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Treece MM, Kelly JC, Rosello KE, Craig AJ, Aitken JA. Accurate X-ray diffraction data required for proper evaluation of bond valence sums and global instability indexes: redetermination of the crystal structures of diamond-like Cu 2CdSiS 4 and Cu 2HgSnS 4 as a case study. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2023; 79:353-364. [PMID: 37581896 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229623006848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Our calculations of the global instability index (G) values for some diamond-like materials with the general formula I2-II-IV-VI4 have indicated that the structures may be unstable or incorrectly determined. To compute the G value of a given compound, the bond valence sums (BVSs) must first be calculated using a crystal structure. Two examples of compounds with high G values, based on data from the literature, are the wurtz-stannite-type dicopper cadmium silicon tetrasulfide (Cu2CdSiS4) and the stannite-type dicopper mercury tin tetrasulfide (Cu2HgSnS4), which were first reported in 1967 and 1965, respectively. In the present study, Cu2CdSiS4 and Cu2HgSnS4 were prepared by solid-state synthesis at 1000 and 900 °C, respectively. The phase purity was assessed by powder X-ray diffraction. Optical diffuse reflectance UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy was used to estimate the optical bandgaps of 2.52 and 0.83 eV for Cu2CdSiS4 and Cu2HgSnS4, respectively. The structures were solved and refined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The structure type of Cu2CdSiS4 was confirmed, where Cd2+, Si4+ and two of the three crystallographically unique S2- ions lie on a mirror plane. The structure type of Cu2HgSnS4 was also verified, where all ions lie on special positions. The S2- ion resides on a mirror plane, the Cu+ ion is situated on a fourfold rotary inversion axis and both the Hg2+ and the Sn4+ ions are located on the intersection of a fourfold rotary inversion axis, a mirror plane and a twofold rotation axis. Using the crystal structures solved and refined here, the G values were reassessed and found to be in the range that indicates reasonable strain for a stable crystal structure. This work, together with some examples gathered from the literature, shows that accurate data collected on modern instrumentation should be used to reliably calculate BVSs and G values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Treece
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA
| | - Jordan C Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA
| | - Kate E Rosello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA
| | - Andrew J Craig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA
| | - Jennifer A Aitken
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA
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2
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Messegee ZT, Cho JS, Craig AJ, Garlea VO, Xin Y, Kang CJ, Proffen TE, Bhandari H, Kelly JC, Ghimire NJ, Aitken JA, Jang JI, Tan X. Multifunctional Cu 2TSiS 4 (T = Mn and Fe): Polar Semiconducting Antiferromagnets with Nonlinear Optical Properties. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:530-542. [PMID: 36538625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cu2TSiS4 (T = Mn and Fe) polycrystalline and single-crystal materials were prepared with high-temperature solid-state and chemical vapor transport methods, respectively. The polar crystal structure (space group Pmn21) consists of chains of corner-sharing and distorted CuS4, Mn/FeS4, and SiS4 tetrahedra, which is confirmed by Rietveld refinement using neutron powder diffraction data, X-ray single-crystal refinement, electron diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and second harmonic generation (SHG) techniques. Magnetic measurements indicate that both compounds order antiferromagnetically at 8 and 14 K, respectively, which is supported by the temperature-dependent (100-2 K) neutron powder diffraction data. Additional magnetic reflections observed at 2 K can be modeled by magnetic propagation vectors k = (1/2,0,1/2) and k = (1/2,1/2,1/2) for Cu2MnSiS4 and Cu2FeSiS4, respectively. The refined antiferromagnetic structure reveals that the Mn/Fe spins are canted away from the ac plane by about 14°, with the total magnetic moments of Mn and Fe being 4.1(1) and 2.9(1) μB, respectively. Both compounds exhibit an SHG response with relatively modest second-order nonlinear susceptibilities. Density functional theory calculations are used to describe the electronic band structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Messegee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia22030, United States
| | - Jun Sang Cho
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul04017, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew J Craig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15282, United States
| | - V Ovidiu Garlea
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Yan Xin
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32310, United States
| | - Chang-Jong Kang
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon34134, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Quantum Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas E Proffen
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Hari Bhandari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia22030, United States.,Quantum Science and Engineering Center, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia22030, United States
| | - Jordan C Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15282, United States
| | - Nirmal J Ghimire
