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Abstract
Since the initial detection, in 2007, of fungal ribosomally synthesised and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), this group of natural products has undergone rapid expansion, with four separate classes now recognised: amatoxins/phallotoxins, borosins, dikaritins, and epichloëcyclins. Largely due to their historically anthropocentric employment in medicine and agriculture, novel fungal proteins and peptides are seldom investigated in relation to the fungus itself. Therefore, although the benefits these compounds confer to humans are often realised, their evolutionary advantage to the fungus, the reason for their continued production, is often obscure or ignored. This review sets out to summarise current knowledge on how these small peptide-derived products influence their producing species and surrounding biotic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Ford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 28 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - G D Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 28 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - A M Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 28 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
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2
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Dao TT, Williams K, de Mattos-Shipley KMJ, Song Z, Takebayashi Y, Simpson TJ, Spencer J, Bailey AM, Willis CL. Cladobotric Acids: Metabolites from Cultures of Cladobotryum sp., Semisynthetic Analogues and Antibacterial Activity. J Nat Prod 2022; 85:572-580. [PMID: 35170975 PMCID: PMC9097583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Three new polyketide-derived natural products, cladobotric acids G-I (1-3), and six known metabolites (4, 5, 8-11) were isolated from fermentation of the fungus Cladobotryum sp. grown on rice. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods. Two metabolites, cladobotric acid A (4) and pyrenulic acid A (10), were converted to a series of new products (12-20) by semisynthesis. The antibacterial activities of all these compounds were investigated against the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-susceptible (MSSA), methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-intermediate (MRSA/VISA), and heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate (hVISA) strains. Results of these antibacterial assays revealed structural features of the unsaturated decalins important for biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trong-Tuan Dao
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Katherine Williams
- School
of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, U.K.
| | - Kate M. J. de Mattos-Shipley
- School
of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, U.K.
| | - Zhongshu Song
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Yuiko Takebayashi
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, U.K.
| | - Thomas J. Simpson
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - James Spencer
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, U.K.
| | - Andrew M. Bailey
- School
of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, U.K.
| | - Christine L. Willis
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K.
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3
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Williams K, de Mattos-Shipley KMJ, Willis CL, Bailey AM. In silico analyses of maleidride biosynthetic gene clusters. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2022; 9:2. [PMID: 35177129 PMCID: PMC8851701 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-022-00132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Maleidrides are a family of structurally related fungal natural products, many of which possess diverse, potent bioactivities. Previous identification of several maleidride biosynthetic gene clusters, and subsequent experimental work, has determined the 'core' set of genes required to construct the characteristic medium-sized alicyclic ring with maleic anhydride moieties. Through genome mining, this work has used these core genes to discover ten entirely novel putative maleidride biosynthetic gene clusters, amongst both publicly available genomes, and encoded within the genome of the previously un-sequenced epiheveadride producer Wicklowia aquatica CBS 125634. We have undertaken phylogenetic analyses and comparative bioinformatics on all known and putative maleidride biosynthetic gene clusters to gain further insights regarding these unique biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Williams
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Kate M. J. de Mattos-Shipley
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Christine L. Willis
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS UK
| | - Andrew M. Bailey
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
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4
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Abstract
Azaphilones are a family of polyketide-based fungal natural products that exhibit interesting and useful bioactivities. This minireview explores the literature on various characterised azaphilone biosynthetic pathways, which allows for a proposed consensus scheme for the production of the core azaphilone structure, as well as identifying early diversification steps during azaphilone biosynthesis. A consensus understanding of the core enzymatic steps towards a particular family of fungal natural products can aid in genome-mining experiments. Genome mining for novel fungal natural products is a powerful technique for both exploring chemical space and providing new insights into fungal natural product pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Williams
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
| | - Claudio Greco
- Department of Molecular MicrobiologyJohn Innes CentreNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Andrew M. Bailey
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
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5
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Dao TT, de Mattos-Shipley KMJ, Prosser IM, Williams K, Zacharova MK, Lazarus CM, Willis CL, Bailey AM. Cleaning the Cellular Factory-Deletion of McrA in Aspergillus oryzae NSAR1 and the Generation of a Novel Kojic Acid Deficient Strain for Cleaner Heterologous Production of Secondary Metabolites. Front Fungal Biol 2021; 2:632542. [PMID: 37744117 PMCID: PMC10512265 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.632542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of filamentous fungi as cellular factories, where natural product pathways can be refactored and expressed in a host strain, continues to aid the field of natural product discovery. Much work has been done to develop host strains which are genetically tractable, and for which there are multiple selectable markers and controllable expression systems. To fully exploit these strains, it is beneficial to understand their natural metabolic capabilities, as such knowledge can rule out host metabolites from analysis of transgenic lines and highlight any potential interplay between endogenous and exogenous pathways. Additionally, once identified, the deletion of secondary metabolite pathways from host strains can simplify the detection and purification of heterologous compounds. To this end, secondary metabolite production in Aspergillus oryzae strain NSAR1 has been investigated via the deletion of the newly discovered negative regulator of secondary metabolism, mcrA (multicluster regulator A). In all ascomycetes previously studied mcrA deletion led to an increase in secondary metabolite production. Surprisingly, the only detectable phenotypic change in NSAR1 was a doubling in the yields of kojic acid, with no novel secondary metabolites produced. This supports the previous claim that secondary metabolite production has been repressed in A. oryzae and demonstrates that such repression is not McrA-mediated. Strain NSAR1 was then modified by employing CRISPR-Cas9 technology to disrupt the production of kojic acid, generating the novel strain NSARΔK, which combines the various beneficial traits of NSAR1 with a uniquely clean secondary metabolite background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trong T. Dao
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian M. Prosser
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Colin M. Lazarus
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew M. Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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6
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Rees HJ, Bashir N, Drakulic J, Cromey MG, Bailey AM, Foster GD. Identification of native endophytic Trichoderma spp. for investigation of in vitro antagonism towards Armillaria mellea using synthetic- and plant-based substrates. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:392-403. [PMID: 33219581 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To isolate endophytic Trichoderma species and investigate the potential for biological control of the root rot pathogen Armillaria mellea. METHODS AND RESULTS In all, 40 Trichoderma isolates were obtained from a range of host plants and identities were confirmed by ITS, rpb2 and tef1 sequence. When tested in dual culture assays for antagonism against A. mellea, Trichoderma isolates overgrew the A. mellea colonies within four days and by eight days 38 Trichoderma isolates significantly reduced A. mellea colony size. Armillaria mellea was unable to be recovered from five of eight co-cultivations tested, suggesting Trichoderma had killed the A. mellea in these cases. Pre-colonized hazel disks were used to determine what happens in a more heterogeneous situation with A. mellea and a refined set of eight Trichoderma isolates. Similar to plate-based assays, Trichoderma quickly covered A. mellea stopping any further growth and two Trichoderma isolates were able to eradicate A. mellea. CONCLUSIONS Of the Trichoderma spp. tested, endophytic isolates of Trichoderma virens and T. hamatum offered the greatest antagonism towards A. mellea. Using pre-colonized hazel disks was of great importance for this work to demonstrate the fungal interactions in plant material. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Controlling Armillaria root rot is difficult with chemical treatments, thus an environmentally benign and cost-effective alternative is required. This study highlights the prospect of biological control as an effective, environmentally friendly alternative to chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Rees
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Royal Horticultural Society, Department of Plant Health, RHS Wisley, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - N Bashir
- Royal Horticultural Society, Department of Plant Health, RHS Wisley, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - J Drakulic
- Royal Horticultural Society, Department of Plant Health, RHS Wisley, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - M G Cromey
- Royal Horticultural Society, Department of Plant Health, RHS Wisley, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - A M Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - G D Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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7
