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Dharmashekar C, Shreevatsa B, Jain AS, Harendra B, Pradeep S, Vishwanath PM, Singh P, V B, KK V, Patil SS, Shati AA, Alfaifi MY, Elbehairi SEI, Amachawadi RG, Kollur SP, Shivamallu C. Evaluating the Antimicrobial and Anti-Hemolytic Activity of Synthesized Pseudopeptide against Leptospiral Species: In Silico and In Vitro Approach. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031106. [PMID: 36770771 PMCID: PMC9920664 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare complications in patients. Leptospirosis is found to be the most prevalent, re-emergent, and neglected tropical zoonotic disease worldwide. The adaptation to various environmental conditions has made Leptospira acquire a large genome (~4.6 Mb) and a complex outer membrane, making it unique among bacteria that mimic the symptoms of jaundice and hemorrhage. Sph2 is another important virulence factor that enhances hemolytic sphingomyelinase-capable of moving inside mitochondria-which increases the ROS level and decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby leading to cell apoptosis. In the present study, 25 suspected bovine serum samples were subjected to the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) across the Mysuru region. Different samples, such as urine, serum, and aborted materials from the confirmed MAT-positive animals, were used for isolation and genomic detection by conventional PCR targeting virulence gene, Lipl32, using specific primers. Further, in vitro and in silico studies were performed on isolated cultures to assess the anti-leptospiral, anti-hemolytic, and sphingomyelinase enzyme inhibition using novel pseudopeptides. The microdilution technique (MDT) and dark field microscope (DFM) assays revealed that at a concentration of 62.5 μg/mL, the pseudopeptide inhibited 100% of the growth of Leptospira spp., suggesting its efficiency in the treatment of leptospirosis. The flow cytometry analyses show the potency of the pseudopeptide against sphingomyelinase enzymes using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Thus, the present study demonstrated the efficacy of the pseudopeptide in the inhibition of the growth of Leptospira, and therefore, this can be used as an alternative drug for the treatment of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Dharmashekar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570 015, India
| | - Bhargav Shreevatsa
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570 015, India
| | - Anisha S. Jain
- Department of Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570 015, India
| | - Bhavana Harendra
- Department of Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570 015, India
| | - Sushma Pradeep
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570 015, India
| | - Prashanth M. Vishwanath
- Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570 015, India
| | - Pranav Singh
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi 576 104, India
| | - Balamurugan V
- ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India
| | - Vinod KK
- ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India
| | - Sharanagouda S. Patil
- ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India
| | - Ali A. Shati
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y. Alfaifi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Serag Eldin I. Elbehairi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
- Cell Culture Lab, Egyptian Organization for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA Holding Company), 51 Wezaret El-Zeraa St., Agouza, Giza 12654, Egypt
| | - Raghavendra G. Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Correspondence: (R.G.A.); (S.P.K.); (C.S.)
| | - Shiva Prasad Kollur
- School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus, Mysuru 570 026, India
- Correspondence: (R.G.A.); (S.P.K.); (C.S.)
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570 015, India
- Correspondence: (R.G.A.); (S.P.K.); (C.S.)
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Murali M, Gowtham HG, Shilpa N, Krishnappa HKN, Ledesma AE, Jain AS, Shati AA, Alfaifi MY, Elbehairi SEI, Achar RR, Silina E, Stupin V, Ortega-Castro J, Frau J, Flores-Holguín N, Amruthesh KN, Shivamallu C, Kollur SP, Glossman-Mitnik D. Exploration of Anti-HIV Phytocompounds against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: Structure-Based Screening, Molecular Simulation, ADME Analysis and Conceptual DFT Studies. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238288. [PMID: 36500380 PMCID: PMC9736867 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ever-expanding pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has gained attention as COVID-19 and caused an emergency in public health to an unmatched level to date. However, the treatments used are the only options; currently, no effective and licensed medications are available to combat disease transmission, necessitating further research. In the present study, an in silico-based virtual screening of anti-HIV bioactive compounds from medicinal plants was carried out through molecular docking against the main protease (Mpro) (PDB: 6LU7) of SARS-CoV-2, which is a key enzyme responsible for virus replication. A total of 16 anti-HIV compounds were found to have a binding affinity greater than -8.9 kcal/mol out of 150 compounds screened. Pseudohypericin had a high affinity with the energy of -10.2 kcal/mol, demonstrating amino acid residual interactions with LEU141, GLU166, ARG188, and GLN192, followed by Hypericin (-10.1 kcal/mol). Moreover, the ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion) analysis of Pseudohypericin and Hypericin recorded a low bioavailability (BA) score of 0.17 and violated Lipinski's rule of drug-likeness. The docking and molecular simulations indicated that the quinone compound, Pseudohypericin, could be tested in vitro and in vivo as potent molecules against COVID-19 disease prior to clinical trials.This was also supported by the theoretical and computational studies conducted. The global and local descriptors, which are the underpinnings of Conceptual Density FunctionalTheory (CDFT) have beenpredicted through successful model chemistry, hoping that they could be of help in the comprehension of the chemical reactivity properties of the molecular systems considered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ana E. Ledesma
- Centro de InvestigaciónenBiofísicaAplicada y Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnologías (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (CIBAAL-UNSE-CONICET), Santiago del Estero 4206, Argentina
| | - Anisha S. Jain
- Department of Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Ali A. Shati
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y. Alfaifi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Serag Eldin I. Elbehairi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
- Cell Culture Lab, Egyptian Organization for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA Holding Company), 51 Wezaret El-Zeraa St., Giza 12511, Egypt
| | - Raghu Ram Achar
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Ekaterina Silina
- Department of Hospital Surgery, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Victor Stupin
- Department of Hospital Surgery, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Joaquín Ortega-Castro
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciences, Universitat de les IllesBalears, E-07122 Palma de Malllorca, Spain
| | - Juan Frau
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciences, Universitat de les IllesBalears, E-07122 Palma de Malllorca, Spain
| | - Norma Flores-Holguín
- Laboratorio Virtual NANOCOSMOS, Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Energía, Centro de Investigaciónen Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico
| | - Kestur Nagaraj Amruthesh
- Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006, India
- Correspondence: (K.N.A.); (C.S.); (S.P.K.)