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia22030, United States.,Quantum Science and Engineering Center, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia22030, United States
| | - Jennifer A Aitken
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15282, United States
| | - Joon I Jang
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul04017, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaoyan Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia22030, United States
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3
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Wadsley J, Armstrong N, Bassett-Smith V, Beasley M, Chandler R, Cluny L, Craig AJ, Farnell K, Garcez K, Garnham N, Graham K, Hallam A, Hill S, Hobrough H, McKiddie F, Strachan MWJ. Patient Preparation and Radiation Protection Guidance for Adult Patients Undergoing Radioiodine Treatment for Thyroid Cancer in the UK. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2023; 35:42-56. [PMID: 36030168 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Radioactive iodine is a highly effective treatment for thyroid cancer and has now been used in clinical practice for more than 80 years. In general, the treatment is well tolerated. However, it can be logistically quite complex for patients due to the need to reduce iodine intake and achieve high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone prior to treatment. Radiation protection precautions must also be taken to protect others from unnecessary radiation exposure following treatment. It has been well documented by thyroid cancer patient support groups that there is significant variation in practice across the UK. It is clear that some patients are being asked to observe unnecessarily burdensome restrictions that make it more difficult for them to tolerate the treatment. At the instigation of these support groups, a multidisciplinary group was assembled to examine the evidence and generate guidance on best practice for the preparation of patients for this treatment and the management of subsequent radiation protection precautions, with a focus on personalising the advice given to individual patients. The guidance includes advice about managing particularly challenging situations, for example treating patients who require haemodialysis. We have also worked together to produce a patient information leaflet covering these issues. We hope that the guidance document and patient information leaflet will assist centres in improving our patients' experience of receiving radioactive iodine. The patient information sheet is available as Supplementary Material to this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wadsley
- Weston Park Cancer Centre, Sheffield, UK.
| | - N Armstrong
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - M Beasley
- Bristol Cancer Institute, Bristol, UK
| | - R Chandler
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle, UK
| | - L Cluny
- Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A J Craig
- Joint Department of Physics, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - K Farnell
- Butterfly Thyroid Cancer Trust, Rowlands Gill, UK
| | - K Garcez
- Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - N Garnham
- East Suffolk and North Essex Foundation Trust, Colchester, UK
| | - K Graham
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Hallam
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - S Hill
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
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4
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Craig AJ, Shin SH, Cho JB, Balijapelly S, Kelly JC, Stoyko SS, Choudhury A, Jang JI, Aitken JA. Crystal structure, electronic structure, and optical properties of the novel Li 4CdGe 2S 7, a wide-bandgap quaternary sulfide with a polar structure derived from lonsdaleite. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2022; 78:470-480. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053229622008014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The novel quaternary thiogermanate Li4CdGe2S7 (tetralithium cadmium digermanium heptasulfide) was discovered from a solid-state reaction at 750 °C. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data were collected and used to solve and refine the structure. Li4CdGe2S7 is a member of the small, but growing, class of I4–II–IV2–VI7 diamond-like materials. The compound adopts the Cu5Si2S7 structure type, which is a derivative of lonsdaleite. Crystallizing in the polar space group Cc, Li4CdGe2S7 contains 14 crystallographically unique ions, all residing on general positions. Like all diamond-like structures, the compound is built of corner-sharing tetrahedral units that create a relatively dense three-dimensional assembly. The title compound is the major phase of the reaction product, as evidenced by powder X-ray diffraction and optical diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. While the compound exhibits a second-harmonic generation (SHG) response comparable to that of the AgGaS2 (AGS) reference material in the IR region, its laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) is over an order of magnitude greater than AGS for λ = 1.064 µm and τ = 30 ps. Bond valence sums, global instability index, minimum bounding ellipsoid (MBE) analysis, and electronic structure calculations using density functional theory (DFT) were used to further evaluate the crystal structure and electronic structure of the compound and provide a comparison with the analogous I2–II–IV–VI4 diamond-like compound Li2CdGeS4. Li4CdGe2S7 appears to be a better IR nonlinear optical (NLO) candidate than Li2CdGeS4 and one of the most promising contenders to date. The exceptional LIDT is likely due, at least in part, to the wider optical bandgap of ∼3.6 eV.