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de Mattos-Shipley KMJ, Spencer CE, Greco C, Heard DM, O'Flynn DE, Dao TT, Song Z, Mulholland NP, Vincent JL, Simpson TJ, Cox RJ, Bailey AM, Willis CL. Uncovering biosynthetic relationships between antifungal nonadrides and octadrides. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11570-11578. [PMID: 34094403 PMCID: PMC8162798 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04309e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maleidrides are a class of bioactive secondary metabolites unique to filamentous fungi, which contain one or more maleic anhydrides fused to a 7-, 8- or 9- membered carbocycle (named heptadrides, octadrides and nonadrides respectively). Herein structural and biosynthetic studies on the antifungal octadride, zopfiellin, and nonadrides scytalidin, deoxyscytalidin and castaneiolide are described. A combination of genome sequencing, bioinformatic analyses, gene disruptions, biotransformations, isotopic feeding studies, NMR and X-ray crystallography revealed that they share a common biosynthetic pathway, diverging only after the nonadride deoxyscytalidin. 5-Hydroxylation of deoxyscytalidin occurs prior to ring contraction in the zopfiellin pathway of Diffractella curvata. In Scytalidium album, 6-hydroxylation - confirmed as being catalysed by the α-ketoglutarate dependent oxidoreductase ScyL2 - converts deoxyscytalidin to scytalidin, in the final step in the scytalidin pathway. Feeding scytalidin to a zopfiellin PKS knockout strain led to the production of the nonadride castaneiolide and two novel ring-open maleidrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M J de Mattos-Shipley
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol 24 Tyndall Avenue Bristol BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Catherine E Spencer
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Claudio Greco
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - David M Heard
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Daniel E O'Flynn
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Trong T Dao
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Zhongshu Song
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | - Jason L Vincent
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre Bracknell RG42 6EY UK
| | - Thomas J Simpson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Russell J Cox
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BMWZ, Leibniz University of Hannover Schneiderberg 38 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Andrew M Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol 24 Tyndall Avenue Bristol BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Christine L Willis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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8
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Baum RA, Bronner J, Akpunonu PDS, Plott J, Bailey AM, Keyler DE. Crotalus durissus terrificus (viperidae; crotalinae) envenomation: Respiratory failure and treatment with antivipmyn TRI ® antivenom. Toxicon 2019; 163:32-35. [PMID: 30880190 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report an envenomation to a professional herpetologist by a South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) that resulted in respiratory failure, and therapeutic improvement following antivenom administration. A 56-year-old male was bitten on the left wrist by a Crotalus durissus terrificus (C. d. terrificus) while attempting to tube the snake for maintaining safe control while performing venom extraction. The patient was intubated due to rapidly ensuing respiratory failure and administration of Antivipmyn-TRI® was initiated while being transported via ambulance. The patient was admitted to the hospital unconscious and unresponsive. Mechanical ventilation was required until 5 h after completion of antivenom administration. No significant adverse effects were observed with antivenom administration. The patient was discharged approximately 55 h following envenomation. This is the first reported case in the United States of a patient following a C. d. terrificus envenomation with consequent respiratory failure, and in which Antivipmyn-TRI® was successfully administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Baum
- University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40504, USA
| | - J Bronner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Kentucky-Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - P D S Akpunonu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Kentucky-Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - J Plott
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40504, USA
| | - A M Bailey
- University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40504, USA
| | - D E Keyler
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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9
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Duff-Farrier CRA, Mbanzibwa DR, Nanyiti S, Bunawan H, Pablo-Rodriguez JL, Tomlinson KR, James AM, Alicai T, Seal SE, Bailey AM, Foster GD. Strategies for the Construction of Cassava Brown Streak Disease Viral Infectious Clones. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:93-101. [PMID: 30484144 PMCID: PMC6513833 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) has major impacts on yield and quality of the tuberous roots of cassava in Eastern and Central Arica. At least two Potyviridae species cause the disease: Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV). Cloned viral genome sequences known as infectious clones (ICs) have been important in the study of other viruses, both as a means of standardising infectious material and characterising viral gene function. IC construction is often technically challenging for Potyviridae due to sequence instability in E. coli. Here, we evaluate three methods for the construction of infectious clones for CBSD. Whilst a simple IC for in vitro transcription was made for UCBSV isolate 'Kikombe', such an approach failed to deliver full-length clones for CBSV isolates 'Nampula' or 'Tanza', necessitating more complex approaches for their construction. The ICs successfully generated symptomatic infection in the model host N. benthamiana and in the natural host cassava. This shows that whilst generating ICs for CBSV is still a technical challenge, a structured approach, evaluating both in vitro and in planta transcription systems should successfully deliver ICs, allowing further study into the symptomology and virulence factors in this important disease complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R A Duff-Farrier
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - D R Mbanzibwa
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute (MARI), P.O. Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - S Nanyiti
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - H Bunawan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - J L Pablo-Rodriguez
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
- Department of Genetical Engineering, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Campus Irapuato, Km 9.6 libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - K R Tomlinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - A M James
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - T Alicai
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - S E Seal
- Agriculture, Health and Environment Department, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - A M Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - G D Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
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10
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Greco C, de Mattos-Shipley K, Bailey AM, Mulholland NP, Vincent JL, Willis CL, Cox RJ, Simpson TJ. Structure revision of cryptosporioptides and determination of the genetic basis for dimeric xanthone biosynthesis in fungi. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2930-2939. [PMID: 30996871 PMCID: PMC6428139 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05126g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Three novel dimeric xanthones, cryptosporioptides A-C were isolated from Cryptosporiopsis sp. 8999 and their structures elucidated. Methylation of cryptosporioptide A gave a methyl ester with identical NMR data to cryptosporioptide, a compound previously reported to have been isolated from the same fungus. However, HRMS analysis revealed that cryptosporioptide is a symmetrical dimer, not a monomer as previously proposed, and the revised structure was elucidated by extensive NMR analysis. The genome of Cryptosporiopsis sp. 8999 was sequenced and the dimeric xanthone (dmx) biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for the production of the cryptosporioptides was identified. Gene disruption experiments identified a gene (dmxR5) encoding a cytochrome P450 oxygenase as being responsible for the dimerisation step late in the biosynthetic pathway. Disruption of dmxR5 led to the isolation of novel monomeric xanthones. Cryptosporioptide B and C feature an unusual ethylmalonate subunit: a hrPKS and acyl CoA carboxylase are responsible for its formation. Bioinformatic analysis of the genomes of several fungi producing related xanthones, e.g. the widely occurring ergochromes, and related metabolites allows detailed annotation of the biosynthetic genes, and a rational overall biosynthetic scheme for the production of fungal dimeric xanthones to be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Greco
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , UK BS8 1TS . ;
| | - Kate de Mattos-Shipley
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , UK BS8 1TS . ;
| | - Andrew M Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences , 24 Tyndall Avenue , Bristol , BS8 1TQ , UK
| | | | - Jason L Vincent
- Syngenta , Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Bracknell , RG42 6EY , UK
| | - Christine L Willis
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , UK BS8 1TS . ;
| | - Russell J Cox
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , UK BS8 1TS . ; .,Institute for Organic Chemistry , Leibniz University of Hannover , Schneiderberg 1B , 30167 , Hannover , Germany.,BMWZ , Leibniz University of Hannover , Schneiderberg 38 , 30167 , Hannover , Germany
| | - Thomas J Simpson
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , UK BS8 1TS . ;
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11
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Szwalbe AJ, Williams K, Song Z, de Mattos-Shipley K, Vincent JL, Bailey AM, Willis CL, Cox RJ, Simpson TJ. Characterisation of the biosynthetic pathway to agnestins A and B reveals the reductive route to chrysophanol in fungi. Chem Sci 2019; 10:233-238. [PMID: 30746079 PMCID: PMC6335632 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03778g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new dihydroxy-xanthone metabolites, agnestins A and B, were isolated from Paecilomyces variotii along with a number of related benzophenones and xanthones including monodictyphenone. The structures were elucidated by NMR analyses and X-ray crystallography. The agnestin (agn) biosynthetic gene cluster was identified and targeted gene disruptions of the PKS, Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase, and other oxido-reductase genes revealed new details of fungal xanthone biosynthesis. In particular, identification of a reductase responsible for in vivo anthraquinone to anthrol conversion confirms a previously postulated essential step in aromatic deoxygenation of anthraquinones, e.g. emodin to chrysophanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka J Szwalbe
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK .