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India
- Correspondence: (K.N.A.); (C.S.); (S.P.K.)
| | - Shiva Prasad Kollur
- School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus, Mysuru 570026, India
- Correspondence: (K.N.A.); (C.S.); (S.P.K.)
| | - Daniel Glossman-Mitnik
- Laboratorio Virtual NANOCOSMOS, Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Energía, Centro de Investigaciónen Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico
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Jain AS, Prasad A, Pradeep S, Dharmashekar C, Achar RR, Silina E, Stupin V, Amachawadi RG, Prasad SK, Pruthvish R, Syed A, Shivamallu C, Kollur SP. Corrigendum: Everything Old Is New Again: Drug Repurposing Approach for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Targeting MAPK Signaling Pathway. Front Oncol 2022; 11:822865. [PMID: 34988031 PMCID: PMC8722216 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.822865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.741326.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha S Jain
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Ashwini Prasad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Sushma Pradeep
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Chandan Dharmashekar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Raghu Ram Achar
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Ekaterina Silina
- Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Stupin
- Department of Hospital Surgery, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - Raghavendra G Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Shashanka K Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - R Pruthvish
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Shiva Prasad Kollur
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru, India
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Jain AS, Vaidya G. Progression-Free Survival Estimation of Docetaxel-Based Second-Line Treatment for Advanced Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Pooled Analysis from 18 Randomized Control Trials. Oman Med J 2022. [DOI: 10.5001/omj.2022.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Nagaraju C, Vaidya G, Jain AS, Nair AP, Chandrappa S, Srinivasa C, Suresh KP, Patil SS, Shivananda B, Kollur SP, Shivamallu C. Overall Survival Prediction of Docetaxel-Based Second-Line Treatment for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Oman Med J 2022; 37:e419. [PMID: 36341003 PMCID: PMC9618033 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2022.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 75–85% of all lung cancer diagnoses. This meta-analysis sought to estimate the overall survival (OS) of NSCLC based on randomized control trials which had compared docetaxel with kinase inhibitors, antineoplastic agents, and monoclonal antibodies as second-line chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC. Methods We selected 18 randomized control trials which used docetaxel as the standard treatment arm, while kinase inhibitors, antineoplastic agents, and monoclonal antibodies constituted the experimental arm. The methodological quality of the trial was classified according to the Modified Jadad score. Several steps were taken to reduce publication bias. A forest plot was used to graphically summarize the meta-analysis. Results The Hedge’s g value of antineoplastic agents was 0.11 (95% CI: -0.03–0.26), while for kinase inhibitors was 0.04 (95% CI: -0.10–0.17) and monoclonal antibodies was 0.05 (95% CI: -0.02–0.13). Forest plot showed a clear though only slightly higher overall survival using docetaxel compared to those of the antineoplastic agents, kinase inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies, due to the existence of moderate heterogeneity and lower impact. Conclusions Overall, the patients in these studies who were in the standard (docetaxel) treatment arm had slightly better OS than those in the intervention treatment arm. As per the results, docetaxel was more effective in the second-line treatment of advanced NSCLC than antineoplastic agents, monoclonal antibodies, and kinase inhibitors. We infer that docetaxel-based second-line therapy for patients with advanced NSCLC is supported by our meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Nagaraju
- Division of Medical Statistics, Life Sciences and Natural Sciences Departments, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Karnataka, India
| | - Gayatri Vaidya
- Department of Studies and Research in Food Technology, Davangere University, Davangere, India
| | - Anisha S. Jain
- Department of Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Karnataka, India
| | - Amrutha Puthiyidath Nair
- Division of Medical Statistics, Life Sciences and Natural Sciences Departments, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Karnataka, India
| | - Sahana Chandrappa
- Division of Medical Statistics, Life Sciences and Natural Sciences Departments, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Sharanagouda S. Patil
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Karnataka, India
| | - Bindya Shivananda
- Department of Chemistry, JSS Science and Technology University, Karnataka, India
| | - Shiva Prasad Kollur
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Karnataka, India
- School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Ocean and Natural Sciences, The University of the South Pacific,
Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Karnataka, India
- Corresponding author:
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Pradeep S, Jain AS, Dharmashekara C, Prasad SK, Akshatha N, Pruthvish R, Amachawadi RG, Srinivasa C, Syed A, Elgorban AM, Al Kheraif AA, Ortega-Castro J, Frau J, Flores-Holguín N, Shivamallu C, Kollur SP, Glossman-Mitnik D. Synthesis, Computational Pharmacokinetics Report, Conceptual DFT-Based Calculations and Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Activity of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Derived From Acorus Calamus Plant Extract. Front Chem 2021; 9:741037. [PMID: 34692640 PMCID: PMC8529163 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.741037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatments have been a major focus, culminating in the identification of promising therapeutic targets. A herbal therapy approach has been required by the demand of AD stage-dependent optimal settings. Present study describes the evaluation of anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles derived from an Acorus calamus rhizome extract (AC-HAp NPs). The structure and morphology of as-prepared (AC-HAp NPs) was confirmed using powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The crystalline nature of as-prepared AC-HAp NPs was evident from XRD pattern. The SEM analysis suggested the spherical nature of the synthesized material with an average diameter between 30 and 50 nm. Further, the TEM and HR-TEM images revealed the shape and size of as-prepared (AC-HAp NPs). The interplanar distance between two lattice fringes was found to be 0.342 nm, which further supported the crystalline nature of the material synthesized. The anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of AC-HAp NPs was greater as compared to that of pure HAp NPs. The mechanistic evaluation of such an activity carried out using in silico studies suggested that the anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of phytoconstituents derived from Acorus calamus rhizome extract was mediated by BNDF, APOE4, PKC-γ, BACE1 and γ-secretase proteins. The global and local descriptors, which are the underpinnings of Conceptual Density Functional Theory (CDFT), have been predicted through the MN12SX/Def2TZVP/H2O model chemistry to help in the comprehension of the chemical reactivity properties of the five ligands considered in this study. With the further objective of analyzing their bioactivity, the CDFT studies are complemented with the estimation of some useful computed pharmacokinetics indices, their predicted biological targets, and the ADMET parameters related to the bioavailability of the five ligands are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Pradeep
