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Niewiadomska A, Grażyńska A, Barczyk-Gutkowska A, Ludwik K, Kuźbińska A, Steinhof-Radwańska K. Neuroendocrine tumor of the middle ear. Pol Arch Intern Med 2024:16732. [PMID: 38655834 DOI: 10.20452/pamw.16732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
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Grażyńska A, Niewiadomska A, Owczarek AJ, Winder M, Hołda J, Zwolińska O, Barczyk-Gutkowska A, Lorek A, Kuźbińska A, Steinhof-Radwańska K. BIRADS 4 - Is it possible to downgrade lesions that do not enhance on recombinant contrast-enhanced mammography images? Eur J Radiol 2023; 167:111062. [PMID: 37643559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2023.111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Analysis of the morphology of lesions classified into the BI-RADS 4 category and assessment of the possibility of downgrade the BI-RADS category in those that did not show enhancement on recombinant contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) images. METHOD The retrospective, single-center study included 528 patients who underwent a core needle biopsy performed from January 2017 to November 2022 due to a breast lesion classified as BI-RADS 4 on CEM. Patients' electronic records and imaging examinations were reviewed. Individual lesions were classified into the morphological categories of mass, non-mass, and microcalcifications. Sensitivity, specificity, positive as well as negative predictive values were calculated for the whole group and individual morphological categories. The influence of the lesions' diameter on the results was analyzed. RESULTS CEM NPV for the whole group was 93.9% (±95% CI: 90.0-96.4), for mass lesions 100% (±95% CI: 94.5-100), for non-mass lesions 97.8% (±95% CI: 87.0-99.9) and 87.9% (±95% CI: 80.3-93.0) for microcalcifications. Given that 230 out of 383 benign lesions were not contrast-enhancing, 60.1% of unnecessary CNBs would have been correctly avoided. CEM sensitivity for lesions < 20 mm was lower than for lesions ≥ 20 mm and was respectively 86.6% (±95% CI: 76.8-92.8) vs 94.6% (±95% CI: 86.0-98.2), respectively. CONCLUSION CEM is characterized by high sensitivity in the detection of malignant lesions in the case of lesions with mass and non-mass morphology. The high NPV for recombinant images suggests that in the case of these lesions, the lack of enhancement supports the benign nature of the lesion and may lead to a downgrade of the BI-RADS category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grażyńska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 14, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Niewiadomska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 14, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksander J Owczarek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 14, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Winder
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 14, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Jakub Hołda
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 14, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 12, 31-034 Cracow, Poland
| | - Olga Zwolińska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 14, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Barczyk-Gutkowska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 14, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lorek
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Prof. Kornel Gibiński Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Ceglana 35, 40-514 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kuźbińska
- Department of Pathomorfology, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 14, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Steinhof-Radwańska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 14, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
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Grabowska S, Hitnarowicz A, Barczyk-Gutkowska A, Gruszczyńska K, Steinhof-Radwańska K, Winder M. Abbreviated magnetic resonance imaging protocols in oncology: improving accessibility in precise diagnostics. Pol J Radiol 2023; 88:e415-e422. [PMID: 37808176 PMCID: PMC10551741 DOI: 10.5114/pjr.2023.131213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer, as the second leading cause of death in the world, is one of the major public health concerns today. Accurate diagnosis and prompt initiation of adequate treatment are of key importance for prognosis. Abbreviated magnetic resonance protocols (AMRI) are promising techniques based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols that shorten acquisition time without significant loss of examination quality. Faster protocols that focus on detection of suspicious lesions with most precise sequences, can contribute to comparable diagnostic performance of a full MRI protocol. The purpose of this article was to review the current application of AMRI protocols in several oncological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Grabowska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Hitnarowicz
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Barczyk-Gutkowska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gruszczyńska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Mateusz Winder
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Hołda J, Barczyk-Gutkowska A, Kuźbińska A, Holecki M, Hrapkowicz M, Steinhof-Radwańska K. Colorectal deep infiltrating endometriosis. Pol Arch Intern Med 2023; 133:16530. [PMID: 37417194 DOI: 10.20452/pamw.16530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Hołda
