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Kwasnitschka T, Köser K, Sticklus J, Rothenbeck M, Weiß T, Wenzlaff E, Schoening T, Triebe L, Steinführer A, Devey C, Greinert J. DeepSurveyCam--A Deep Ocean Optical Mapping System. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:164. [PMID: 26828495 PMCID: PMC4801542 DOI: 10.3390/s16020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Underwater photogrammetry and in particular systematic visual surveys of the deep sea are by far less developed than similar techniques on land or in space. The main challenges are the rough conditions with extremely high pressure, the accessibility of target areas (container and ship deployment of robust sensors, then diving for hours to the ocean floor), and the limitations of localization technologies (no GPS). The absence of natural light complicates energy budget considerations for deep diving flash-equipped drones. Refraction effects influence geometric image formation considerations with respect to field of view and focus, while attenuation and scattering degrade the radiometric image quality and limit the effective visibility. As an improvement on the stated issues, we present an AUV-based optical system intended for autonomous visual mapping of large areas of the seafloor (square kilometers) in up to 6000 m water depth. We compare it to existing systems and discuss tradeoffs such as resolution vs. mapped area and show results from a recent deployment with 90,000 mapped square meters of deep ocean floor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kwasnitschka
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, RD4/RD2, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Kevin Köser
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, RD4/RD2, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jan Sticklus
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, RD4/RD2, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Marcel Rothenbeck
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, RD4/RD2, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Tim Weiß
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, RD4/RD2, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Emanuel Wenzlaff
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, RD4/RD2, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Timm Schoening
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, RD4/RD2, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Lars Triebe
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, RD4/RD2, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Anja Steinführer
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, RD4/RD2, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Colin Devey
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, RD4/RD2, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jens Greinert
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, RD4/RD2, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany.
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