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Anisha S Jain
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Chandan Dharmashekara
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Shashanka K Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | | | - R Pruthvish
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Raghavendra G Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Chandrashekar Srinivasa
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, Davangere University, Shivagangothri, Davangere, India
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah M Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A Al Kheraif
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Juan Frau
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Norma Flores-Holguín
- Laboratorio Virtual NANOCOSMOS, Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Energía, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua, México
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Shiva Prasad Kollur
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus, Mysuru, India
| | - Daniel Glossman-Mitnik
- Laboratorio Virtual NANOCOSMOS, Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Energía, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua, México
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7
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Jain AS, Prasad A, Pradeep S, Dharmashekar C, Achar RR, Silina E, Stupin V, Amachawadi RG, Prasad SK, Pruthvish R, Syed A, Shivamallu C, Kollur SP. Everything Old Is New Again: Drug Repurposing Approach for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Targeting MAPK Signaling Pathway. Front Oncol 2021; 11:741326. [PMID: 34692523 PMCID: PMC8526962 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.741326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a prominent subtype of lung carcinoma that accounts for the majority of cancer-related deaths globally, and it is responsible for about 80% to 85% of lung cancers. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are a vital aspect of NSCLC, and have aided in the advancement of therapies for this carcinoma. Targeting the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is a promising and alternative method in NSCLC treatment, which is highlighted in this review. The introduction of targeted medicines has revolutionized the treatment of patients with this carcinoma. When combined with current systems biology-driven stratagems, repurposing non-cancer drugs into new therapeutic niches presents a cost-effective and efficient technique with enhancing outcomes for discovering novel pharmacological activity. This article highlights the successful cutting-edge techniques while focusing on NSCLC targeted therapies. The ultimate challenge will be integrating these repurposed drugs into the therapeutic regimen of patients affected with NSCLC to potentially increase lung cancer cure rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha S. Jain
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Ashwini Prasad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Sushma Pradeep
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Chandan Dharmashekar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Raghu Ram Achar
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Ekaterina Silina
- Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Stupin
- Department of Hospital Surgery, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - Raghavendra G. Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Shashanka K. Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - R Pruthvish
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Shiva Prasad Kollur
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru, India
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Dharmashekara C, Pradeep S, Prasad SK, Jain AS, Syed A, Prasad KS, Patil SS, Beelagi MS, Srinivasa C, Shivamallu C. Virtual screening of potential phyto-candidates as therapeutic leads against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Environ Chall (Amst) 2021; 4:100136. [PMID: 38620722 PMCID: PMC8110638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2021.100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of novel coronavirus strain (Covid-19) with a high pandemic threat has predict grave public health and economic concerns. This virus, originating from the Wuhan region in China has spread worldwide affecting millions with no registered persuasive targeted therapy. In this paper, we analyze the three important proteins encoded by the virus, envelope protein 5 × 29, RNA binding nucleocapsid protein 1SSK, and spike glycoprotein 6ACD, for an effective virion accumulation, and remdesivir was the first drug approved by the FDA and EMA for the treatment of COVID-19 cases that require hospitalization, there is still much controversy about its efficacy and also an alternative for novel phytochemicals, deoxynojirimycin, trigoneoside IB, and octanoic acid. The in-silico evaluations were conducted using the PyRx virtual screening tools which lead to the target based on high binding affinity. Trigoneoside IB, derived from Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek), showed the highest binding affinity and stable interaction with the amino acid residues present in active sites of Covid-19 proteins. Meanwhile, the other two compounds derived from Morus alba (Mulberry) and Morinda citrifolia (Noni), as well as the anti-HIV remdesivir drug exhibited good binding affinity and favorable ADME properties. Thereby offering scope for validation of the new therapeutic components for their in vitro and in vivo efficacy against the Covid-19 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Dharmashekara
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - Sushma Pradeep
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - Shashanka K Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - Anisha S Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Tissue Culture, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kollur Shiva Prasad
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru campus, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharanagouda S Patil
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Mallikarjun S Beelagi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - Chandrashekar Srinivasa
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, Davangere University, Davangere 577007, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
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Beelagi MS, Bongale MM, Jain AS, Shiva Prasad K, Patil SS, Mellappa G, Dharmashekar C, Ashwini P, Triveni R, Shivamallu C, Srinivasa C. Molecular docking analysis of phytocompounds from Acacia farnesiana with protein targets linked to bronchitis. Bioinformation 2021; 17:557-567. [PMID: 35095230 PMCID: PMC8770410 DOI: 10.6026/97320630017557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute bronchitis is a lower respiratory tract lung infection that causes bronchial inflammation. The known protein drug targets are peptidoglycan D, D-transpeptidase, and DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A for bronchitis linked infections. These are the
