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Ibrahim YS, Tuan Anuar S, Azmi AA, Wan Mohd Khalik WMA, Lehata S, Hamzah SR, Ismail D, Ma ZF, Dzulkarnaen A, Zakaria Z, Mustaffa N, Tuan Sharif SE, Lee YY. Detection of microplastics in human colectomy specimens. JGH Open 2020; 5:116-121. [PMID: 33490620 PMCID: PMC7812470 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aim While dietary exposure to microplastics is increasingly recognized, it is unknown if ingested plastics remain within the digestive tract. We aimed to examine human colectomy specimens for microplastics and to report the characteristics as well as polymer composition of the particles. Methods Colectomy samples were obtained from 11 adults (mean age 45.7, six males) who were residents of Northeastern Peninsular Malaysia. Microplastics were identified following chemical digestion of specimens and subsequent filtration. The samples were then examined for characteristics (abundance, length, shape, and color) and composition of three common polymer types using stereo‐ and Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) microscopes. Results Microplastics were detected in all 11 specimens with an average of 331 particles/individual specimen or 28.1 ± 15.4 particles/g tissue. Filaments or fibers accounted for 96.1% of particles, and 73.1% of all filaments were transparent. Out of 40 random filaments from 10 specimens (one had indeterminate spectra patterns), 90% were polycarbonate, 50% were polyamide, and 40% were polypropylene. Conclusion Our study suggests that microplastics are ubiquitously present in the human colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusof Shuaib Ibrahim
- Microplastic Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Kuala Nerus Malaysia
| | - Sabiqah Tuan Anuar
- Microplastic Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Kuala Nerus Malaysia
| | - Alyza A Azmi
- Microplastic Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Kuala Nerus Malaysia
| | - Wan Mohd Afiq Wan Mohd Khalik
- Microplastic Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Kuala Nerus Malaysia
| | - Shumpei Lehata
- Microplastic Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Kuala Nerus Malaysia
| | - Siti Rabaah Hamzah
- Microplastic Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Kuala Nerus Malaysia
| | - Dzulkiflee Ismail
- School of Health Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Kota Bharu Malaysia
| | - Zheng Feei Ma
- School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Kota Bharu Malaysia.,Department of Health and Environmental Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University Suzhou China
| | - Andee Dzulkarnaen
- School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Kota Bharu Malaysia
| | - Zaidi Zakaria
- School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Kota Bharu Malaysia
| | - Nazri Mustaffa
- School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Kota Bharu Malaysia
| | | | - Yeong Yeh Lee
- School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Kota Bharu Malaysia.,Gut Research Group, Faculty of Medicine National University of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
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Sahid NA, Hayati F, Rao CV, Ramely R, Sani I, Dzulkarnaen A, Zakaria Z, Hassan S, Zahari A, Ali AA. Snakehead Consumption Enhances Wound Healing? From Tradition to Modern Clinical Practice: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2018; 2018:3032790. [PMID: 30538757 PMCID: PMC6261081 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3032790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snakehead fish (Channa striatus) is a fresh water fish indigenous to many Asia countries and believed to have medical value. Studies showed that it contains all the essential amino acids and fatty acids able to accelerate wound healing and it has antinociceptive effect. However, little human study has been done to assess the effectiveness of Channa striatus in wound healing. A prospective RCT has been conducted on the effect of Channa striatus spray versus placebo on clean wound to assess its pain control effect and cosmetic outcome. METHODOLOGY One hundred and two patients (102) underwent clean elective surgery; postoperatively they were randomized into two group. One group received Channa striatus extract spray (n=51) another group received placebo (n=51) on daily basis for 2 weeks. They were followed up on 2nd, 4th, and 6th weeks. Pain control effect was assessed based on Visual Analog Pain Score (VAPS) and cosmetic outcome based on Visual Analog Cosmetic Scale (VACS), Wound Evaluation Scale (WES), and Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS). RESULT The patient treated with Channa striatus spray displayed a better outcome in terms of pain control compared to placebo. During analysis using repeated measure ANOVA, there was significant difference of patient's pain score based on VAPS between Channa striatus spray and placebo (F-stat (df) = 4.80 (2), p-value = 0.010). For cosmetic outcome it showed a better result in Channa striatus spray group for all the 3-scoring system, VACS, (F-stat (df) = 2.68 (2) , p-value <0.001), WES (F-stat (df) = 3.09 (2), p-value = 0.048), and VSS (F-stat (df) = 1.72 (2) , p-value = 0.011). CONCLUSION Our study suggest that application of Channa striatus extract spray on clean wound has shown a significant better pain score result and cosmetic outcome on week 2, week 4, and week 6 comparatively with placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Amin Sahid
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88800 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Firdaus Hayati
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88800 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Challa Venkata Rao
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88800 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Rosnelifaizur Ramely
- Surgery Department, School of Medical Sciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ikhwan Sani
- Surgery Department, School of Medical Sciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Andee Dzulkarnaen
- Surgery Department, School of Medical Sciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zaidi Zakaria
- Surgery Department, School of Medical Sciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Syed Hassan
- Surgery Department, School of Medical Sciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Arman Zahari
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Department, School of Medical Sciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Aishath Azna Ali
- Surgery Department, Indra Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Kanbaa Aisa Rani Higun, Malé, Maldives
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