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5
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Barton AT, Liang M, Craig AJ, Zhang W, Stoyko SS, Radzanowski AN, Fingerlow D, Halasyamani PS, MacNeil JH, Aitken JA. Li
2
Mg
2
Si
2
S
6
and Li
2
Mg
2
Ge
2
S
6
: Two nonlinear optical sulfides featuring a unique, polar trigonal structure incorporating ethane‐like anions. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ari T. Barton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Duquesne University 15282 Pittsburgh, PA United States
| | - Mingli Liang
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston 77204 Houston, TX United States
| | - Andrew J. Craig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Duquesne University 15282 Pittsburgh, PA United States
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston 77204 Houston, TX United States
| | - Stanislav S. Stoyko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Duquesne University 15282 Pittsburgh, PA United States
| | - Anne N. Radzanowski
- Department of Chemistry Chatham University 15232 Pittsburgh, PA United States
| | - Delenn Fingerlow
- Department of Chemistry Chatham University 15232 Pittsburgh, PA United States
| | - P. Shiv Halasyamani
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston 77204 Houston, TX United States
| | - Joseph H. MacNeil
- Department of Chemistry Chatham University 15232 Pittsburgh, PA United States
| | - Jennifer A. Aitken
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Duquesne University 15282 Pittsburgh, PA United States
- Duquesne University 600 Forbes Ave 15282 Pittsburgh, PA United States
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6
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Glenn JR, Cho JB, Wang Y, Craig AJ, Zhang JH, Cribbs M, Stoyko SS, Rosello KE, Barton C, Bonnoni A, Grima-Gallardo P, MacNeil JH, Rondinelli JM, Jang JI, Aitken JA. Cu 4MnGe 2S 7 and Cu 2MnGeS 4: two polar thiogermanates exhibiting second harmonic generation in the infrared and structures derived from hexagonal diamond. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17524-17537. [PMID: 34796893 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02535j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The new, quaternary diamond-like semiconductor (DLS) Cu4MnGe2S7 was prepared at high-temperature from a stoichiometric reaction of the elements under vacuum. Single crystal X-ray diffraction data were used to solve and refine the structure in the polar space group Cc. Cu4MnGe2S7 features [Ge2S7]6- units and adopts the Cu5Si2S7 structure type that can be considered a derivative of the hexagonal diamond structure. The DLS Cu2MnGeS4 with the wurtz-stannite structure was similarly prepared at a lower temperature. The achievement of relatively phase-pure samples, confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction data, was nontrival as differential thermal analysis shows an incongruent melting behaviour for both compounds at relatively high temperature. The dark red Cu2MnGeS4 and Cu4MnGe2S7 compounds exhibit direct optical bandgaps of 2.21 and 1.98 eV, respectively. The infrared (IR) spectra indicate potentially wide windows of optical transparency up to 25 μm for both materials. Using the Kurtz-Perry powder method, the second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility, χ(2), values for Cu2MnGeS4 and Cu4MnGe2S7 were estimated to be 16.9 ± 2.0 pm V-1 and 2.33 ± 0.86 pm V-1, respectively, by comparing with an optical-quality standard reference material, AgGaSe2 (AGSe). Cu2MnGeS4 was found to be phase matchable at λ = 3100 nm, whereas Cu4MnGe2S7 was determined to be non-phase matchable at λ = 1600 nm. The weak SHG response of Cu4MnGe2S7 precluded phase-matching studies at longer wavelengths. The laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) for Cu2MnGeS4 was estimated to be ∼0.1 GW cm-2 at λ = 1064 nm (pulse width: τ = 30 ps), while the LIDT for Cu4MnGe2S7 could not be ascertained due to its weak response. The significant variance in NLO properties can be reasoned using the results from electronic structure calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Glenn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Jeong Bin Cho
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, 04017, South Korea.