membrane associated macromolecules which takes a major role in the formation of cell wall membrane by synthesising the cross-linked peptidoglycan. Therefore, it is of interest to design molecules with improved binding features with these protein targets. Hence,
we document the molecular docking analysis data of four phytocompounds from Acacia farnesiana having optimal binding features with these targets linked to bronchitis for further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjun S Beelagi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - Manoj Manjunath Bongale
- Department of studies in Biotechnology, Davangere University, Davangere 577007, Karnataka, India
| | - Anisha S Jain
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka–570 015, India
| | - Kollur Shiva Prasad
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 026, India
| | - Sharanagouda S Patil
- ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Govindappa Mellappa
- Department of Studies in Botany, Davangere University, Davangere 577007, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandan Dharmashekar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - P Ashwini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka–570 015, India
| | - R Triveni
- Sri HN Ananth Kumar, P.U. College, Bidadi 562109, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
- Chandan Shivamallu
| | - Chandrashekar Srinivasa
- Department of studies in Biotechnology, Davangere University, Davangere 577007, Karnataka, India
- Chandrashekar Srinivasa
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Jain AS, Sushma P, Dharmashekar C, Beelagi MS, Prasad SK, Shivamallu C, Prasad A, Syed A, Marraiki N, Prasad KS. In silico evaluation of flavonoids as effective antiviral agents on the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1040-1051. [PMID: 33424398 PMCID: PMC7783825 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus pandemic has spread over in 213 countries as of July 2020. Approximately 12 million people have been infected so far according to the reports from World Health Organization (WHO). Preventive measures are being taken globally to avoid the rapid spread of virus. In the current study, an in silico approach is carried out as a means of inhibiting the spike protein of the novel coronavirus by flavonoids from natural sources that possess both antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. The methodology is focused on molecular docking of 10 flavonoid compounds that are docked with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, to determine the highest binding affinity at the binding site. Molecular dynamics simulation was carried out with the flavonoid-protein complex showing the highest binding affinity and highest interactions. The flavonoid naringin showed the least binding energy of -9.8 Kcal/mol with the spike protein which was compared with the standard drug, dexamethasone which is being repurposed to treat critically ill patients. MD simulation was carried out on naringin-spike protein complex for their conformational stability in the active site of the novel coronavirus spike protein. The RMSD of the complex appeared to be more stable when compared to that of the protein from 0.2 nm to 0.4 nm. With the aid of this in silico approach further in vitro studies can be carried out on these flavonoids against the novel coronavirus as a means of viral protein inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha S. Jain
- Department of Microbiology , School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India
| | - P. Sushma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India
| | - Chandan Dharmashekar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India
| | - Mallikarjun S. Beelagi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India
| | - Shashanka K. Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India
| | - Ashwini Prasad
- Department of Microbiology , School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najat Marraiki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kollur Shiva Prasad
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 026, India
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Ankegowda VM, Kollur SP, Prasad SK, Pradeep S, Dhramashekara C, Jain AS, Prasad A, Srinivasa C, Sridhara Setty PB, Gopinath SM, S. RP, Bahkali AH, Syed A, Shivamallu C. Phyto-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Terminalia chebula Fruit Extract and Evaluation of Its Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Potential. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215042. [PMID: 33143044 PMCID: PMC7662631 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing interest in developing potent non-toxic drugs in medicine is widening the opportunities for studying the usage of nanostructures in the treatment of various diseases. The present work reports a method for a facile and an eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Terminalia chebula fruit extract (TCE). The obtained AgNPs was characterized by using different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The analysis of the results revealed that the as-obtained AgNPs have spherical morphology with an average diameter of 22 nm. Furthermore, the preliminary bioactivity evaluations revealed that the bio-conjugation of AgNPs, using TCE, significantly enhanced the antibacterial and anti-breast cancer potentials of the latter. The antibacterial activity of the as-prepared AgNPs showed that B. subtilis was more sensitive towards the AgNPs, followed by P. aeruginosa; while, E. coli and S. mutans showed comparatively minimal sensitivity toward the AgNPs. The IC50 values of TCE, AgNPs and TCE + AgNPs treatment of MCF-7 were found to be 17.53, 14.25 and 6.484 µg/mL, respectively. Therefore, it can be ascertained that the bio-conjugation may provide a headway with regard to the therapeutic employment of T. chebula, upon mechanistically understanding the basis of observed antibacterial and anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Malligere Ankegowda
- Department of Chemistry, Bangalore Institute of Technology, K.R. Road, V.V. Puram, Karnataka, Bangalore 560 004, India;
| | - Shiva Prasad Kollur
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus, Karnataka 570 026, India
- Correspondence: (S.P.K.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Shashanka K. Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India; (S.K.P.); (S.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Sushma Pradeep
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India; (S.K.P.); (S.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Chandan Dhramashekara
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India; (S.K.P.); (S.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Anisha S. Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Tissue Culture, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India; (A.S.J.)
| | - Ashwini Prasad
- Department of Microbiology and Tissue Culture, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India; (A.S.J.)
| | - Chandrashekar Srinivasa
- Department of Biotechnology, Davangere University, Shivagangotri, Davangere, Karnataka 577 007, India; (C.S.); (P.B.S.S.); (S.M.G.)
| | - Poojitha B. Sridhara Setty
- Department of Biotechnology, Davangere University, Shivagangotri, Davangere, Karnataka 577 007, India; (C.S.); (P.B.S.S.); (S.M.G.)
| | - S. M. Gopinath
- Department of Biotechnology, Davangere University, Shivagangotri, Davangere, Karnataka 577 007, India; (C.S.); (P.B.S.S.); (S.M.G.)
| | - Rajendra Prasad S.