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Barczyk-Gutkowska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Michał Holecki
- Department of Internal, Autoimmune and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Hrapkowicz
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Winder M, Grabowska S, Hitnarowicz A, Barczyk-Gutkowska A, Gruszczyńska K, Steinhof-Radwańska K. The application of abbreviated MRI protocols in malignant liver lesions surveillance. Eur J Radiol 2023; 164:110840. [PMID: 37141846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2023.110840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading public health problems globally. Since time is of the essence in oncology, the sooner an accurate diagnosis is made, the better the prognosis for patients. There is a growing need to find a flawless and fast imaging method for cancer detection, but also for its evaluation during treatment. In this respect, the possibilities and novelties of magnetic resonance imaging are particularly promising. Abbreviated magnetic resonance imaging (AMRI) protocols have aroused universal interest as a compromise between scanning time reduction and preservation of image quality. Shorter protocols focused on the detection of suspicious lesions with the most sensitive sequences could provide a diagnostic performance similar to the one of the standard protocol. The purpose of this article is to review the ongoing accomplishments in the use of AMRI protocols in liver metastases and HCC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Winder
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Grabowska
- Students' Scientific Society, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Hitnarowicz
- Students' Scientific Society, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Barczyk-Gutkowska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gruszczyńska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Lorek AJ, Steinhof-Radwańska K, Zarębski W, Barczyk-Gutkowska A, Lorek J, Stojčev Z, Pasek J, Szyluk K. The prevalence of hypoparathyroidism after thyroid surgery depending on the diagnosis, the extent of the procedure, and the presence of parathyroid glands in the postoperative examination. Endokrynol Pol 2021; 72:586-587. [PMID: 34647611 DOI: 10.5603/ep.a2021.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej J Lorek
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Prof. Kornel Gibiński Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Steinhof-Radwańska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Prof. Kornel Gibiński Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zarębski
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Prof. Kornel Gibiński Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland, Poland
| | - Anna Barczyk-Gutkowska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Prof. Kornel Gibiński Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Lorek
- Ludwik Rydygier Specialist Hospital in Kraków, Poland
| | - Zoran Stojčev
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Prof. Kornel Gibiński Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland, Poland
| | - Jarosław Pasek
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Karol Szyluk
- District Hospital of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Piekary Śląskie, Poland
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Steinhof-Radwańska K, Lorek A, Holecki M, Barczyk-Gutkowska A, Grażyńska A, Szczudło-Chraścina J, Bożek O, Habas J, Szyluk K, Niemiec P, Gisterek I. Multifocality and Multicentrality in Breast Cancer: Comparison of the Efficiency of Mammography, Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Group of Patients with Primarily Operable Breast Cancer. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:4016-4030. [PMID: 34677259 PMCID: PMC8534697 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28050341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multifocality and multicentrality of breast cancer (MFMCC) are the significant aspects that determine a specialist's choice between applying breast-conserving therapy (BCT) or performing a mastectomy. This study aimed to assess the usefulness of mammography (MG), contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in women diagnosed with breast cancer before qualifying for surgical intervention to visualize other (additional) cancer foci. METHODS The study included 60 breast cancer cases out of 630 patients initially who underwent surgery due to breast cancer from January 2015 to April 2019. MG, CESM, and MRI were compared with each other in terms of the presence of MFMCC and assessed for compliance with the postoperative histopathological examination (HP). RESULTS Histopathological examination confirmed the presence of MFMCC in 33/60 (55%) patients. The sensitivity of MG in detecting MFMCC was 50%, and its specificity was 95.83%. For CESM, the sensitivity was 85.29%, and the specificity was 96.15%. For MRI, all the above-mentioned parameters were higher as follows: sensitivity-91.18%; specificity-92.31%. CONCLUSIONS In patients with MFMCC, both CESM and MRI are highly sensitive in the detection of additional cancer foci. Both CESM and MRI change the extent of surgical intervention in every fourth patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Steinhof-Radwańska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Prof. Kornel Gibiński Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (A.B.-G.); (O.B.)
