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Maturana-Quijada P, Chavarría-Elizondo P, Del Cerro I, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Juaneda-Seguí A, Guinea-Izquierdo A, Gascón-Bayarri J, Reñé R, Urretavizcaya M, Menchón JM, Ferrer I, Soria V, Soriano-Mas C. Effective connectivity of the locus coeruleus in patients with late-life Major Depressive Disorder or mild cognitive impairment. Span J Psychiatry Ment Health 2024:S2950-2853(24)00015-2. [PMID: 38453029 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpmh.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We compared effective connectivity from the locus coeruleus (LC) during the resting-state in patients with late-life Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), individuals with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI), and Healthy Controls (HCs). PARTICIPANTS 23 patients with late-life MDD, 22 patients with aMCI, and 28 HCs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Participants were assessed in two time-points, 2 years apart. They underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and a high-resolution anatomical acquisition, as well as clinical assessments. Functional imaging data were analyzed with dynamic causal modeling, and parametric empirical Bayes model was used to map effective connectivity between 7 distinct nodes: 4 from the locus coeruleus and 3 regions displaying gray matter decreases during the two-year follow-up period. RESULTS Longitudinal analysis of structural data identified three clusters of larger over-time gray matter volume reduction in patients (MDD+aMCI vs. HCs): the right precuneus, and the visual association and parahippocampal cortices. aMCI patients showed decreased effective connectivity from the left rostral to caudal portions of the LC, while connectivity from the left rostral LC to the parahippocampal cortex increased. In MDD, there was a decline in effective connectivity across LC caudal seeds, and increased connectivity from the left rostral to the left caudal LC seed over time. Connectivity alterations with cortical regions involved cross-hemisphere increases and same-hemisphere decreases. CONCLUSIONS Our discoveries provide insight into the dynamic changes in effective connectivity in individuals with late-life MDD and aMCI, also shedding light on the mechanisms potentially contributing to the onset of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Maturana-Quijada
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pamela Chavarría-Elizondo
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Network Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés Del Cerro
- Department of Psychology, Medical School, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Radiology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Asier Juaneda-Seguí
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Guinea-Izquierdo
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Gascón-Bayarri
- Dementia Diagnostic and Treatment Unit, Department of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Reñé
- Dementia Diagnostic and Treatment Unit, Department of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mikel Urretavizcaya
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Network Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Network Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Department of Pathologic Anatomy, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Soria
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Network Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Network Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Guinea-Izquierdo A, Giménez M, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Del Cerro I, Canal-Noguer P, Blasco G, Gascón J, Reñé R, Rico I, Camins A, Aguilera C, Urretavizcaya M, Ferrer I, Menchón JM, Soria V, Soriano-Mas C. Lower Locus Coeruleus MRI intensity in patients with late-life major depression. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10828. [PMID: 33628639 PMCID: PMC7894108 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The locus coeruleus (LC) is the major noradrenergic source in the central nervous system. Structural alterations in the LC contribute to the pathophysiology of different neuropsychiatric disorders, which may increase to a variable extent the likelihood of developing neurodegenerative conditions. The characterization of such alterations may therefore help to predict progression to neurodegenerative disorders. Despite the LC cannot be visualized with conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), specific MRI sequences have been developed to infer its structural integrity. Methods We quantified LC signal Contrast Ratios (LCCRs) in late-life major depressive disorder (MDD) (n = 37, 9 with comorbid aMCI), amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) (n = 21, without comorbid MDD), and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 31), and also assessed the putative modulatory effects of comorbidities and other clinical variables. Results LCCRs were lower in MDD compared to aMCI and HCs. While no effects of aMCI comorbidity were observed, lower LCCRs were specifically observed in patients taking serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Conclusion Our results do not support the hypothesis that lower LCCRs characterize the different clinical groups that may eventually develop a neurodegenerative disorder. Conversely, our results were specifically observed in patients with late-life MDD taking SNRIs. Further research with larger samples is warranted to ascertain whether medication or particular clinical features of patients taking SNRIs are associated with changes in LC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Guinea-Izquierdo
- Department of Clinical Sciences/School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry/Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Mónica Giménez
- Department of Psychiatry/Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín
- Department of Clinical Sciences/School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry/Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Inés Del Cerro
- Department of Clinical Sciences/School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry/Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pol Canal-Noguer
- B2SLab/Departament d'Enginyeria de Sistemes, Automàtica i Informàtica Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Biomedical Research Centre in the subject area of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Gerard Blasco
- Imaging Diagnostic Institute (IDI), Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Jordi Gascón
- Dementia Diagnostic and Treatment Unit/Department of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Ramon Reñé
- Dementia Diagnostic and Treatment Unit/Department of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rico
- Dementia Diagnostic and Treatment Unit/Department of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Angels Camins
- Imaging Diagnostic Institute (IDI), Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Carlos Aguilera
- Imaging Diagnostic Institute (IDI), Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Mikel Urretavizcaya
- Department of Clinical Sciences/School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry/Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics/Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain.,Department of Pathologic Anatomy/Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Menchón
- Department of Clinical Sciences/School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry/Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Soria
- Department of Clinical Sciences/School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry/Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Department of Psychiatry/Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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Del Cerro I, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Guinea-Izquierdo A, Gascón-Bayarri J, Viñas-Diez V, Urretavizcaya M, Naval-Baudin P, Aguilera C, Reñé-Ramírez R, Ferrer I, Menchón JM, Soria V, Soriano-Mas C. Locus coeruleus connectivity alterations in late-life major depressive disorder during a visual oddball task. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 28:102482. [PMID: 33371943 PMCID: PMC7649653 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Patients with late-life MDD show lower global LC connectivity in an oddball task. Lower LC connectivity was observed with the ACC, fusiform gyrus and cerebellum. LC-ACC connectivity correlated with two different measures of depression severity.