- Department of Chemistry, Davangere University, Shivagangotri, Davangere, Karnataka 577 007, India;
| | - Ali H. Bahkali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (S.P.K.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India; (S.K.P.); (S.P.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.K.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
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12
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Pradeep S, Jain AS, Dharmashekara C, Prasad SK, Kollur SP, Syed A, Shivamallu C. Alzheimer's Disease and Herbal Combination Therapy: A Comprehensive Review. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2020; 4:417-429. [PMID: 33283163 PMCID: PMC7683102 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was first described in 1907 and got its name after Alois Alzheimer, a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist. This disease starts slow, increasing gradually to worsen in the due course of time. AD is mainly characterized by the associated dementia, which is a decline of cognitive effects such as memory, praxis, and orientation. The dementia is further highlighted by the presence of psychological and behavioral symptoms. Additionally, AD is also associated with the multiple interconnected pathways linked neuropathological changes such as the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid-β plaques inside the brain. AD therapeutics have been of prime concern over the decades, resulting in the elucidation of promising therapeutic targets. The requirement of AD stage dependent optimized conditions has necessitated a combinatorial approach toward treatment. The priority in AD research has remained to develop disease-modifying and development-reducing drugs for treatment regimens followed during the early and later stages, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Pradeep
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anisha S Jain
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandan Dharmashekara
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shashanka K Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shiva Prasad Kollur
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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Prasad KS, Pillai RR, Ghimire MP, Ray R, Richter M, Shivamallu C, Jain AS, Prasad SK, P S, Armaković S, Armaković SJ, Amachawadi RG. Indole moiety induced biological potency in pseudo-peptides derived from 2-amino-2-(1H-indole-2-yl) based acetamides: Chemical synthesis, in vitro anticancer activity and theoretical studies. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Khachane PV, Jain AS, Dhawan VV, Joshi GV, Date AA, Mulherkar R, Nagarsenker MS. Cationic nanoemulsions as potential carriers for intracellular delivery. Saudi Pharm J 2014; 23:188-94. [PMID: 25972740 PMCID: PMC4421023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful cytosolic delivery enables opportunities for improved treatment of various genetic disorders, infectious diseases and cancer. Cationic nanoemulsions were designed using alternative excipients and evaluated for particle size, charge, effect of sterilization on its stability, DNA condensation potential and cellular uptake efficiency. Various concentrations of non-ionic and ionic stabilizers were evaluated to design formula for colloidally stable cationic nanoemulsion. The nanoemulsion comprised of 5% Capmul MCM, 0.5% didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), 1% phospholipid, 1% Poloxamer 188 and 2.25% glycerol and possessed particle size of 81.6 ± 3.56 nm and 137.1 ± 1.57 nm before and after steam sterilization, respectively. DNA condensation studies were carried out at various nanoemulsion: DNA ratios ranging from 1:1 to 10:1. Cell uptake studies were conducted on human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell lines which are widely reported for transfection studies. The nanoemulsions showed excellent cellular uptake as evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Overall, a colloidally stable cationic nanoemulsion with good DNA condensation ability was successfully fabricated for efficient cytosolic delivery and potential for in vivo effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Khachane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400098, India
| | - A S Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400098, India
| | - V V Dhawan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400098, India
| | - G V Joshi
- Tata Memorial Center, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, Maharashtra, India
| | - A A Date
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400098, India ; School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - R Mulherkar
- Tata Memorial Center, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, Maharashtra, India
| | - M S Nagarsenker
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400098, India
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Abstract
AIMS To assess the changing rate of amputation in patients with diabetes over a 7-year period. METHODS All patients undergoing lower extremity amputation in Tayside, Scotland between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2006 were identified. Temporal linkage of cases to the diabetes database was used to ascertain which amputations were in patients with diabetes. RESULTS The incidence of major amputations fell from 5.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.8-6.4] to 2.9 (95% CI 1.9-3.8) per 1000 patients with diabetes (P < 0.05). There is a clear linear trend in the adjusted incidence of major amputation (P = 0.023 and 0.027 for age- and sex-adjusted, and duration- and sex-adjusted incidences, respectively). The adjusted incidence of total amputations followed decreased linear regression trend over the whole study period when adjusted for age and sex or diabetes duration and sex (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS There has been a significant reduction in the incidence of major lower extremity amputation in patients with diabetes over the 7-year period.
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Fadel GE, Hussain SM, Sripada S, Jain AS. Fixation of first metatarsal basal osteotomy using Acutrak screw. Foot Ankle Surg 2009; 14:21-5. [PMID: 19083607 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to determine clinical and radiological outcome following the internal fixation of first metatarsal basal osteotomy using Acutrak screw. METHODS Between May 1999 and December 2003, 37 feet undergoing basal closing wedge osteotomy were stabilised using Acutrak screw. The minimum follow-up period was 18 months. The position and fate of the screw, complications, hallux valgus, intermetatarsal and metatarsal declination angles, and time for bony union were assessed postoperatively and at the final follow-up. RESULTS Seventy-nine percent of the corrected feet had achieved excellent or good AOFAS score, 13% fair, and 8% poor score. The average preoperative intermetatarsal, hallux valgus and first metatarsal declination angles were 17.3 degrees (12-20 degrees), 38 degrees (17-53 degrees) and 22.5 degrees (16-30 degrees), respectively. These were reduced to 10.3 degrees (0-16 degrees), 14.6 degrees (9-26 degrees) and 20.4 degrees (16-26 degrees) following surgery and 11.2 degrees (0-18 degrees), 16.0 degrees (12-22 degrees) and 20.1 degrees (16-23 degrees), respectively, at the final follow-up. Clinical and radiological union has been achieved in all cases. CONCLUSION Our technique provides stable fixation with minimal loss of position at the osteotomy site.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Fadel
- Department of Orthopaedics & Trauma, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK.
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17
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
The long posterior flap has been the procedure of choice for transtibial amputation for many years, but recently its theoretical basis has been challenged. This study assessed the results with the long posterior flap for leg amputation.
