1
|
Silva RP, Huang Y, Nguyen AW, Hsieh CL, Olaluwoye OS, Kaoud TS, Wilen RE, Qerqez AN, Park JG, Khalil AM, Azouz LR, Le KC, Bohanon AL, DiVenere AM, Liu Y, Lee AG, Amengor DA, Shoemaker SR, Costello SM, Padlan EA, Marqusee S, Martinez-Sobrido L, Dalby KN, D'Arcy S, McLellan JS, Maynard JA. Identification of a conserved S2 epitope present on spike proteins from all highly pathogenic coronaviruses. eLife 2023; 12:e83710. [PMID: 36942851 PMCID: PMC10030117 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To address the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and prepare for future coronavirus outbreaks, understanding the protective potential of epitopes conserved across SARS-CoV-2 variants and coronavirus lineages is essential. We describe a highly conserved, conformational S2 domain epitope present only in the prefusion core of β-coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 S2 apex residues 980-1006 in the flexible hinge. Antibody RAY53 binds the native hinge in MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spikes on the surface of mammalian cells and mediates antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis and cytotoxicity against SARS-CoV-2 spike in vitro. Hinge epitope mutations that ablate antibody binding compromise pseudovirus infectivity, but changes elsewhere that affect spike opening dynamics, including those found in Omicron BA.1, occlude the epitope and may evade pre-existing serum antibodies targeting the S2 core. This work defines a third class of S2 antibody while providing insights into the potency and limitations of S2 core epitope targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui P Silva
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Yimin Huang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Annalee W Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Oladimeji S Olaluwoye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at DallasDallasUnited States
| | - Tamer S Kaoud
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Rebecca E Wilen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Ahlam N Qerqez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Texas Biomedical Research InstituteSan AntonioUnited States
- Laboratory of Veterinary Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National UniversityGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Ahmed M Khalil
- Texas Biomedical Research InstituteSan AntonioUnited States
| | - Laura R Azouz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Kevin C Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Amanda L Bohanon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Andrea M DiVenere
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Alison G Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Dzifa A Amengor
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Sophie R Shoemaker
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Shawn M Costello
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | | | - Susan Marqusee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | | | - Kevin N Dalby
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Sheena D'Arcy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at DallasDallasUnited States
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- LaMontagne Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- LaMontagne Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Goldsmith JA, DiVenere AM, Maynard JA, McLellan JS. Structural basis for non-canonical integrin engagement by Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111196. [PMID: 35977491 PMCID: PMC9416875 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are ubiquitous cell-surface heterodimers that are exploited by pathogens and toxins, including leukotoxins that target β2 integrins on phagocytes. The Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) uses the αMβ2 integrin as a receptor, but the structural basis for integrin binding and neutralization by antibodies is poorly understood. Here, we use cryoelectron microscopy to determine a 2.7 Å resolution structure of an ACT fragment bound to αMβ2. This structure reveals that ACT interacts with the headpiece and calf-2 of the αM subunit in a non-canonical manner specific to bent, inactive αMβ2. Neutralizing antibody epitopes map to ACT residues involved in αM binding, providing the basis for antibody-mediated attachment inhibition. Furthermore, binding to αMβ2 positions the essential ACT acylation sites, which are conserved among toxins exported by type I secretion systems, at the cell membrane. These findings reveal a structural mechanism for integrin-mediated attachment and explain antibody-mediated neutralization of ACT intoxication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jory A Goldsmith
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Andrea M DiVenere
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Silva RP, DiVenere AM, Amengor D, Maynard JA. Antibodies binding diverse pertactin epitopes protect mice from B. pertussis infection. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101715. [PMID: 35151691 PMCID: PMC8931430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis continues to cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Many current acellular pertussis vaccines include the antigen pertactin, which has presumptive adhesive and immunomodulatory activities, but is rapidly lost from clinical isolates after the introduction of these vaccines. To better understand the contributions of pertactin antibodies to protection and pertactin's role in pathogenesis, we isolated and characterized recombinant antibodies binding four distinct epitopes on pertactin. We demonstrate that four of these antibodies bind epitopes that are conserved across all three classical Bordetella strains, and competition assays further showed that antibodies binding these epitopes are also elicited by B. pertussis infection of baboons. Surprisingly, we found that representative antibodies binding each epitope protected mice against experimental B. pertussis infection. A cocktail of antibodies from each epitope group protected mice against a subsequent lethal dose of B. pertussis and greatly reduced lung colonization levels after sublethal challenge. Each antibody reduced B. pertussis lung colonization levels up to 100-fold when administered individually, which was significantly reduced when antibody effector functions were impaired, with no antibody mediating antibody-dependent complement-induced lysis. These data suggest that antibodies binding multiple pertactin epitopes protect primarily by the same bactericidal mechanism, which overshadows contributions from blockade of other pertactin functions. These antibodies expand the available tools to further dissect pertactin's role in infection and understand the impact of antipertactin antibodies on bacterial fitness.
