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Valgañón P, Useche AF, Soriano-Paños D, Ghoshal G, Gómez-Gardeñes J. Quantifying the heterogeneous impact of lockdown policies on different socioeconomic classes during the first COVID-19 wave in Colombia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16481. [PMID: 37777581 PMCID: PMC10542364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the absence of vaccines, the most widespread reaction to curb the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide was the implementation of lockdowns or stay-at-home policies. Despite the reported usefulness of such policies, their efficiency was highly constrained by socioeconomic factors determining their feasibility and their associated outcome in terms of mobility reduction and the subsequent limitation of social activity. Here we investigate the impact of lockdown policies on the mobility patterns of different socioeconomic classes in the three major cities of Colombia during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. In global terms, we find a consistent positive correlation between the reduction in mobility levels and the socioeconomic stratum of the population in the three cities, implying that those with lower incomes were less capable of adopting the aforementioned policies. Our analysis also suggests a strong restructuring of the mobility network of lowest socioeconomic strata during COVID-19 lockdown, increasing their endogenous mixing while hampering their connections with wealthiest areas due to a sharp reduction in long-distance trips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Valgañón
- Departament of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- GOTHAM lab, Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrés F Useche
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, 111711, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - David Soriano-Paños
- GOTHAM lab, Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Gourab Ghoshal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Jesús Gómez-Gardeñes
- Departament of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- GOTHAM lab, Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
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Avila-Palencia I, Sánchez BN, Rodríguez DA, Perez-Ferrer C, Miranda JJ, Gouveia N, Bilal U, Useche AF, Wilches-Mogollon MA, Moore K, Sarmiento OL, Diez Roux AV. Health and Environmental Co-Benefits of City Urban Form in Latin America: An Ecological Study. Sustainability 2022; 14:14715. [PMID: 36926000 PMCID: PMC7614319 DOI: 10.3390/su142214715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the association of urban landscape profiles with health and environmental outcomes, and whether those profiles are linked to environmental and health co-benefits. In this ecological study, we used data from 208 cities in 8 Latin American countries of the SALud URBana en América Latina (SALURBAL) project. Four urban landscape profiles were defined with metrics for the fragmentation, isolation, and shape of patches (contiguous area of urban development). Four environmental measures (lack of greenness, PM2.5, NO2, and carbon footprint), two cause-specific mortality rates (non-communicable diseases and unintentional injury mortality), and prevalence of three risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, and obesity) for adults were used as the main outcomes. We used linear regression models to evaluate the association of urban landscape profiles with environmental and health outcomes. In addition, we used finite mixture modeling to create co-benefit classes. Cities with the scattered pixels profile (low fragmentation, high isolation, and compact shaped patches) were most likely to have positive co-benefits. Profiles described as proximate stones (moderate fragmentation, moderate isolation, and irregular shape) and proximate inkblots (moderate-high fragmentation, moderate isolation, and complex shape) were most likely to have negative co-benefits. The contiguous large inkblots profile (low fragmentation, low isolation, and complex shape) was most likely to have mixed benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ione Avila-Palencia
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland, UK
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brisa N. Sánchez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel A. Rodríguez
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Institute for Transportation Studies, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - J. Jaime Miranda
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15074, Peru
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Nelson Gouveia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Usama Bilal
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrés F. Useche
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Maria A. Wilches-Mogollon
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Kari Moore
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Olga L. Sarmiento
- School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Ana V. Diez Roux
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Sarmiento OL, Useche AF, Rodriguez DA, Dronova I, Guaje O, Montes F, Stankov I, Wilches MA, Bilal U, Wang X, Guzmán LA, Peña F, Quistberg DA, Guerra-Gomez JA, Diez Roux AV. Built environment profiles for Latin American urban settings: The SALURBAL study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257528. [PMID: 34699532 PMCID: PMC8547632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The built environment of cities is complex and influences social and environmental determinants of health. In this study we, 1) identified city profiles based on the built landscape and street design characteristics of cities in Latin America and 2) evaluated the associations of city profiles with social determinants of health and air pollution. Landscape and street design profiles of 370 cities were identified using finite mixture modeling. For landscape, we measured fragmentation, isolation, and shape. For street design, we measured street connectivity, street length, and directness. We fitted a two-level linear