Methods
A prospective cohort study was performed. All patients who were referred to the Dundee Limb Fitting Centre for leg amputation between 1987 and 1996 had details of diagnosis, investigations, procedure, and both operative and functional outcome recorded contemporaneously.
Results
Some 126 patients required a transfemoral amputation and 445 needed a transtibial procedure. Fifty patients having the transtibial operation, who would otherwise have required a transfemoral amputation, had a medially based flap; the remaining 395 patients underwent a transtibial amputation by the long posterior flap technique. Primary healing was achieved in 317 patients, and 11 amputations healed by secondary intention. Fifty-one patients required a local wedge resection and 16 had a secondary transfemoral amputation.
Conclusion
These results compare favourably with those of other published series. The long posterior flap remains to be bettered for routine transtibial amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Allcock
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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Van Niekerk LJ, Stewart CP, Jain AS. Major lower limb amputation following failed infrainguinal vascular bypass surgery: a prospective study on amputation levels and stump complications. Prosthet Orthot Int 2001; 25:29-33. [PMID: 11411002 DOI: 10.1080/03093640108726565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of failed vascular bypass surgery on final amputation level and stump complications is the subject of debate. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to assess the influence of previous infrainguinal bypass surgery on amputees in the authors' centre. Over a three-year period, 234 amputations (219 patients) were performed for critical ischemia. The cause of ischemia was either peripheral obstructive arterial disease (POAD) or diabetes mellitus (DM). Forty-eight percent (48%) (113 amputations) had ipsilateral vascular bypass surgery prior to amputation and 52% (121 amputations) had not. Final amputation level and the post-operative complications of infection, significant stump pain and delayed wound healing were used as the outcome measures for this study. At the end of the study period these outcome measures were used to compare the influence of previous bypass surgery on the two groups of amputees. There was a significantly higher rate of transfemoral amputations (TFA) (32.7%) vs. 16.5%; p < 0.05) and stump infection rate (42% vs. 23%; p < 0.05) in the bypass group. Significant stump pain (p = 0.23) and delayed wound healing (p = 0.24) was more prevalent in the bypass group although statistical significance could not be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Van Niekerk
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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20
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Abstract
Ten (10) diabetic and 7 non-diabetic patients on renal replacement therapy have undergone limb amputation in the authors' unit in the 1988 to 1996 period. The article examines the course of illness and survival patterns in this distinct and increasing sub-set in the amputee population. Rehabilitation and survival were significantly better in the diabetic group and it is recommended that it would be helpful for both prognosis and analysis if the sub-set of amputees on treatment for chronic renal failure is further divided into diabetic and non-diabetic sub-sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Fleming
- Renal Dialysis Unit, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Scotland
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Jain AS, Stewart CP. The use of the shuttle lock system for problem trans-femoral suspension. Prosthet Orthot Int 1999; 23:256-7. [PMID: 10890602 DOI: 10.3109/03093649909071643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A S Jain
- Tayside Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Technology Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the overall financial cost of the prosthetic care which war amputees have incurred since the injury occurred. Records of 98 war veteran amputees who had attended the Dundee Limb Fitting Centre were scrutinised, they revealed 52 survivors and 46 who had died by 1997 and represented all the records available at the time of the review. The number and nature of visits, the number of prosthetic limbs ordered were counted and using today's costs, the cost of these services calculated. The costs of stump socks, transport and social security payments were not included. The cost of the artificial limbs was calculated at Pound Sterling(GBP)69 million with the recognition that it is an underestimate and approximation. Despite this it shows that the cost, allowing for the underestimation, has been relatively insignificant in the total cost of a major war and the war machinery. The cost however to the individuals has been considerable with a substantial disability occurring at the prime of life resulting in a significant handicap. It is a continuing legacy that society is responsible for, as a direct result of armed conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Stewart
- Dundee Limb Fitting Centre, Broughty Ferry, Scotland
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23
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Harrison DK, Newton DJ, McCollum PT, Jain AS. Lightguide spectrophotometry for the assessment of skin healing viability in critical limb ischaemia. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996; 388:45-51. [PMID: 8798793 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0333-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D K Harrison
- Department of Medical Physics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The aim of this experimental study was to investigate whether lightguide spectrophotometry in the visible wavelength range in skin could be used to predict stump healing viability in patients with critical lower limb ischaemia. Remission spectra recorded at two sites (medial and lateral) on the line of a proposed trans-tibial amputation (TTA) and at 10mm intervals along the leg were analysed to give haemoglobin oxygenation (SO2). Degree of tissue hypoxia (DTH) along the leg was defined as the percentage of values along the leg less than 10% SO2. DTH and mean SO2 values were compared with skin blood flow values ((I125) 4-Iodoantipyrine clearance technique) and clinical outcome of trans-tibial amputation, (TTA) or trans-femoral amputation (TFA), in 41 patients. SO2 histograms were also measured in 12 normal subjects for comparison. The results of the study allowed the establishment of criteria for the accurate prediction of flap healing potential. Successful TTAs all displayed a minimum mean SO2 at the medial and lateral measurement sites of 30%, together with a maximum degree of tissue hypoxia of 15% along the limb. The combination of these criteria gave a sensitivity and selectivity of 1.0 for prediction of a successful outcome of TTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Harrison
- Department of Medical Physics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
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25
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to review the 68 patients who had been referred to Dundee Limb Fitting Centre during the period 1965-1994, with a congenital anomaly of a major limb requiring prosthetic replacement. A profile of the incidence of congenital anomalies, amputation levels and prosthetic fitting was obtained. During the period only 68 cases with 80 congenital anomalies were referred. During these 29 years, 20 cases required surgical amputation and overall 35 surgical procedures were performed in these cases, only 3 were in the upper limb. The incidence of upper and lower limb deficiency was similar. The patients represented a small proportion (1.6%) of the patients who were reported to have congenital anomalies. Figures indicated that about 8% of all live/still births have some form of anomaly. Prosthetic fitting and use was successful in all 68 cases but long term life follow-up is necessary to ensure continued prosthetic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Stewart