Collapse
|
4
|
Schaub JM, Chou CW, Kuo HC, Javanmardi K, Hsieh CL, Goldsmith J, DiVenere AM, Le KC, Wrapp D, Byrne PO, Hjorth CK, Johnson NV, Ludes-Meyers J, Nguyen AW, Wang N, Lavinder JJ, Ippolito GC, Maynard JA, McLellan JS, Finkelstein IJ. Expression and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:5339-5356. [PMID: 34611365 PMCID: PMC9665560 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein is a critical component of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines and diagnostics and is also a therapeutic target. However, the spike protein is difficult to produce recombinantly because it is a large trimeric class I fusion membrane protein that is metastable and heavily glycosylated. We recently developed a prefusion-stabilized spike variant, termed HexaPro for six stabilizing proline substitutions, that can be expressed with a yield of >30 mg/L in ExpiCHO cells. This protocol describes an optimized workflow for expressing and biophysically characterizing rationally engineered spike proteins in Freestyle 293 and ExpiCHO cell lines. Although we focus on HexaPro, this protocol has been used to purify over a hundred different spike variants in our laboratories. We also provide guidance on expression quality control, long-term storage, and uses in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The entire protocol, from transfection to biophysical characterization, can be completed in 7 d by researchers with basic tissue cell culture and protein purification expertise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Schaub
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Chia-Wei Chou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hung-Che Kuo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kamyab Javanmardi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jory Goldsmith
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Andrea M DiVenere
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kevin C Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Patrick O Byrne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Christy K Hjorth
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nicole V Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - John Ludes-Meyers
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Annalee W Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nianshuang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jason J Lavinder
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Gregory C Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ilya J Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hsieh CL, Goldsmith JA, Schaub JM, DiVenere AM, Kuo HC, Javanmardi K, Le KC, Wrapp D, Lee AG, Liu Y, Chou CW, Byrne PO, Hjorth CK, Johnson NV, Ludes-Meyers J, Nguyen AW, Park J, Wang N, Amengor D, Lavinder JJ, Ippolito GC, Maynard JA, Finkelstein IJ, McLellan JS. Structure-based design of prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spikes. Science 2020. [PMID: 32703906 DOI: 10.1126/science:abd0826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to accelerated efforts to develop therapeutics and vaccines. A key target of these efforts is the spike (S) protein, which is metastable and difficult to produce recombinantly. We characterized 100 structure-guided spike designs and identified 26 individual substitutions that increased protein yields and stability. Testing combinations of beneficial substitutions resulted in the identification of HexaPro, a variant with six beneficial proline substitutions exhibiting higher expression than its parental construct (by a factor of 10) as well as the ability to withstand heat stress, storage at room temperature, and three freeze-thaw cycles. A cryo-electron microscopy structure of HexaPro at a resolution of 3.2 angstroms confirmed that it retains the prefusion spike conformation. High-yield production of a stabilized prefusion spike protein will accelerate the development of vaccines and serological diagnostics for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jory A Goldsmith
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Schaub
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Andrea M DiVenere
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hung-Che Kuo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kamyab Javanmardi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kevin C Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Alison G Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chia-Wei Chou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Patrick O Byrne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Christy K Hjorth
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nicole V Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - John Ludes-Meyers
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Annalee W Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Juyeon Park
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nianshuang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Dzifa Amengor
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jason J Lavinder
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Gregory C Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Ilya J Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hsieh CL, Goldsmith JA, Schaub JM, DiVenere AM, Kuo HC, Javanmardi K, Le KC, Wrapp D, Lee AG, Liu Y, Chou CW, Byrne PO, Hjorth CK, Johnson NV, Ludes-Meyers J, Nguyen AW, Park J, Wang N, Amengor D, Lavinder JJ, Ippolito GC, Maynard JA, Finkelstein IJ, McLellan JS. Structure-based design of prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spikes. Science 2020; 369:1501-1505. [PMID: 32703906 PMCID: PMC7402631 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd0826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 792] [Impact Index Per Article: 198.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to accelerated efforts to develop therapeutics and vaccines. A key target of these efforts is the spike (S) protein, which is metastable and difficult to produce recombinantly. We characterized 100 structure-guided spike designs and identified 26 individual substitutions that increased protein yields and stability. Testing combinations of beneficial substitutions resulted in the identification of HexaPro, a variant with six beneficial proline substitutions exhibiting higher expression than its parental construct (by a factor of 10) as well as the ability to withstand heat stress, storage at room temperature, and three freeze-thaw cycles. A cryo-electron microscopy structure of HexaPro at a resolution of 3.2 angstroms confirmed that it retains the prefusion spike conformation. High-yield production of a stabilized prefusion spike protein will accelerate the development of vaccines and serological diagnostics for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jory A Goldsmith