| | - Katherine Williams
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK .
| | - Zhongshu Song
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK .
| | - Kate de Mattos-Shipley
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK .
| | - Jason L Vincent
- Syngenta , Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Bracknell , RG42 6EY , UK
| | - Andrew M Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences , 24 Tyndall Avenue , Bristol , BS8 1TQ , UK
| | - Christine L Willis
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK .
| | - Russell J Cox
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK .
- Institute for Organic Chemistry , Leibniz University of Hannover , 30167 , Germany
- BMWZ , Leibniz University of Hannover , 30167 , Germany
| | - Thomas J Simpson
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK .
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12
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Williams K, Szwalbe AJ, Dickson C, Desson TR, Mulholland NP, Vincent JL, Clough JM, Bailey AM, Butts CP, Willis CL, Simpson TJ, Cox RJ. Genetic and chemical characterisation of the cornexistin pathway provides further insight into maleidride biosynthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:7965-7968. [PMID: 28660939 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03303f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the herbicide cornexistin in the fungus Paecilomyces variotii was investigated by full sequencing of its genome, knockout of key genes within its biosynthetic gene cluster and isolation and identification of intermediate compounds. The general biosynthetic pathway resembles that of byssochlamic acid and other nonadrides in the early stages, but differs in requiring fewer enzymes in the key nonadride dimerisation step, and in the removal of one maleic anhydride moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Williams
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, and BMWZ, Leibniz University of Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167, Germany.
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13
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de Mattos-Shipley KMJ, Greco C, Heard DM, Hough G, Mulholland NP, Vincent JL, Micklefield J, Simpson TJ, Willis CL, Cox RJ, Bailey AM. The cycloaspeptides: uncovering a new model for methylated nonribosomal peptide biosynthesis. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4109-4117. [PMID: 29780540 PMCID: PMC5941284 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00717a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cycloaspeptide gene cluster includes a pathway-specific N-methyl transferase. Its disruption allowed incorporation of N-methylated amino acids provided in the culture medium, allowing efficient production of cycloaspeptide E and novel related products.
The cycloaspeptides are bioactive pentapeptides produced by various filamentous fungi, which have garnered interest from the agricultural industry due to the reported insecticidal activity of the minor metabolite, cycloaspeptide E. Genome sequencing, bioinformatics and heterologous expression confirmed that the cycloaspeptide gene cluster contains a minimal 5-module nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and a new type of trans-acting N-methyltransferase (N-MeT). Deletion of the N-MeT encoding gene and subsequent feeding studies determined that two modules of the NRPS preferentially accept and incorporate N-methylated amino acids. This discovery allowed the development of a system with unprecedented control over substrate supply and thus output, both increasing yields of specific metabolites and allowing the production of novel fluorinated analogues. Furthermore, the biosynthetic pathway to ditryptophenaline, another fungal nonribosomal peptide, was shown to be similar, in that methylated phenylalanine is accepted by the ditryptophenaline NRPS. Again, this allowed the directed biosynthesis of a fluorinated analogue, through the feeding of a mutant strain. These discoveries represent a new paradigm for the production of N-methylated cyclic peptides via the selective incorporation of N-methylated free amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Greco
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK .
| | - David M Heard
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK .
| | - Gemma Hough
- Syngenta Ltd. , Jealott's Hill International Research Centre Bracknell , Berkshire , RG42 6EY , UK
| | - Nicholas P Mulholland
- Syngenta Ltd. , Jealott's Hill International Research Centre Bracknell , Berkshire , RG42 6EY , UK
| | - Jason L Vincent
- Syngenta Ltd. , Jealott's Hill International Research Centre Bracknell , Berkshire , RG42 6EY , UK
| | - Jason Micklefield
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M1 7DN , UK
| | - Thomas J Simpson
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK .
| | - Christine L Willis
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK .
| | - Russell J Cox
- Institute für Organsche Chemie , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Schneiderberg 1A , 30167 Hannover , Germany.,BMWZ , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Schneiderberg 38 , 30167 Hannover , Germany
| | - Andrew M Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Bristol , Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue , Bristol , BS8 1TQ , UK .