- Dundee Limb Fitting Centre, Tayside, Scotland
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26
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Jain AS, Stewart CP, Turner MS. Transtibial amputation using a medially based flap. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1995; 40:263-265. [PMID: 7674211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A technique is described which allows salvage of the knee joint in dysvascular patients who have marginal skin viability at below-knee level and who would otherwise require an above-knee amputation. The rationale for this technique is based on the vascular assessment which shows that there is frequently a significant medical to lateral skin blood flow gradient below the knee. Thus, a flap based on the more vascular medial skin is advocated. In 27 out of 34 'at risk' patients treated by the technique, the knee joint was successfully salvaged allowing early prosthetic fitting and mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Jain
- Dundee Limb Fitting Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Dundee, UK
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27
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Hanspal RS, Jain AS. Vascular surgical services. BMJ 1995; 310:128. [PMID: 7833714 PMCID: PMC2548527 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.310.6972.128c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Jain
- Dundee Limb Fitting Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Dundee, UK
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29
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Abstract
The Dundee Limb Fitting Centre has provided an integrated rehabilitation programme for the amputee since 1965. A review of 1846 primary amputees is discussed. During this period a dramatic change in the above-knee/below-knee (AK/BK) ratio has been achieved with 71% BK and 26% AK occurring in 1989. Over 80% of all amputees, the majority being elderly with peripheral vascular disease, were successfully fitted with a prosthesis. Final discharge home or to a residential home for the elderly was achieved in 76.2% of cases with 3.6% dying in the Unit. Bilateral amputation occurred in 18% of cases of whom 48% were BK-BK. Overall 66% were successfully fitted with a prosthesis. The results demonstrate the advantages of an integrated approach to the amputation and consequent rehabilitation.
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30
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Abstract
A study was carried out on the cause of death of 100 lower limb amputees who had been admitted to the Dundee Limb Fitting Centre, Tayside, Scotland for prosthetic management or wheelchair training. A comprehensive database has been established in the Centre for 25 years and the database is updated regularly. The date of death was collected and recorded. One hundred sequential deaths were investigated to review the cause of their death and compare this with the recorded causes of death for the Tayside population for the year of study. Ninety three per cent had an amputation for vascular related causes, with 73% having a below-knee amputation and 17% above-knee. Heart disease was the most frequent recorded cause of death (51%) of the amputee whereas only 28.1% of the Tayside group died from this pathology (p less than 0.01). Carcinomatosis was reported as a cause of death in 14% of the amputees and 23.5% of the Tayside group. Cerebrovascular disease caused death in 6% of the amputees and in 12.3% of the Tayside group (both p less than 0.01). These findings confirm earlier suggestions that vascular amputees die from heart disease more often than the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Stewart
- Dundee Limb Fitting Centre, Broughty Ferry, Scotland
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31
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Abstract
A total of 1710 primary amputees have been studied over a 25 year period and their survival time has been calculated. These were all consecutive primary lower limb amputees admitted to the Dundee Limb Fitting Centre during the period 1965-1989. Overall, the median survival was 4 yr 9 mth for the below-knee amputee (1019 patients) and 4 yr 3 mth for the above-knee amputee (586 patients). The vascular related amputees had an overall median survival of 4 yr. In the two decades 1970-1979 and 1980-1989 there were significant differences between the survival time of the below-knee and above-knee amputee. The survival of the amputee has increased during the two decades from 3 yr 6 mth to 6 yr 6 mth (p greater than 0.001). For the first decade male above-knee and male below-knee amputee median survival was 3 yr 1 mth and 3 yr 11 mth respectively and for the second the survival was 5 yr 9 mth and 6 yr 11 mth for these levels of amputation. For 1970-1979 no significant differences were found between male and female peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and diabetes mellitus related amputee survival. For 1980-1989 significant differences were found between PVD related male above-knee amputees (3 yr 10 mth) and male below-knee amputees (6 yr 7 mth) (p greater than 0.01). Similar results were found for the female patients. Operative mortality was found to be 5% over the period 1975-1989 which compared favorably with previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Stewart
- Dundee Limb Fitting Centre, Broughty Ferry, Scotland
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32
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Buckley JR, Jain AS. Meningococcal septic arthritis of the knee. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1990; 35:398. [PMID: 2086806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Buckley
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatic Surgery, Royal Infirmary, Dundee, UK
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33
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Rowley DI, Jain AS. Amputation surgery--a plea for caution. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1990; 35:112. [PMID: 2355376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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34
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Cadoff EM, Venkataramanan R, Krajack A, Jain AS, Fung JJ, Todo S, Starzl TE. Assay of FK 506 in plasma. Transplant Proc 1990; 22:50-1. [PMID: 1689898 PMCID: PMC2903895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E M Cadoff
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA
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Abstract
This paper records the Dundee experience over 23 years and reports on 42 cases of tumour related lower limb amputations. There were 27 males and 15 females with 37 malignant and 5 benign tumours. Four of the 'benign' tumours proved to be osteoclastoma which were locally malignant. Prosthetic rehabilitation was achieved in all but one case. All patients fitted were able to use their prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Jain
- Dundee Limb Fitting Centre, Scotland
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36
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Cumming JG, Spence VA, Jain AS, McCollum PT, Stewart C, Walker WF, Murdoch G. Further experience in the healing rate of lower limb amputations. Eur J Vasc Surg 1988; 2:383-5. [PMID: 3253121 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-821x(88)80016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Results of lower limb amputation in the Tayside Region in the years 1981-1985 have been analysed. Three-hundred and twenty-four amputations were performed on three-hundred and eight patients. Two-hundred and thirty-six amputations were attempted at the below-knee level. Only 19 required proximal revision. Prior to amputation, all patients should have a detailed vascular assessment, and the operation should be performed by experienced amputation surgeons using meticulous technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Cumming
- Department of Surgery, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, U.K