mixed model to assess the association of social and environmental determinants of health with the profiles. We identified four profiles for landscape and four for the street design domain. The most common landscape profile was the "proximate stones" characterized by moderate fragmentation, isolation and patch size, and irregular shape. The most common street design profile was the "semi-hyperbolic grid" characterized by moderate connectivity, street length, and directness. The "semi-hyperbolic grid", "spiderweb" and "hyperbolic grid" profiles were positively associated with higher access to piped water and less overcrowding. The "semi-hyperbolic grid" and "spiderweb" profiles were associated with higher air pollution. The "proximate stones" and "proximate inkblots" profiles were associated with higher congestion. In conclusion, there is substantial heterogeneity in the urban landscape and street design profiles of Latin American cities. While we did not find a specific built environment profile that was consistently associated with lower air pollution and better social conditions, the different configurations of the built environments of cities should be considered when planning healthy and sustainable cities in Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L. Sarmiento
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes in Bogotá Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés F. Useche
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes in Bogotá Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel A. Rodriguez
- College of Environmental Design and Institute for Transportation Studies, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Iryna Dronova
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Oscar Guaje
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes in Bogotá Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Felipe Montes
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes in Bogotá Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ivana Stankov
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Maria Alejandra Wilches
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes in Bogotá Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Usama Bilal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Xize Wang
- Department of Real Estate, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luis A. Guzmán
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes in Bogotá Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Fabian Peña
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes in Bogotá Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - D. Alex Quistberg
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - John A. Guerra-Gomez
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes in Bogotá Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Khoury School of Computer Science, Northeastern University, San Jose, CA, United States of America
| | - Ana V. Diez Roux
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Sarmiento OL, Higuera-Mendieta D, Wilches-Mogollon MA, Guzman LA, Rodríguez DA, Morales R, Méndez D, Bedoya C, Linares-Vásquez M, Arévalo MI, Martínez-Herrera E, Montes F, Meisel JD, Useche AF, García E, Triana CA, Medaglia AL, Hessel P, Arellana J, Moncada C, King AC, Diez Roux AV. Urban Transformations and Health: Methods for TrUST-a Natural Experiment Evaluating the Impacts of a Mass Transit Cable Car in Bogotá, Colombia. Front Public Health 2020; 8:64. [PMID: 32211367 PMCID: PMC7075807 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cable cars provide urban mobility benefits for vulnerable populations. However, no evaluation has assessed cable cars' impact from a health perspective. TransMiCable in Bogotá, Colombia, provides a unique opportunity to (1) assess the effects of its implementation on the environmental and social determinants of health (microenvironment pollution, transport accessibility, physical environment, employment, social capital, and leisure time), physical activity, and health outcomes (health-related quality of life, respiratory diseases, and homicides); and (2) use citizen science methods to identify, prioritize, and communicate the most salient negative and positive features impacting health and quality of life in TransMiCable's area, as well as facilitate a consensus and advocacy-building change process among community members, policymakers, and academic researchers. Methods: TrUST (In Spanish: Transformaciones Urbanas y Salud: el caso de TransMiCable en Bogotá) is a quasi-experimental study using a mixed-methods approach. The intervention group includes adults from Ciudad Bolívar, the area of influence of TransMiCable. The control group includes adults from San Cristóbal, an area of future expansion for TransMiCable. A conceptual framework was developed through group-model building. Outcomes related to environmental and social determinants of health as well as health outcomes are assessed using questionnaires (health outcomes, physical activity, and perceptions), secondary data (crime and respiratory outcomes) use of portable devices (air pollution exposure and accelerometry), mobility tracking apps (for transport trajectories), and direct observation (parks). The Stanford Healthy Neighborhood Discovery Tool is being used to capture residents' perceptions of their physical and social environments as part of the citizen science component of the investigation. Discussion: TrUST is innovative in its use of a mixed-methods, and interdisciplinary research approach, and in its systematic engagement of citizens and policymakers throughout the design and evaluation process. This study will help to understand better how to maximize health benefits and minimize unintended negative consequences of TransMiCable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria A Wilches-Mogollon
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis A Guzman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel A Rodríguez
- College of Environmental Design and Institute for Transport Studies, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ricardo Morales
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniela Méndez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Bedoya