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Schaub
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Andrea M DiVenere
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hung-Che Kuo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kamyab Javanmardi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kevin C Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Alison G Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chia-Wei Chou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Patrick O Byrne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Christy K Hjorth
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nicole V Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - John Ludes-Meyers
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Annalee W Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Juyeon Park
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nianshuang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Dzifa Amengor
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jason J Lavinder
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Gregory C Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Ilya J Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hsieh CL, Goldsmith JA, Schaub JM, DiVenere AM, Kuo HC, Javanmardi K, Le KC, Wrapp D, Lee AGW, Liu Y, Chou CW, Byrne PO, Hjorth CK, Johnson NV, Ludes-Meyers J, Nguyen AW, Park J, Wang N, Amengor D, Maynard JA, Finkelstein IJ, McLellan JS. Structure-based Design of Prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 Spikes. bioRxiv 2020:2020.05.30.125484. [PMID: 32577660 PMCID: PMC7302215 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.30.125484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has led to accelerated efforts to develop therapeutics, diagnostics, and vaccines to mitigate this public health emergency. A key target of these efforts is the spike (S) protein, a large trimeric class I fusion protein that is metastable and difficult to produce recombinantly in large quantities. Here, we designed and expressed over 100 structure-guided spike variants based upon a previously determined cryo-EM structure of the prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike. Biochemical, biophysical and structural characterization of these variants identified numerous individual substitutions that increased protein yields and stability. The best variant, HexaPro, has six beneficial proline substitutions leading to ~10-fold higher expression than its parental construct and is able to withstand heat stress, storage at room temperature, and multiple freeze-thaws. A 3.2 Å-resolution cryo-EM structure of HexaPro confirmed that it retains the prefusion spike conformation. High-yield production of a stabilized prefusion spike protein will accelerate the development of vaccines and serological diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Jory A. Goldsmith
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Jeffrey M. Schaub
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Andrea M. DiVenere
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Hung-Che Kuo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Kamyab Javanmardi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Kevin C. Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Alison Gene-Wei Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Chia-Wei Chou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Patrick O. Byrne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Christy K. Hjorth
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Nicole V. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - John Ludes-Meyers
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Annalee W. Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Juyeon Park
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Nianshuang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Dzifa Amengor
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Jennifer A. Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Ilya J. Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nguyen AW, DiVenere AM, Papin JF, Connelly S, Kaleko M, Maynard JA. Neutralization of pertussis toxin by a single antibody prevents clinical pertussis in neonatal baboons. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaay9258. [PMID: 32076653 PMCID: PMC7002138 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pertussis continues to cause considerable infant mortality world-wide, which could be addressed in part by passive immunization strategies. Antibody hu1B7 is a candidate therapeutic that potently neutralizes pertussis toxin in vitro, prevents leukocytosis in mice and treats established disease in weanling baboons as part of an antibody cocktail. Here, we evaluated the potential for hu1B7 and an extended half-life hu1B7 variant to prevent death, leukocytosis and other clinical symptoms in a newborn baboon model that mimics many aspects of human disease. We administered a single antibody dose to newborn baboons five weeks prior to experimental infection. While all animals were heavily colonized with Bordetella pertussis, prophylaxed animals showed significantly greater survival (P < 0.005), delayed and suppressed leukocytosis (P < 0.01) and enhanced clinical outcomes, including coughing (P < 0.01), as compared to controls. Together, this work demonstrates that a single neutralizing anti-PTx antibody is sufficient to prevent clinical pertussis symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalee W. Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Andrea M. DiVenere