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14
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Boshkow J, Fischer S, Bailey AM, Wolfrum S, Carreira EM. Stereochemistry and biological activity of chlorinated lipids: a study of danicalipin A and selected diastereomers. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6904-6910. [PMID: 29147515 PMCID: PMC5632803 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03124f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The syntheses of (+)-16-epi- and (+)-11,15-di-epi-danicalipin A (2 and 3) are reported. The conformations of the parent diols 5 and 6 as well as the corresponding disulfates 2 and 3 were determined on the basis of J-based configuration analysis and supported by calculations. The impact of configuration on membrane permeability in Gram-negative bacteria and mammalian cell lines was assessed as well as cytotoxicity. Although diastereomer 2 showed similar behavior to natural (+)-danicalipin A (1), strikingly, the more flexible C11,C15-epimer 3 had no effect on permeability and proved equally or more toxic towards multiple cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boshkow
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , HCI H335, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
| | - S Fischer
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , HCI H335, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
| | - A M Bailey
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , HCI H335, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
| | - S Wolfrum
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , HCI H335, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
| | - E M Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , HCI H335, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
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15
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Bailey AM, Pajak L, Fruchey IR, Cowan CA, Emanuel PA. Robotic Nucleic Acid Isolation Using a Magnetic Bead Resin and an Automated Liquid Handler for Biological Agent Simulants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1535-5535(03)00016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The events that occurred following the mailing of Bacillus anthracis-laced envelopes through the postal system has highlighted the need to perform biological screening on large numbers of environmental samples. High-throughput screening that relies on integrated robotic systems to speed analysis has been undertaken to handle the surge in samples requiring testing in events involving weapons of mass destruction. These automated screening systems require DNA extraction methods capable of handling environmental samples that contain inhibitors and have target organisms at low concentrations. This study describes the development of a method for the detection of the biological warfare agent simulants Erwinia herbicola and Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores using paramagnetic bead-based resin with an automated liquid handler and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter A. Emanuel
- U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
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16
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Szwalbe AJ, Williams K, O'Flynn DE, Bailey AM, Mulholland NP, Vincent JL, Willis CL, Cox RJ, Simpson TJ. Novel nonadride, heptadride and maleic acid metabolites from the byssochlamic acid producer Byssochlamys fulva IMI 40021 - an insight into the biosynthesis of maleidrides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:17088-91. [PMID: 26452099 PMCID: PMC4766579 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06988b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Byssochlamys fulva strain IMI 40021 produces (+)-byssochlamic acid 1, its novel dihydroanalogue 2 and four related secondary metabolites. Agnestadrides A, 17 and B, 18 constitute a novel class of seven-membered ring, maleic anhydride-containing (hence termed heptadride) natural products. The putative maleic anhydride precursor 5 for both nonadride and heptadride biosynthesis was isolated as a fermentation product for the first time and its structure confirmed by synthesis. Acid 5 undergoes facile decarboxylation to anhydride 6. The generic term maleidrides is proposed to encompass biosynthetically-related compounds containing maleic anhydride moieties fused to an alicyclic ring, varying in size and substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka J Szwalbe
- School of Chemistry, Bristol University, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Katherine Williams
- School of Chemistry, Bristol University, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Daniel E O'Flynn
- School of Chemistry, Bristol University, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Andrew M Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Nicholas P Mulholland
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Jason L Vincent
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Christine L Willis
- School of Chemistry, Bristol University, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Russell J Cox
- School of Chemistry, Bristol University, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK and Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas J Simpson
- School of Chemistry, Bristol University, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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17
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Williams K, Szwalbe AJ, Mulholland NP, Vincent JL, Bailey AM, Willis CL, Simpson TJ, Cox RJ. Heterologous Production of Fungal Maleidrides Reveals the Cryptic Cyclization Involved in their Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6784-8. [PMID: 27099957 PMCID: PMC4982102 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fungal maleidrides are an important family of bioactive secondary metabolites that consist of 7, 8, or 9-membered carbocycles with one or two fused maleic anhydride moieties. The biosynthesis of byssochlamic acid (a nonadride) and agnestadride A (a heptadride) was investigated through gene disruption and heterologous expression experiments. The results reveal that the precursors for cyclization are formed by an iterative highly reducing fungal polyketide synthase supported by a hydrolase, together with two citrate-processing enzymes. The enigmatic ring formation is catalyzed by two proteins with homology to ketosteroid isomerases, and assisted by two proteins with homology to phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Williams
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167, Germany.
| | - Agnieszka J Szwalbe
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | - Jason L Vincent
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Andrew M Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, Bristol Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Christine L Willis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Thomas J Simpson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Russell J Cox
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167, Germany.
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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18
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Williams K, Szwalbe AJ, Mulholland NP, Vincent JL, Bailey AM, Willis CL, Simpson TJ, Cox RJ. Heterologe Produktion pilzlicher Maleidride enthüllt die kryptische Cyclisierung in ihrer Biosynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Williams
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Leibniz Universität Hannover; Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Deutschland
| | - Agnieszka J. Szwalbe
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS Großbritannien
| | | | - Jason L. Vincent
- Syngenta; Jealott's Hill Bracknell Berkshire RG42 6EY Großbritannien
| | - Andrew M. Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences; Bristol Life Sciences Building; University of Bristol; 24 Tyndall Ave Bristol BS8 1TH Großbritannien
| | - Christine L. Willis
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS Großbritannien
| | - Thomas J. Simpson
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS Großbritannien
| | - Russell J. Cox
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Leibniz Universität Hannover; Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Deutschland
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS Großbritannien
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19
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Meric-Bernstam F, Brusco L, Daniels M, Wathoo C, Bailey AM, Strong L, Shaw K, Lu K, Qi Y, Zhao H, Lara-Guerra H, Litton J, Arun B, Eterovic AK, Aytac U, Routbort M, Subbiah V, Janku F, Davies MA, Kopetz S, Mendelsohn J, Mills GB, Chen K. Incidental germline variants in 1000 advanced cancers on a prospective somatic genomic profiling protocol. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:795-800. [PMID: 26787237 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next-generation sequencing in cancer research may reveal germline variants of clinical significance. We report patient preferences for return of results and the prevalence of incidental pathogenic germline variants (PGVs). PATIENTS AND METHODS Targeted exome sequencing of 202 genes was carried out in 1000 advanced cancers using tumor and normal DNA in a research laboratory. Pathogenic variants in 18 genes, recommended for return by The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, as well as PALB2, were considered actionable. Patient preferences of return of incidental germline results were collected. Return of results was initiated with genetic counseling and repeat CLIA testing. RESULTS Of the 1000 patients who underwent sequencing, 43 had likely PGVs: APC (1), BRCA1 (11), BRCA2 (10), TP53 (10), MSH2 (1), MSH6 (4), PALB2 (2), PTEN (2), TSC2 (1), and RB1 (1). Twenty (47%) of 43 variants were previously known based on clinical genetic testing. Of the 1167 patients who consented for a germline testing protocol, 1157 (99%) desired to be informed of incidental results. Twenty-three previously unrecognized mutations identified in the research environment were confirmed with an orthogonal CLIA platform. All patients approached decided to proceed with formal genetic counseling; in all cases where formal genetic testing was carried out, the germline variant of concern validated with clinical genetic testing. CONCLUSIONS In this series, 2.3% patients had previously unrecognized pathogenic germline mutations in 19 cancer-related genes. Thus, genomic sequencing must be accompanied by a plan for return of germline results, in partnership with genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics Department of Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy Department of Surgical Oncology
| | - L Brusco
- Department of Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy
| | - M Daniels
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine Program of Clinical Cancer Genetics
| | - C Wathoo
- Department of Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy
| | - A M Bailey
- Department of Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy
| | - L Strong
- Program of Clinical Cancer Genetics
| | - K Shaw
- Department of Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy
| | - K Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine Program of Clinical Cancer Genetics
| | - Y Qi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
| | - H Zhao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
| | - H Lara-Guerra
- Department of Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy Department of RedSky/Biomedical Institute of the Americas, El Paso, USA
| | - J Litton
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology
| | - B Arun
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology Program of Clinical Cancer Genetics
| | | | - U Aytac
- Department of Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy
| | | | - V Subbiah
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics
| | - F Janku
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics
| | - M A Davies
- Department of Systems Biology Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology
| | - S Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal (GI) Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - J Mendelsohn
- Department of Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy Department of Genomic Medicine
| | - G B Mills
- Department of Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy Department of Systems Biology
| | - K Chen
- Department of Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
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20
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Song Z, Bakeer W, Marshall JW, Yakasai AA, Khalid RM, Collemare J, Skellam E, Tharreau D, Lebrun MH, Lazarus CM, Bailey AM, Simpson TJ, Cox RJ. Heterologous expression of the avirulence gene ACE1 from the fungal rice pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Chem Sci 2015; 6:4837-4845. [PMID: 29142718 PMCID: PMC5667575 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03707c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ACE1 and RAP1 genes from the avirulence signalling gene cluster of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae were expressed in Aspergillus oryzae and M. oryzae itself. Expression of ACE1 alone produced a polyenyl pyrone (magnaporthepyrone), which is regioselectively epoxidised and hydrolysed to give different diols, 6 and 7, in the two host organisms. Analysis of the three introns present in ACE1 determined that A. oryzae does not process intron 2 correctly, while M. oryzae processes all introns correctly in both appressoria and mycelia. Co-expression of ACE1 and RAP1 in A. oryzae produced an amide 8 which is similar to the PKS-NRPS derived backbone of the cytochalasans. Biological testing on rice leaves showed that neither the diols 6 and 7, nor amide 8 was responsible for the observed ACE1 mediated avirulence, however, gene cluster analysis suggests that the true avirulence signalling compound may be a tyrosine-derived cytochalasan compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshu Song
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK
| | - Walid Bakeer
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK.,Microbiology Department , Faculty of Pharmacy , Beni Suef University , Egypt
| | - James W Marshall
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK
| | - Ahmed A Yakasai
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK
| | - Rozida Mohd Khalid
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK
| | | | - Elizabeth Skellam
- Institute for Organic Chemistry , Leibniz University of Hannover , Schneiderberg 1B , 30167 , Hannover , Germany .