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Systems Engineering and Computing Department, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mario Linares-Vásquez
- Systems Engineering and Computing Department, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maria Isabel Arévalo
- Systems Engineering and Computing Department, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eliana Martínez-Herrera
- National School of Public Health, Research Group of Epidemiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Felipe Montes
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jose D Meisel
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Ibagué, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Andrés F Useche
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Elizabeth García
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Camilo A Triana
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés L Medaglia
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Philipp Hessel
- School of Government, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julian Arellana
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Carlos Moncada
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Abby C King
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ana V Diez Roux
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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5
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Sarmiento OL, Higuera-Mendieta D, Wilches-Mogollon MA, Guzman LA, Rodríguez DA, Morales R, Méndez D, Bedoya C, Linares-Vásquez M, Arévalo MI, Martínez-Herrera E, Montes F, Meisel JD, Useche AF, García E, Triana CA, Medaglia AL, Hessel P, Arellana J, Moncada C, King AC, Diez Roux AV. Urban Transformations and Health: Methods for TrUST-a Natural Experiment Evaluating the Impacts of a Mass Transit Cable Car in Bogotá, Colombia. Front Public Health 2020. [PMID: 32211367 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.0006410.3389/fpubh.2020.00064.s001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cable cars provide urban mobility benefits for vulnerable populations. However, no evaluation has assessed cable cars' impact from a health perspective. TransMiCable in Bogotá, Colombia, provides a unique opportunity to (1) assess the effects of its implementation on the environmental and social determinants of health (microenvironment pollution, transport accessibility, physical environment, employment, social capital, and leisure time), physical activity, and health outcomes (health-related quality of life, respiratory diseases, and homicides); and (2) use citizen science methods to identify, prioritize, and communicate the most salient negative and positive features impacting health and quality of life in TransMiCable's area, as well as facilitate a consensus and advocacy-building change process among community members, policymakers, and academic researchers. Methods: TrUST (In Spanish: Transformaciones Urbanas y Salud: el caso de TransMiCable en Bogotá) is a quasi-experimental study using a mixed-methods approach. The intervention group includes adults from Ciudad Bolívar, the area of influence of TransMiCable. The control group includes adults from San Cristóbal, an area of future expansion for TransMiCable. A conceptual framework was developed through group-model building. Outcomes related to environmental and social determinants of health as well as health outcomes are assessed using questionnaires (health outcomes, physical activity, and perceptions), secondary data (crime and respiratory outcomes) use of portable devices (air pollution exposure and accelerometry), mobility tracking apps (for transport trajectories), and direct observation (parks). The Stanford Healthy Neighborhood Discovery Tool is being used to capture residents' perceptions of their physical and social environments as part of the citizen science component of the investigation. Discussion: TrUST is innovative in its use of a mixed-methods, and interdisciplinary research approach, and in its systematic engagement of citizens and policymakers throughout the design and evaluation process. This study will help to understand better how to maximize health benefits and minimize unintended negative consequences of TransMiCable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria A Wilches-Mogollon
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis A Guzman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel A Rodríguez
- College of Environmental Design and Institute for Transport Studies, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ricardo Morales
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniela Méndez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Bedoya
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Systems Engineering and Computing Department, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mario Linares-Vásquez
- Systems Engineering and Computing Department, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maria Isabel Arévalo
- Systems Engineering and Computing Department, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eliana Martínez-Herrera
- National School of Public Health, Research Group of Epidemiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Felipe Montes
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jose D Meisel
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Ibagué, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Andrés F Useche
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Elizabeth García
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Camilo A Triana
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés L Medaglia
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Philipp Hessel
- School of Government, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julian Arellana
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Carlos Moncada
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Abby C King
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ana V Diez Roux
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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