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37
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Abstract
A simple regime has been devised for the post-operative management of patients following surgery for Dupuytren's contracture; this includes splintage of the hand for two weeks and active and passive mobilisation by the patient according to precise instructions. Selective help was provided by minimal occupational therapy in 5 of 50 patients. The results of the method were assessed prospectively by subjective criteria and objective assessment by measuring the deformity of the finger joints, lateral and tip pinch and grasp and shear forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Jain
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatic Surgery, Royal Infirmary, Dundee
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Jain AS, Mitchell C, Carus DA. A Simple Inexpensive Post-Operative Management Regime Following Surgery for Dupuytren’s Contracture. Journal of Hand Surgery 1988; 13:259-61. [PMID: 3171288 DOI: 10.1016/0266-7681_88_90081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A simple regime has been devised for the post-operative management of patients following surgery for Dupuytren’s contracture; this includes splintage of the hand for two weeks and active and passive mobilisation by the patient according to precise instructions. Selective help was provided by minimal occupational therapy in 5 of 50 patients. The results of the method were assessed prospectively by subjective criteria and objective assessment by measuring the deformity of the finger joints, lateral and tip pinch and grasp and shear forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Jain
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatic Surgery, Royal Infirmary, Dundee
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39
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Abstract
50 below-knee amputations were carried out in 45 patients (25 men and 20 women), mean (SD) age 73 (10.5) years. The mean survival time was 22(16) months after the operation. In each patient the healing potential of a below-knee amputation was determined preoperatively by segmental pressure studies and thermographic delineation of skin perfusion. 33 of the stumps healed by first intention, in 14 healing was delayed but occurred without the need for further surgery, and 3 stumps healed after local wedge excision. The initial mobilisation rate was 90%. Thus, there are no grounds for carrying out an initial above-knee amputation to save the patient a further operation.
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40
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Abstract
Splintage plays a major part in the management and rehabilitation of the hand following injury, infection and operation. It is essential to have a simple, comfortable, and firm but flexible splint. This should be available "off the shelf", but be acceptable to the patient and to the treating clinician. This paper will describe a splint which not only has these qualities, but is cheap and is re-usable after washing. The splint is made of high density Plastazote and is available in two sizes for each hand. It is moulded into the shape of the functional position of the hand and can easily be trimmed with bandage scissors to give a precise fitting. The splint has been evaluated following surgery on fifty hands. Its fabrication, use and simplicity are discussed.
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Reid AH, Swanson AJ, Jain AS, Spowart G, Wright AF. Manic depressive psychosis with mental retardation and flexion deformities: a clinical and cytogenetic study. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 150:92-7. [PMID: 3651762 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.150.1.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Five mentally handicapped patients are described in whom a bipolar manic depressive psychosis was associated with flexion deformities, involving principally the fingers. The effect of increasing degrees of retardation on the clinical presentation of the affective psychosis is discussed. Surgical treatment of the flexion deformity brought about considerable improvement in one patient. These five patients were further investigated cytogenetically using high resolution banding techniques. The results obtained were interesting but inconclusive. There would seem to be a definite place for further cytogenetic investigations of some of the more distinctive psychotic disorders using this technique.
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Abstract
A microcomputer based system has been designed for precise, objective quantification of hand strength. Pinch, grasp and shear strengths are measured using force transducers. The system, which is quick and easy to operate, not only measures these strengths accurately, but also collects, stores and displays this data numerically or in graphical form, at the touch of a button. The data can be manipulated to answer any type of statistical question related to any group of patients. The assessment of hand strength in ninety-six people, representing normal hand function, by means of this system, is reported.
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43
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Abstract
Hand strength may be adversely affected by many conditions. Those involved in the treatment of hand disorders require an objective means of measuring hand strength, in order to monitor the progress of individual patients and to assess the value of particular treatment regimes. This paper describes the rationale behind the development of a versatile microcomputer based system for the clinical measurement of hand strength, its operation, and its uses.
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44
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Abstract
Dislocation of both ends of the clavicle simultaneously is an injury usually sustained in a major accident; in this unusual case it resulted from a minor fall at home. The mechanism of injury and the treatment are discussed.
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45
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Shepherd AN, Jain AS, Hislop WS. Pathological fracture, bone metastases and primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1984; 10:181-4. [PMID: 6203676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pathological fracture and metastatic bone disease without pulmonary metastases were the presenting features in three patients ultimately found to have primary hepatocellular carcinoma. In one case immunoperoxidase staining of bone scrapings for alpha-fetoprotein secreting cells contributed directly to the diagnosis.
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46
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Jain AS. Osteoid osteoma--still a difficult problem. Br J Clin Pract 1984; 38:68-71. [PMID: 6704299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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47
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Abstract
One hundred and twenty knee injuries diagnosed as traumatic haemarthrosis were reviewed. All were initially treated by aspiration and splintage. None had major ligamentous or major bony injury clinically or radiographically when first seen. The incidence of anterior cruciate damage was 17 per cent and that of crack fracture was 29 per cent. Many of those aged under thirty had anterior cruciate damage. Those over thirty commonly had crack fractures. Sixty-five per cent of the patients had no symptom when reviewed. A total of 9.9 per cent needed further operations. The younger patients, especially those with an injury from sport, should be referred to a specialist knee clinic for further management.
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48
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Abstract
A case is presented of Kienböck's Disease of the left wrist in a seventy-one year old lady, believed to be the oldest reported patient with this condition.
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