| | - Yiqun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3108, USA
| | - Andrew J Craig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Jian-Han Zhang
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sangming University, Sanming, 365004, P.R. China
| | - Marvene Cribbs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Stanislav S Stoyko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Kate E Rosello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Christopher Barton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Allyson Bonnoni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Pedro Grima-Gallardo
- Centro de Estudios de Semiconductores, Departamento de Físcia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 5101, Venezuela.,Centro Nacional de Tecnologías Ópticas (CNTO), Mérida, 5101, Venezeula
| | - Joseph H MacNeil
- Department of Chemistry, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - James M Rondinelli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3108, USA
| | - Joon I Jang
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, 04017, South Korea.
| | - Jennifer A Aitken
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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7
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Stoyko SS, Craig AJ, Kotchey JW, Aitken JA. Synthesis, crystal structure, and electronic structure of Li 2PbSiS 4: a quaternary thiosilicate with a compressed chalcopyrite-like structure. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2021; 77:1-10. [PMID: 33397819 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229620015338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The new quaternary thiosilicate, Li2PbSiS4 (dilithium lead silicon tetrasulfide), was prepared in an evacuated fused-silica tube via high-temperature, solid-state synthesis at 800 °C, followed by slow cooling. The crystal structure was solved and refined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. By strict definition, the title compound crystallizes in the stannite structure type; however, this type of structure can also be described as a compressed chalcopyrite-like structure. The Li+ cation lies on a crystallographic fourfold rotoinversion axis, while the Pb2+ and Si4+ cations reside at the intersection of the fourfold rotoinversion axis with a twofold axis and a mirror plane. The Li+ and Si4+ cations in this structure are tetrahedrally coordinated, while the larger Pb2+ cation adopts a distorted eight-coordinate dodecahedral coordination. These units join together via corner- and edge-sharing to create a dense, three-dimensional structure. Powder X-ray diffraction indicates that the title compound is the major phase of the reaction product. Electronic structure calculations, performed using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave method within density functional theory (DFT), indicate that Li2PbSiS4 is a semiconductor with an indirect bandgap of 2.22 eV, which compares well with the measured optical bandgap of 2.51 eV. The noncentrosymmetric crystal structure and relatively wide bandgap designate this compound to be of interest for IR nonlinear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav S Stoyko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Andrew J Craig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Joshua W Kotchey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Jennifer A Aitken
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
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8
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Craig AJ, Stoyko SS, Bonnoni A, Aitken JA. Syntheses and crystal structures of the quaternary thio-germanates Cu 4FeGe 2S 7 and Cu 4CoGe 2S 7. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:1117-1121. [PMID: 32695463 PMCID: PMC7336805 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989020007872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The isostructural crystal structures of Cu4FeGe2S7 and Cu4CoGe2S7 were solved and refined. All the metal cations form MS4 tetrahedra and share corners to create a three-dimensional, non-centrosymmetric structure. The quaternary thiogermanates Cu4FeGe2S7 (tetracopper iron digermanium heptasulfide) and Cu4CoGe2S7 (tetracopper cobalt digermanium heptasulfide) were prepared in evacuated fused-silica ampoules via high-temperature, solid-state synthesis using stoichiometric amounts of the elements at 1273 K. These isostructural compounds crystallize in the Cu4NiSi2S7 structure type, which can be considered as a superstructure of cubic diamond or sphalerite. The monovalent (Cu+), divalent (Fe2+ or Co2+) and tetravalent (Ge4+) cations adopt tetrahedral geometries, each being surrounded by four S2− anions. The divalent cation and one of the sulfide ions lie on crystallographic twofold axes. These tetrahedra share corners to create a three-dimensional framework structure. All of the tetrahedra align along the same crystallographic direction, rendering the structure non-centrosymmetric and polar (space group C2). Analysis of X-ray powder diffraction data revealed that the structures are the major phase of the reaction products. Thermal analysis indicated relatively high melting temperatures, near 1273 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Craig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh PA 15282, USA
