phenotyping protocols. Seven of the 11 new mutant alleles induced in our experiment have been localized on the genetic map as a first step towards positional cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M G Massironi
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Rosa FM, Godard ALB, Azevedo V, Coelho PMZ. Biomphalaria tenagophila: dominant character of the resistance to Schistosoma mansoni in descendants of crossbreedings between resistant (Taim, RS) and susceptible (Joinville, SC) strains. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100:19-23. [PMID: 15867958 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762005000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to study parasitological, molecular, and genetic aspects in descendants of crossbreedings between a totally resistant Biomphalaria tenagophila strain (Taim, RS) and another one highly susceptible (Joinville, SC) to Schistosoma mansoni. Descendants F1 and F2 were submitted to S. mansoni infection (LE strain). The susceptibility rates for individuals from Group F1 were 0 to 0.6%, and from Group F2 was 7.2%. The susceptible individuals from Group F2 discharged a lower number of cercariae, when compared with the susceptible parental group, and in 2 out of 9 positive snails the cercarial elimination was discontinued. In order to identify genetic markers associated with resistance the genotype of parental snails and their offspring F1 and F2 were analyzed by means of the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA method. Nevertheless, it was not possible to detect any marker associated to resistance, but the results showed that in the mentioned species the resistance character is determined by two dominant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mara Rosa
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Silva Neto L, Aghaie A, Guénet JL, Godard ALB. The paralysé (par) mouse neurological mutation maps to a 9 Mbp (4 cM) interval of mouse chromosome 18. Genet Mol Biol 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572005000200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Coelho PMZ, Carvalho OS, Andrade ZA, Martins-Sousa RL, Rosa FM, Barbosa L, Pereira CAJ, Caldeira RL, Jannotti-Passos LK, Godard ALB, Moreira LA, Oliveira GC, Franco GR, Teles HMS, Negrão-Corrêa D. Biomphalaria tenagophila/Schistosoma mansoni interaction: premises for a new approach to biological control of schistosomiasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 99:109-11. [PMID: 15486646 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762004000900020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomphalaria tenagophila is very important for schistosomiasis transmission in Brazil. However its mechanisms of interaction with Schistosoma mansoni are still scantly studied. Since this snail displays strains highly susceptible or completely resistant to the parasite infection, the knowledge of that would be a useful tool to understand the mechanism of snail resistance. Particularly, the Taim strain consistently shows absolute resistance against the trematode, and this resistance is a dominant character. A multidisciplinary research group was created aiming at studying B. tenagophila/S. mansoni interaction. The possibility for applying the knowledge acquired to obtain a biological model for the control of S. mansoni transmission in endemic areas is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Z Coelho
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Rosa FM, Caldeira RL, Carvalho ODS, Godard ALB, Coelho PMZ. Dominant character of the molecular marker of a Biomphalaria tenagophila strain (Mollusca: Planorbidae) resistant to Schistosoma mansoni. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 99:85-7. [PMID: 15057353 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762004000100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomphalaria tenagophila population from Taim (state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) is totally resistant to Schistosoma mansoni, and presents a molecular marker of 350 bp by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism of the entire rDNA internal transcriber spacer. The scope of this work was to determine the heritage pattern of this marker. A series of cross-breedings between B. tenagophila from Taim (resistant) and B. tenagophila from Joinville, state of Santa Catarina (susceptible) was carried out, and their descendants F1 and F2 were submitted to this technique. It was possible to demonstrate that the specific fragment from Taim is endowed with dominant character, since the obtained segregation was typically mendelian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mara Rosa
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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