| | - Didier Tharreau
- UMR BGPI , CIRAD , Campus International de Baillarguet , 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 , France
| | - Marc-Henri Lebrun
- UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP , INRA , Campus AgroParisTech , 78850 Thiverval-Grignon , France.,UMR 5240 MAP , CNRS , UCB , INSA , Bayer CropScience , 69263 Lyon Cedex 09 , France
| | - Colin M Lazarus
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Bristol , 24 Tyndall Avenue , Bristol BS8 1TQ , UK
| | - Andrew M Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Bristol , 24 Tyndall Avenue , Bristol BS8 1TQ , UK
| | - Thomas J Simpson
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK
| | - Russell J Cox
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK.,Institute for Organic Chemistry , Leibniz University of Hannover , Schneiderberg 1B , 30167 , Hannover , Germany .
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21
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Fowler TL, Martin JA, Shepard AJ, Bailey AM, Nickel KP, Kimple RJ, Bednarz BP. WE-E-BRE-03: Biological Validation of a Novel High-Throughput Irradiator for Predictive Radiation Sensitivity Bioassays. Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4889432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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22
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Abstract
The events of September 11, 2001 revealed a need for regular monitoring of infrastructure systems. Efficient aerosol collection systems are currently in place in a variety of settings in order to sample the immediate surroundings. However, the consequence of regular monitoring is an exponential increase in the number of samples requiring rapid analysis. Automated biological agent testing systems offer a solution by providing the ability to rapidly handle large numbers of samples with fewer personnel. In addition, automated testing also offers the advantage of increased consistency and accuracy compared with human systems.
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23
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Abstract
Botrytis cinerea (gray mold) is one of the most widespread and destructive fungal diseases of horticultural crops. Propagation and dispersal is usually by asexual conidia but the sexual stage (Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel) also occurs in nature. DsRNAs, indicative of virus infection, are common in B. cinerea, but only four viruses (Botrytis virus F (BVF), Botrytis virus X (BVX), Botrytis cinerea mitovirus 1 (BcMV1), and Botrytis porri RNA virus) have been sequenced. BVF and BVX are unusual mycoviruses being ssRNA flexous rods and have been designated the type species of the genera Mycoflexivirus and Botrexvirus (family Betaflexivirdae), respectively. The reported effects of viruses on Botrytis range from negligible to severe, with Botrytis cinerea mitovirus 1 causing hypovirulence. Little is currently known about the effects of viruses on Botrytis metabolism but recent complete sequencing of the B. cinerea genome now provides an opportunity to investigate the host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level. There is interest in the possible use of mycoviruses as biological controls for Botrytis because of the common problem of fungicide resistance. Unfortunately, hyphal anastomosis is the only known mechanism of horizontal virus transmission and the large number of vegetative incompatibility groups in Botrytis is a potential constraint on the spread of an introduced virus. Although some Botrytis viruses, such as BVF and BVX, are known to have international distribution, there is a distinct lack of epidemiological data and the means of spread are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Pearson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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24
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Emanuel PA, Buckley PE, Sutton TA, Edmonds JM, Bailey AM, Rivers BA, Kim MH, Ginley WJ, Keiser CC, Doherty RW, Kragl FJ, Narayanan FE, Katoski SE, Paikoff S, Leppert SP, Strawbridge JB, VanReenen DR, Biberos SS, Moore D, Phillips DW, Mingioni LR, Melles O, Ondercin DG, Hirsh B, Bieschke KM, Harris CL, Omberg KM, Rastogi VK, Van Cuyk S, Gibbons HS. Detection and tracking of a novel genetically tagged biological simulant in the environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:8281-8. [PMID: 23001670 PMCID: PMC3497391 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02006-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A variant of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki containing a single, stable copy of a uniquely amplifiable DNA oligomer integrated into the genome for tracking the fate of biological agents in the environment was developed. The use of genetically tagged spores overcomes the ambiguity of discerning the test material from pre-existing environmental microflora or from previously released background material. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of the genetically "barcoded" simulant in a controlled indoor setting and in an outdoor release. In an ambient breeze tunnel test, spores deposited on tiles were reaerosolized and detected by real-time PCR at distances of 30 m from the point of deposition. Real-time PCR signals were inversely correlated with distance from the seeded tiles. An outdoor release of powdered spore simulant at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD, was monitored from a distance by a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) laser. Over a 2-week period, an array of air sampling units collected samples were analyzed for the presence of viable spores and using barcode-specific real-time PCR assays. Barcoded B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki spores were unambiguously identified on the day of the release, and viable material was recovered in a pattern consistent with the cloud track predicted by prevailing winds and by data tracks provided by the LIDAR system. Finally, the real-time PCR assays successfully differentiated barcoded B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki spores from wild-type spores under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Emanuel
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Tiffany A. Sutton
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason M. Edmonds
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew M. Bailey
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Bryan A. Rivers
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
- Science Applications International, Inc., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael H. Kim
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - William J. Ginley
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Robert W. Doherty
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - F. Joseph Kragl
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Fiona E. Narayanan
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah E. Katoski
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
- Science Applications International, Inc., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Sari Paikoff
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, USA
| | - Samuel P. Leppert
- Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - John B. Strawbridge
- Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel R. VanReenen
- Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Sally S. Biberos
- Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas Moore
- Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas W. Phillips
- Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa R. Mingioni
- Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Ogba Melles
- Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel G. Ondercin
- Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Beth Hirsh
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Crystal L. Harris
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Vipin K. Rastogi
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Henry S. Gibbons
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
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Davison J, al Fahad A, Cai M, Song Z, Yehia SY, Lazarus CM, Bailey AM, Simpson TJ, Cox RJ. Genetic, molecular, and biochemical basis of fungal tropolone biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:7642-7. [PMID: 22508998 PMCID: PMC3356636 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201469109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene cluster encoding the biosynthesis of the fungal tropolone stipitatic acid was discovered in Talaromyces stipitatus (Penicillium stipitatum) and investigated by targeted gene knockout. A minimum of three genes are required to form the tropolone nucleus: tropA encodes a nonreducing polyketide synthase which releases 3-methylorcinaldehyde; tropB encodes a FAD-dependent monooxygenase which dearomatizes 3-methylorcinaldehyde via hydroxylation at C-3; and tropC encodes a non-heme Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenase which catalyzes the oxidative ring expansion to the tropolone nucleus via hydroxylation of the 3-methyl group. The tropA gene was characterized by heterologous expression in Aspergillus oryzae, whereas tropB and tropC were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified TropB and TropC proteins converted 3-methylorcinaldehyde to a tropolone in vitro. Finally, knockout of the tropD gene, encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, indicated its place as the next gene in the pathway, probably responsible for hydroxylation of the 6-methyl group. Comparison of the T. stipitatus tropolone biosynthetic cluster with other known gene clusters allows clarification of important steps during the biosynthesis of other fungal compounds including the xenovulenes, citrinin, sepedonin, sclerotiorin, and asperfuranone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Davison
- University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed al Fahad
- University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Menghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhongshu Song
- University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Samar Y. Yehia
- Future University in Egypt, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, New Cairo, Egypt 11477; and
| | - Colin M. Lazarus