| | - Stanislav S Stoyko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh PA 15282, USA
| | - Allyson Bonnoni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh PA 15282, USA
| | - Jennifer A Aitken
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh PA 15282, USA
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9
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Abstract
Hydraulic tomography has been developed as an alternative to traditional geostatistical methods to delineate heterogeneity patterns in parameters such as hydraulic conductivity (K) and specific storage (S(s)). During hydraulic tomography surveys, a large number of hydraulic head data are collected from a series of cross-hole tests in the subsurface. These head data are then used to interpret the spatial distribution of K and S(s) using inverse modeling. Here, we use the Sequential Successive Linear Estimator (SSLE) of Yeh and Liu (2000) to interpret synthetic pumping test data created through numerical simulations and real data generated in a laboratory sandbox aquifer to obtain the K tomograms. Here, we define "K tomogram" as an image of K distribution of the subsurface (or the inverse results) obtained via hydraulic tomography. We examine the influence of signal-to-noise ratio and biases on results using inverse modeling of synthetic and real cross-hole pumping test data. To accomplish this, we first show that the pumping rate, which affects the signal-to-noise ratio, and the order of data included into the SSLE algorithm both have large impacts on the quality of the K tomograms. We then examine the role of conditioning on the K tomogram and find that conditioning can improve the quality of the K tomogram, but can also impair it, if the data are of poor quality and conditioning data have a larger support volume than the numerical grid used to conduct the inversion. Overall, these results show that the quality of the K tomogram depends on the design of pumping tests, their conduct, the order in which they are included in the inverse code, and the quality as well as the support volume of additional data that are used in its computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Illman
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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10
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Craig AJ, Cualing H, Thomas G, Lamerson C, Smith R. Cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis--a syndrome associated with benign and malignant panniculitis: case comparison and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39:721-36. [PMID: 9810888 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many cases of hemophagocytic syndromes with cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis (CHP) are being classified and considered as a natural disease progression of subcutaneous panniculitic T-cell lymphoma (SPTL). Review of the literature on both CHP and SPTL discloses distinct patterns suggesting these disorders may not be equivalent, even though a terminal hemophagocytic syndrome may be associated with each. Some SPTL appear to have association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), show malignant histopathology in the skin, and may disseminate terminally, with a majority of cases showing a rapidly fatal progression. On the other hand, classic cases of CHP without proven lymphoma may not be associated with EBV, appear to be histologically benign, and have an indolent course unless terminal hemophagocytic syndrome develops. We compared and contrasted a case of CHP and a case of SPTL and reviewed the literature. Our observations suggest that the often fatal hemophagocytic syndrome may be associated with both benign and malignant subcutaneous panniculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Craig
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio, USA
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11
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Rotman B, Guzman R, Craig AJ. Sensitivity and specificity of in situ bacterial chain reaction (BCR) in detecting sparse human tumor cells in peripheral blood. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 229:80-5. [PMID: 8954086 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We report here the development of bacterial chain reaction (BCR), a system using micro organisms as nanodevices to amplify and visualize signals from molecular bioprobes such as antibodies, binding proteins, lectins, and oligonucleotides. Unlike conventional enzyme-linked amplification systems in which the amount of enzyme is a constant parameter, in the BCR an enzyme (penicillinase) is used to trigger a proliferative chain reaction producing an exponential increase in enzyme. The detection limits and specificity of BCR were determined using a model system designed to detect and enumerate MCF-7 (a human breast adenocarcinoma cell line) cells disseminated at extremely low frequency (e.g., one tumor cell per million normal cells) among monocluclear cells (MNCs) of human peripheral blood. Results of testing 83 specimens of peripheral blood from presumably healthy donors showed 97.6% specificity. The system was capable of detecting tumor cells at a frequency of 2 x 10(-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rotman
- BCR Diagnostics, Inc., Jamestown, RI 02835, USA.