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - James F. Papin
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sheila Connelly
- Synthetic Biologics, 9605 Medical Center Dr., Suite 270, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Michael Kaleko
- Synthetic Biologics, 9605 Medical Center Dr., Suite 270, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Boehm DT, Hall JM, Wong TY, DiVenere AM, Sen-Kilic E, Bevere JR, Bradford SD, Blackwood CB, Elkins CM, DeRoos KA, Gray MC, Cooper CG, Varney ME, Maynard JA, Hewlett EL, Barbier M, Damron FH. Evaluation of Adenylate Cyclase Toxoid Antigen in Acellular Pertussis Vaccines by Using a Bordetella pertussis Challenge Model in Mice. Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00857-17. [PMID: 30012638 PMCID: PMC6204743 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00857-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is the primary causative agent of pertussis (whooping cough), which is a respiratory infection that leads to a violent cough and can be fatal in infants. There is a need to develop more effective vaccines because of the resurgence of cases of pertussis in the United States since the switch from the whole-cell pertussis vaccines (wP) to the acellular pertussis vaccines (aP; diphtheria-tetanus-acellular-pertussis vaccine/tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis vaccine). Adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is a major virulence factor of B. pertussis that is (i) required for establishment of infection, (ii) an effective immunogen, and (iii) a protective antigen. The C-terminal repeats-in-toxin domain (RTX) of ACT is sufficient to induce production of toxin-neutralizing antibodies. In this study, we characterized the effectiveness of vaccines containing the RTX antigen against experimental murine infection with B. pertussis RTX was not protective as a single-antigen vaccine against B. pertussis challenge, and adding RTX to 1/5 human dose of aP did not enhance protection. Since the doses of aP used in murine studies are not proportionate to mouse/human body masses, we titrated the aP from 1/20 to 1/160 of the human dose. Mice receiving 1/80 human aP dose had bacterial burden comparable to those of naive controls. Adding RTX antigen to the 1/80 aP base resulted in enhanced bacterial clearance. Inclusion of RTX induced production of antibodies recognizing RTX, enhanced production of anti-pertussis toxin, decreased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6, and decreased recruitment of total macrophages in the lung. This study shows that adding RTX antigen to an appropriate dose of aP can enhance protection against B. pertussis challenge in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T Boehm
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jesse M Hall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ting Y Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Andrea M DiVenere
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Emel Sen-Kilic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Justin R Bevere
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Shelby D Bradford
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Catherine B Blackwood
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Cody M Elkins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Katherine A DeRoos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Mary C Gray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - C Garret Cooper
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Melinda E Varney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Erik L Hewlett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - F Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Acquaye-Seedah E, Huang Y, Sutherland JN, DiVenere AM, Maynard JA. Humanised monoclonal antibodies neutralise pertussis toxin by receptor blockade and reduced retrograde trafficking. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12948. [PMID: 30152075 PMCID: PMC6519169 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pertussis toxin (PTx) is a major protective antigen produced by Bordetella pertussis that is included in all current acellular vaccines. Of several well‐characterized monoclonal antibodies binding this toxin, the humanised hu1B7 and hu11E6 antibodies are highly protective in multiple in vitro and in vivo assays. In this study, we determine the molecular mechanisms of protection mediated by these antibodies. Neither antibody directly binds the B. pertussis bacterium nor supports antibody‐dependent complement cytotoxicity. Both antibodies, either individually or as a cocktail, form multivalent complexes with soluble PTx that bind the FcγRIIb receptor more tightly than antibody alone, suggesting that the antibodies may accelerate PTx clearance via immune complex formation. However, a receptor binding assay and cellular imaging indicate that the main mechanism used by hu11E6 is competitive inhibition of PTx binding to its cellular receptor. In contrast, the main hu1B7 neutralising mechanism appears to be inhibition of PTx internalisation and retrograde trafficking. We assessed the effects of hu1B7 on PTx retrograde trafficking in CHO‐K1 cells using quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy. In the absence of hu1B7 or after incubation with an isotype control antibody, PTx colocalizes to organelles in a manner consistent with retrograde transport. However, after preincubation with hu1B7, PTx appears restricted to the membrane surface with colocalization to organelles associated with retrograde transport significantly reduced. Together, these data support a model whereby hu11E6 and hu1B7 interfere with PTx receptor binding and PTx retrograde trafficking, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith Acquaye-Seedah
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Yimin Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jamie N Sutherland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Andrea M DiVenere
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| |
Collapse
|