- University of Bristol, School of Biological Sciences, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Bailey
- University of Bristol, School of Biological Sciences, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J. Simpson
- University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Russell J. Cox
- University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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Fisch KM, Bakeer W, Yakasai AA, Song Z, Pedrick J, Wasil Z, Bailey AM, Lazarus CM, Simpson TJ, Cox RJ. Rational domain swaps decipher programming in fungal highly reducing polyketide synthases and resurrect an extinct metabolite. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16635-41. [PMID: 21899331 DOI: 10.1021/ja206914q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of programming of iterative highly reducing polyketide synthases remains one of the key unsolved problems of secondary metabolism. We conducted rational domain swaps between the polyketide synthases encoding the biosynthesis of the closely related compounds tenellin and desmethylbassianin. Expression of the hybrid synthetases in Aspergillus oryzae led to the production of reprogrammed compounds in which the changes to the methylation pattern and chain length could be mapped to the domain swaps. These experiments reveal for the first time the origin of programming in these systems. Domain swaps combined with coexpression of two cytochrome P450 encoding genes from the tenellin biosynthetic gene cluster led to the resurrection of the extinct metabolite bassianin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Fisch
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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Yakasai AA, Davison J, Wasil Z, Halo LM, Butts CP, Lazarus CM, Bailey AM, Simpson TJ, Cox RJ. Nongenetic Reprogramming of a Fungal Highly Reducing Polyketide Synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10990-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja204200x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Yakasai
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Jack Davison
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Zahida Wasil
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Laura M. Halo
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Craig P. Butts
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Colin M. Lazarus
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, U.K
| | - Andrew M. Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, U.K
| | - Thomas J. Simpson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Russell J. Cox
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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Heneghan MN, Yakasai AA, Williams K, Kadir KA, Wasil Z, Bakeer W, Fisch KM, Bailey AM, Simpson TJ, Cox RJ, Lazarus CM. The programming role of trans-acting enoyl reductases during the biosynthesis of highly reduced fungal polyketides. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00023c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Heneghan MN, Yakasai AA, Halo LM, Song Z, Bailey AM, Simpson TJ, Cox RJ, Lazarus CM. First Heterologous Reconstruction of a Complete Functional Fungal Biosynthetic Multigene Cluster. Chembiochem 2010; 11:1508-12. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fisch KM, Skellam E, Ivison D, Cox RJ, Bailey AM, Lazarus CM, Simpson TJ. Catalytic role of the C-terminal domains of a fungal non-reducing polyketide synthase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:5331-3. [PMID: 20552126 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01162b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo activity of truncated forms of methylorcinaldehyde synthase shows that the synthase retains a hydrolytic release activity in the absence of reductive chain release and that chain-length is not controlled by the reductive release domain; experiments using a methyltransferase inhibitor suggest that methylation occurs prior to aromatisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Fisch
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, BS8 1TS
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31
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Bailey AM, Constantinidou C, Ivens A, Garvey MI, Webber MA, Coldham N, Hobman JL, Wain J, Woodward MJ, Piddock LJV. Exposure of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to triclosan induces a species-specific response, including drug detoxification. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:973-85. [PMID: 19759044 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The use of triclosan within various environments has been linked to the development of multiple drug resistance (MDR) through the increased expression of efflux pumps such as AcrAB-TolC. In this work, we investigate the effect of triclosan exposure in order to ascertain the response of two species to the presence of this widely used biocide. METHODS The transcriptomes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 and Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 after exposure to the MIC of triclosan (0.12 mg/L) were determined in microarray experiments. Phenotypic validation of the transcriptomic data included RT-PCR, ability to form a biofilm and motility assays. RESULTS Despite important differences in the triclosan-dependent transcriptomes of the two species, increased expression of efflux pump component genes was seen in both. Increased expression of soxS was observed in Salmonella Typhimurium, however, within E. coli, decreased expression was seen. Expression of fabBAGI in Salmonella Typhimurium was decreased, whereas in E. coli expression of fabABFH was increased. Increased expression of ompR and genes within this regulon (e.g. ompC, csgD and ssrA) was seen in the transcriptome of Salmonella Typhimurium. An unexpected response of E. coli was the differential expression of genes within operons involved in iron homeostasis; these included fhu, fep and ent. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that whilst a core response to triclosan exposure exists, the differential transcriptome of each species was different. This suggests that E. coli K-12 should not be considered the paradigm for the Enterobacteriaceae when exploring the effects of antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Bailey
- Antimicrobial Agents Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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32
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Halo LM, Heneghan MN, Yakasai AA, Song Z, Williams K, Bailey AM, Cox RJ, Lazarus CM, Simpson TJ. Late Stage Oxidations during the Biosynthesis of the 2-Pyridone Tenellin in the Entomopathogenic FungusBeauveria bassiana. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:17988-96. [PMID: 19067514 DOI: 10.1021/ja807052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Gene silencing is a powerful tool utilized for identification of gene function and analysis in plants, animals, and fungi. Here, we report the silencing of superoxide dismutase (bcsod1) in Botrytis cinerea through sense and antisense-mediated silencing mechanisms. Because superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a virulence factor, transformants were tested for phenotypic silencing in vitro and reduction in pathogenicity in planta. Plate-based assays with and without paraquat were performed to screen initial silencing efficiency, and a subset of transformants was used for in planta studies of virulence. Transformants exhibiting strongly decreased transcripts levels were recovered with both constructs but none of those exhibited a reduction in virulence in planta. Our investigations may help optimize a high-throughput gene silencing system useful for identifying potential gene targets for future fungal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
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34
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Halo LM, Marshall JW, Yakasai AA, Song Z, Butts CP, Crump MP, Heneghan M, Bailey AM, Simpson TJ, Lazarus CM, Cox RJ. Authentic Heterologous Expression of the Tenellin Iterative Polyketide Synthase Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Requires Coexpression with an Enoyl Reductase. Chembiochem 2008; 9:585-94. [PMID: 18266306 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Halo
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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35
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Eley KL, Halo LM, Song Z, Powles H, Cox RJ, Bailey AM, Lazarus CM, Simpson TJ. Biosynthesis of the 2-Pyridone Tenellin in the Insect Pathogenic FungusBeauveria bassiana. Chembiochem 2007; 8:289-97. [PMID: 17216664 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genomic DNA from the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was used as a template in a PCR with degenerate primers designed to amplify a fragment of a C-methyl transferase (CMeT) domain from a highly reduced fungal polyketide synthase (PKS). The resulting 270-bp PCR product was homologous to other fungal PKS CMeT domains and was used as a probe to isolate a 7.3-kb fragment of genomic DNA from a BamH1 library. Further library probing and TAIL-PCR then gave a 21.9-kb contig that encoded a 12.9-kb fused type I PKS-NRPS ORF together with ORFs encoding other oxidative and reductive enzymes. A directed knockout experiment with a BaR cassette, reported for the first time in B. bassiana, identified the PKS-NRPS as being involved in the biosynthesis of the 2-pyridone tenellin. Other fungal PKS-NRPS genes are known to be involved in the formation of tetramic acids in fungi, and it thus appears likely that related compounds are precursors of 2-pyridones in fungi. B. bassiana tenellin KO and WT strains proved to be equally pathogenic towards insect larvae; this indicated that tenellin is not involved in insect pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin L Eley
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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36