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12
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Abstract
A latex cryptococcal antigen agglutination test (LCAT) was performed on sera obtained during the first 14 days of treatment from 58 animals (46 cats, 9 dogs, 2 koalas and 1 long billed corella) with cryptococcosis. The same commercial kit was used for all samples, and most serum samples were treated with pronase before testing. Sera from all 58 cases tested positive with the qualitative LCAT protocol (using undiluted sera), while sera from all 26 cats without cryptococcosis tested negative. Titres determined using the quantitative protocol ranged from 1 to > or = 131 072 (median titre between 2048 and 4096), with 57 of 58 cases (including all 8 animals that presented for neurological signs) having titres > or = 2 and thus considered positive according to the manufacturer's recommendations. The LCAT titre was positively correlated with disease severity (r = 0.4169; P = 0.0011), and patients with disseminated skin and/or lymph node involvement had significantly higher titres than those that did not (P = 0.0157). The presence of neurological signs, the species of the patient, concurrent viral disease (in cats) and the biotype of the isolate had no significant association with the LCAT titre. Cats that died of active cryptococcosis despite treatment did not have significantly higher titres (P = 0.3010) than those that responded to treatment. Sequential LCAT determinations obtained in 37 patients during treatment provided a useful quantitative indication of clinical progress, although the decline in titre lagged somewhat behind clinical improvement. Generally, the antigen titre declined by 2 to 4 fold per month during successful therapy. Although there are insufficient data to make unequivocal recommendations, we suggest that either antifungal therapy be continued until the LCAT titre declines to less than 1, or therapy be discontinued after a 32 fold or greater reduction in titre, with periodic monitoring of the serum antigen titre. Treatment of serum samples with pronase substantially increased the sensitivity of the LCAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Malik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales
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13
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Abstract
Six cases (3 cats, 3 dogs) of cryptococcosis were cured using combination chemotherapy that included amphotericin B. We developed a simple, practical and inexpensive method of administering amphotericin B as a subcutaneous infusion during the treatment of these patients. For this, the calculated dose of amphotericin B (0.5 to 0.8 mg/kg) was added to 400 mL, for cats, or to 500 mL, for dogs, of 0.45% saline containing 2.5% dextrose. These amounts were given subcutaneously 2 or 3 times weekly over several months, to a total cumulative dose of 8 to 26 mg/kg body weight. Subcutaneous infusions were generally well tolerated by the animals, although concentrations of amphotericin B in excess of 20 mg/L resulted in local irritation. This protocol enabled the administration of larger, and thus more effective, quantities of amphotericin B without producing marked azotaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Malik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales
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14
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Abstract
Fluconazole (100 mg) was administered to six adult cats as an intravenous infusion over 30 minutes, and the same cats received 100 mg of the drug orally 16 weeks later. The cats were bled repeatedly through an indwelling jugular catheter, the plasma fluconazole concentrations were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography, and the concentration-time data were subjected to a non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. The mean (SD) intravenous half-life (13.8 [2.6] hours) was similar to that observed after oral dosing (12.4 [3.0] hours). The plasma clearances (intravenous 0.9 [0.1], oral 0.9 [0.2] ml min-1 kg-1) and the volumes of distribution at steady state (intravenous 1.1 [0.1], oral 1.0 [0.1] litre kg-1) were also similar after the two routes of dosing. The peak plasma concentration was reached 2.6 hours after oral dosing and the drug was completely bioavailable (1.09 [0.05]). On the basis of this single dose study, the administration of 50 mg fluconazole every eight hours to a 4 kg cat should produce average steady state plasma fluconazole concentrations of approximately 33 mg litre-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Craig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Hood
- Division of Veterinary Biology, School of Veterinary Studies, Murdoch University, Western Australia
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16
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Cosgrave PJ, Teo KK, Craig AJ, Horgan JH. Coroary arteriography after myocardial infarction--an essential investigation? Ir Med J 1983; 76:375-81. [PMID: 6662661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Horgan JH, Craig AJ. Resumption of sexual activity after myocardial infarction. Ir Med J 1978; 71:540-2. [PMID: 721405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The dramatic visual displays of the Euplectes- male male have led to their vocalizations being neglected. 6 male male of Euplectes franciscanus and E. after, and 2 E. hordeaceus- male male were kept in aviaries in sound-proof rooms, where vocalizations were recorded during observations of their behaviour, and later analysed on a sound spectrograph. The calls described and illustrated do not represent the complete repertoire of these species. However, the distinctive songs of E. after and E. franciscanus indicate that detailed field studies of vocalization in this genus are required.
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