The Locus Coeruleus (LC) is the major source of noradrenergic neurotransmission. Structural alterations in the LC have been observed in neurodegenerative disorders and at-risk individuals, although functional connectivity studies between the LC and other brain areas have not been yet performed in these populations. Patients with late-life major depressive disorder (MDD) are indeed at increased risk for neurodegenerative disorders, and here we investigated LC connectivity in late-life MDD in comparison to individuals with amnestic type mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and healthy controls (HCs). We assessed 20 patients with late-life MDD, 16 patients with aMCI, and 26 HCs, who underwent a functional magnetic resonance scan while performing a visual oddball task. We assessed task-related modulations of LC connectivity (i.e., Psychophysiological Interactions, PPI) with other brain areas. A T1-weighted fast spin-echo sequence for LC localization was also obtained. Patients with late-life MDD showed lower global connectivity during target detection in a cluster encompassing the right caudal LC. Specifically, we observed lower LC connectivity with the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the right fusiform gyrus, and different cerebellar clusters. Moreover, alterations in LC-ACC connectivity correlated negatively with depression severity (i.e., Geriatric Depression Scale and number of recurrences). Reduced connectivity of the LC during oddball performance seems to specifically characterize patients with late-life MDD, but not other populations of aged individuals with cognitive alterations. Such alteration is associated with different measures of disease severity, such as the current presence of symptoms and the burden of disease (number of recurrences).
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Del Cerro
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Network Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Guinea-Izquierdo
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Gascón-Bayarri
- Dementia Diagnostic and Treatment Unit, Department of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Viñas-Diez
- Dementia Diagnostic and Treatment Unit, Department of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mikel Urretavizcaya
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Network Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Naval-Baudin
- Imaging Diagnostic Institute (IDI), Neuroradiology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Aguilera
- Imaging Diagnostic Institute (IDI), Neuroradiology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Reñé-Ramírez
- Dementia Diagnostic and Treatment Unit, Department of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Department of Pathologic Anatomy, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Network Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Soria
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Network Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Network Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Giménez M, Guinea-Izquierdo A, Villalta-Gil V, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Segalàs C, Subirà M, Real E, Pujol J, Harrison BJ, Haro JM, Sato JR, Hoexter MQ, Cardoner N, Alonso P, Menchón JM, Soriano-Mas C. Brain alterations in low-frequency fluctuations across multiple bands in obsessive compulsive disorder. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:1690-1706. [PMID: 27771857 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The extent of functional abnormalities in frontal-subcortical circuits in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is still unclear. Although neuroimaging studies, in general, and resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rs-fMRI), in particular, have provided relevant information regarding such alterations, rs-fMRI studies have been typically limited to the analysis of between-region functional connectivity alterations at low-frequency signal fluctuations (i.e., <0.08 Hz). Conversely, the local attributes of Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) signal across different frequency bands have been seldom studied, although they may provide valuable information. Here, we evaluated local alterations in low-frequency fluctuations across different oscillation bands in OCD. Sixty-five OCD patients and 50 healthy controls underwent an rs-fMRI assessment. Alterations in the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) were evaluated, voxel-wise, across four different bands (from 0.01 Hz to 0.25 Hz). OCD patients showed decreased fALFF values in medial orbitofrontal regions and increased fALFF values in the dorsal-medial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) at frequency bands <0.08 Hz. This pattern was reversed at higher frequencies, where increased fALFF values also appeared in medial temporal lobe structures and medial thalamus. Clinical variables (i.e., symptom-specific severities) were associated with fALFF values across the different frequency bands. Our findings provide novel evidence about the nature and regional distribution of functional alterations in OCD, which should contribute to refine neurobiological models of the disorder. We suggest that the evaluation of the local attributes of BOLD signal across different frequency bands may be a sensitive approach to further characterize brain functional alterations in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Giménez
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Guinea-Izquierdo
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Villalta-Gil
- Research Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cinto Segalàs
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Subirà
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Real
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Pujol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,MRI Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital del Mar, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ben J Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Research Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joao R Sato
- Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, 5001, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Q Hoexter
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, 05403-903, Brazil
| | - Narcís Cardoner
- Depression and Anxiety Program, Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Sabadell, Hospital Universitari, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pino Alonso
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain.
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