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Bailey AM, Cox RJ, Harley K, Lazarus CM, Simpson TJ, Skellam E. Characterisation of 3-methylorcinaldehyde synthase (MOS) in Acremonium strictum: first observation of a reductive release mechanism during polyketide biosynthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:4053-5. [PMID: 17912413 DOI: 10.1039/b708614h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Isolation and sequencing of a PKS gene isolated from xenovulene-producing cultures of Acremonium strictum indicated the presence of NT-, KS-, AT-, PT-, C-MeT- and R-domains; heterologous expression in Aspergillus oryzae resulted in the production of 3-methylorcinaldehyde, demonstrating the role of the terminal reductase domain in product release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol, UK BS8 1UG
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37
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Abstract
Analysis of expression of acrB, marA, and soxS in rich and minimal media, at early and late logarithmic growth phases, showed that acrB had increased expression in minimal medium compared to rich medium, but expression decreased dose dependently upon exposure to ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Bailey
- Antimicrobial Agents Research Group, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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38
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Emanuel PA, Fruchey IR, Bailey AM, Dang JL, Niyogi K, Roos JW, Cullin D, Emanuel DC. Automated Screening for Biological Weapons in Homeland Defense. Biosecur Bioterror 2005; 3:39-50. [PMID: 15853454 DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2005.3.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Biological threat detection programs that collect air samples and monitor for large-scale release of biowarfare agents generate large numbers of samples that must be quickly and accurately screened for the presence of biological agents. An impediment to the rapid analysis of large numbers of environmental biological samples is that manual laboratory processes are time-consuming and require resources to maintain infrastructure, trained personnel, and adequate supplies of testing reagents. An ideal screening system would be capable of processing multiple samples rapidly, cost-effectively, and with minimal personnel. In the present study, we evaluated the Automated Biological Agent Testing System (ABATS) to explore the capability of automation to increase sample throughput, maximize system accuracy, and reduce the analysis costs associated with biological threat agent screening in environmental samples. This study demonstrates the utility of this concept and the potential of an automated system to address the growing environmental monitoring needs of the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Emanuel
- Critical Reagents Program, SFAE-CBD-CBMS-MITS, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, USA.
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Bailey AM, Mitchell DJ, Manjunath KL, Nolasco G, Niblett CL. Identification to the species level of the plant pathogens Phytophthora and Pythium by using unique sequences of the ITS1 region of ribosomal DNA as capture probes for PCR ELISA. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 207:153-8. [PMID: 11958933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 region was sequenced for 10 species of Pythium and eight species of Phytophthora. Alignment of the sequences revealed considerable sequence microheterogeneity, which was utilized to prepare a capture probe of unique sequence for each species. The capture probes were tested by PCR ELISA, combining the sensitivity and specificity of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The probes were entirely species specific, enabling the detection and identification of the amplified DNA of species from individual cultures or from mixed samples of the DNAs of two different species. This approach to species identification, which provides a molecular technology to process large numbers of samples and still identify the fungi with a high level of confidence, may greatly reduce the resources and the time of highly trained specialists currently needed to identify these important species of plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bailey
- CINVESTAV-IPN, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico.
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Zhang YQ, Bailey AM, Matthies HJ, Renden RB, Smith MA, Speese SD, Rubin GM, Broadie K. Drosophila fragile X-related gene regulates the MAP1B homolog Futsch to control synaptic structure and function. Cell 2001; 107:591-603. [PMID: 11733059 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X mental retardation gene (FMR1) encodes an RNA binding protein that acts as a negative translational regulator. We have developed a Drosophila fragile X syndrome model using loss-of-function mutants and overexpression of the FMR1 homolog (dfxr). dfxr nulls display enlarged synaptic terminals, whereas neuronal overexpression results in fewer and larger synaptic boutons. Synaptic structural defects are accompanied by altered neurotransmission, with synapse type-specific regulation in central and peripheral synapses. These phenotypes mimic those observed in mutants of microtubule-associated Futsch. Immunoprecipitation of dFXR shows association with futsch mRNA, and Western analyses demonstrate that dFXR inversely regulates Futsch expression. dfxr futsch double mutants restore normal synaptic structure and function. We propose that dFXR acts as a translational repressor of Futsch to regulate microtubule-dependent synaptic growth and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Abstract
TPD52 (D52)-like proteins are small coiled-coil motif-bearing proteins first identified through their expression in human breast carcinoma that mutually interact in hetero- and homomeric fashions. However, it has been unclear whether the coiled-coil motif is sufficient, or even necessary, for these interactions to occur. We have therefore examined the binding activities of a panel of C-terminally deleted D52 proteins in both the yeast two-hybrid system and pull-down assays. In the yeast two-hybrid system, interactions were only detected when regions C-terminal to the coiled-coil motif were also present. However, using pull-down assays, interactions were detected for all deletion mutants which included the coiled-coil motif. This suggests that the coiled-coil motif is indeed necessary for interactions mediated by D52 proteins, but that C-terminal protein regions facilitate and/or stabilize these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sathasivam
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead 2145, New South Wales, Australia
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Wilson SH, Bailey AM, Nourse CR, Mattei MG, Byrne JA. Identification of MAL2, a novel member of the mal proteolipid family, though interactions with TPD52-like proteins in the yeast two-hybrid system. Genomics 2001; 76:81-8. [PMID: 11549320 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2001.6610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The TPD52 (tumor protein D52)-like proteins are small coiled-coil motif-bearing proteins which were first identified though their expression in human breast carcinoma. TPD52-like proteins are known to interact in hetero-and homomeric fashions, but there are no known heterologous binding partners for these proteins. We now report the cloning of a novel member of the MAL proteolipid family, named MAL2, though its interaction with a TPD52L2 bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen. MAL2 is predicted to be 176 residues (19 kDa) with four transmembrane domains and is 35.8% identical to MAL, a proteolipid required in apical vesicle transport. The MAL2 prey bound all TPD52-like baits tested in the yeast two-hybrid system and in vitro translation of MAL2 produced a single 19-kDa (35)S-labeled protein which specifically bound full-length GST-Tpd52 in GST pull-down assays. The gene MAL2, which was localized to human chromosomal band 8q23 and shown to consist of four exons, is predominantly expressed in human kidney, lung, and liver. Our study has therefore identified a novel member of the MAL proteolipid family and potentially implicates TPD52-like proteins in vesicle transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Wilson
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
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Hannah EL, Bailey AM, Hajjeh R, Gershman K, Lindsley M, Hoffman RE. Public health response to 2 clinical cases of blastomycosis in colorado residents. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:E151-3. [PMID: 11340548 DOI: 10.1086/320516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2000] [Revised: 10/12/2000] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarize the public health response after the identification of 2 cases of pneumonia caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis infection in Colorado residents. The response to these cases emphasizes the need for physicians to add fungal infection to the list of differential diagnoses for patients who have refractory pneumonia, even those who live in areas of nonendemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Hannah
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA
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Bailey AM, Thomas RK. The effects of nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions in Long-Evans hooded rats on two learning set formation tasks, delayed matching-to-sample learning, and open-field activity. Behav Neurosci 2001; 115:328-40. [PMID: 11345958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Rats with quisqualic acid lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nBM) and control rats were compared in discrimination reversal learning set (DRLS) and olfactory discrimination learning set (ODLS) tasks, a delayed matching-to-sample task (DMTS), and open-field activity. Evidence of learning set formation was seen in control rats but not in nBM-lesioned rats in both the DRLS and ODLS tasks. Better-than-chance performances were seen for both groups in DMTS, indicating no impairment after nBM lesions. There were no group differences in open-field activity. These findings suggest that the nBM is important for higher cognitive processing such as "learning to learn" and thus is important for a complex form of reference memory. In addition, perseverational, working memory, and attentional deficits could not explain learning set impairment after nBM lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bailey
- Department of Psychology, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City 20686, USA.
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45
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Abstract
Viable head lice were found on the scalps of two family members following multiple topical insecticide treatments. The possibility of reinfestation had been reliably excluded. Persistent infestation could be diagnosed only after cutting the hair and combing repeatedly, which allowed visualization of juvenile (nymphal) and adult lice. Insecticide-resistant headlouse infestations are probably much more common than is generally realised and may persist unnoticed, so that more aggressive approaches will be needed to eradicate these ectoparasites from individuals and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bailey
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Queensland, Australia
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Gillespie
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
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47
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Carlile AJ, Bindschedler LV, Bailey AM, Bowyer P, Clarkson JM, Cooper RM. Characterization of SNP1, a cell wall-degrading trypsin, produced during infection by Stagonospora nodorum. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2000; 13:538-550. [PMID: 10796020 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.5.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stagonospora (= Septoria) nodorum when grown in liquid culture with wheat cell walls as the sole carbon and nitrogen source secretes numerous extracellular depolymerases, including a rapidly produced, alkaline, trypsin-like protease (SNP1). The enzyme was purified 417-fold by cation exchange chromatography and has a molecular mass of 25 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, pI 8.7, and pH optimum of 8.5. It cleaved peptide bonds on the carboxyl side of lysine or arginine, was strongly inhibited by the trypsin inhibitors aprotinin and leupeptin and weakly by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and its activity was stimulated by calcium. SNP1 has the characteristic, conserved, fungal, trypsin N terminus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers based on this sequence and the conserved trypsin active site were used to amplify a DNA fragment that facilitated isolation of the corresponding genomic clone from a lambda library of S. nodorum. The full-length sequence confirmed its identity as a trypsin-like protease containing the N-terminal sequence of the previously purified enzyme. Infected leaf tissue contained a protease, not present in controls, that coeluted with the fungal trypsin from cation exchange, and had properties (pI and inhibitor characteristics) similar to those of the fungal trypsin. SNP1 expression in planta was detected by Northern (RNA) blotting, reverse transcription PCR, and green fluorescent protein confocal microscopy. SNP1 released hydroxyproline from wheat cell walls. The release of hydroxyproline, together with its early expression in planta, suggests that SNP1 participates in the degradation of host cell walls during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Carlile
- Microbial Pathogenicity Group, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND beta2-Microglobulin (beta2m) amyloidosis is a destructive articular disease that causes significant morbidity in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The amyloid deposits contain beta2m, some of which is altered with advanced glycation end products (AGE-beta2m). The deposits are located principally in joint structures, with adjacent degradation of cartilage and bone. We hypothesized that one of the mechanisms by which beta2m induces joint destruction is to induce the release of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), but not tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), from synovial fibroblasts. METHODS To test this hypothesis and determine the role of AGE-beta2m, we incubated human osteoarthritic synovial fibroblasts in the presence and absence of beta2m and AGE-beta2m and measured the release of interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) and/or TIMP-1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Northern blot analysis. RESULTS beta2m and AGE-beta2m at 10 and 25 microg/mL induced the release of MMP-1 from human osteoarthritic synovial fibroblasts at 24 hours. In contrast, there was no increased release of TIMP-1, leading to an increase in the MMP-1/TIMP-1 ratio indicative of uncontrolled collagenolysis. A similar dose response was observed at 48 hours, except that AGE-beta2m had no effect over control cultures. MMP-1 mRNA expression by Northern blot analysis paralleled these findings. The source of the fibroblasts did not alter the results. Finally, we demonstrated that doxycycline, a treatment for arthritis, can inhibit the release of MMP-1 from synovial fibroblasts incubated with beta2m. CONCLUSION beta2m, at physiologically relevant concentrations, induces the release of MMP-1 without concomitant release of TIMP-1 from human synovial fibroblasts, leading to uncontrolled collagenolysis. The alteration of beta2m with AGE did not alter this effect at 24 hours, but blocked the effect at 48 hours. These findings may account for the tissue destruction seen in beta2m amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Moe
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine and Richard Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Bailey AM. Assessment and discharge following self-harm. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 176:495. [PMID: 10912233 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.176.5.495-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the symbiotic relationship between musculoskeletal cells in the intact joint utilizing a coculture system and to determine if the model can be utilized to evaluate potential treatments for articular diseases. METHODS Two neonatal mouse calvariae were placed on steel supports on a monolayer of rabbit synovial fibroblasts, and net calcium flux, bone cell activity, and undecalcified histology were determined at 6, 24, and 48 h. To determine if the model was predictive of response to known therapies for articular disease, the coculture was incubated in the presence and absence of indomethacin or doxycycline, and the net calcium flux was measured. RESULTS The coincubation of calvariae with synoviocytes led to a fivefold increase in net calcium efflux compared to calvariae alone. The concentration in the media of the osteoblastic enzyme alkaline phosphatase increased at 6 h but decreased thereafter, whereas the concentration of osteoclastic enzyme beta-glucuronidase increased with time. Undecalcified bone histology revealed progressive demineralization and an increase in the number of osteoclasts in calvariae incubated with synoviocytes compared to calvariae alone. Both indomethacin and doxycycline inhibited calcium flux from cocultures but the predominant effect of doxycycline was on the synoviocyte whereas the predominant effect of indomethacin was on bone. CONCLUSION The coincubation of synoviocytes with calvariae led to an increase in bone mineral dissolution with time. This effect could be partially inhibited by known treatments for rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, the coculture model may simulate certain aspects of the in vivo processes relevant to rheumatoid arthritis. This model should prove useful for the study of potential therapies for inflammatory arthritis and distinguish between effects of these therapies on different cellular components of the joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Moe
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Wishard Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
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