| | - Andrzej Lorek
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Prof. Kornel Gibiński Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-514 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Michał Holecki
- Department of Internal, Autoimmune and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medical Science, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Anna Barczyk-Gutkowska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Prof. Kornel Gibiński Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (A.B.-G.); (O.B.)
| | - Anna Grażyńska
- Students’ Scientific Society Department of Nuclear Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, University Clinical Center Prof. K. Gibiński, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | | | - Oskar Bożek
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Prof. Kornel Gibiński Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (A.B.-G.); (O.B.)
| | - Justyna Habas
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Sosnowiec, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Karol Szyluk
- I Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, District Hospital of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, 41-940 Piekary Śląskie, Poland;
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Paweł Niemiec
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Iwona Gisterek
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Prof. Kornel Gibiński Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-515 Katowice, Poland;
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Steinhof-Radwańska K, Lorek A, Holecki M, Barczyk-Gutkowska A, Grażyńska A, Gisterek I. Efficacy of mammography and contrast‑enhanced spectral mammography in women with multifocal and multicentric breast cancer. Pol Arch Intern Med 2021; 131:759-761. [PMID: 34057323 DOI: 10.20452/pamw.16011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Steinhof-Radwańska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Lorek
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Holecki
- Department of Internal, Autoimmune and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Barczyk-Gutkowska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Grażyńska
- Student Scientific Society, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Iwona Gisterek
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
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Lorek A, Steinhof-Radwańska K, Barczyk-Gutkowska A, Zarębski W, Paleń P, Szyluk K, Lorek J, Grażyńska A, Niemiec P, Gisterek I. The Usefulness of Spectral Mammography in Surgical Planning of Breast Cancer Treatment-Analysis of 999 Patients with Primary Operable Breast Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:2548-2559. [PMID: 34287253 PMCID: PMC8293137 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) is a promising, digital breast imaging method for planning surgeries. The study aimed at comparing digital mammography (MG) with CESM as predictive factors in visualizing multifocal-multicentric cancers (MFMCC) before determining the surgery extent. We analyzed 999 patients after breast cancer surgery to compare MG and CESM in terms of detecting MFMCC. Moreover, these procedures were assessed for their conformity with postoperative histopathology (HP), calculating their sensitivity and specificity. The question was which histopathological types of breast cancer were more frequently characterized by multifocality–multicentrality in comparable techniques as regards the general number of HP-identified cancers. The analysis involved the frequency of post-CESM changes in the extent of planned surgeries. In the present study, MG revealed 48 (4.80%) while CESM 170 (17.02%) MFMCC lesions, subsequently confirmed in HP. MG had MFMCC detecting sensitivity of 38.51%, specificity 99.01%, PPV (positive predictive value) 85.71%, and NPV (negative predictive value) 84.52%. The respective values for CESM were 87.63%, 94.90%, 80.57% and 96.95%. Moreover, no statistically significant differences were found between lobular and NST cancers (27.78% vs. 21.24%) regarding MFMCC. A treatment change was required by 20.00% of the patients from breast-conserving to mastectomy, upon visualizing MFMCC in CESM. In conclusion, mammography offers insufficient diagnostic sensitivity for detecting additional cancer foci. The high diagnostic sensitivity of CESM effectively assesses breast cancer multifocality/multicentrality and significantly changes the extent of planned surgeries. The multifocality/multicentrality concerned carcinoma, lobular and invasive carcinoma of no special type (NST) cancers with similar incidence rates, which requires further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Lorek
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Prof. Kornel Gibiński Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia, 40-514 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (K.S.-R.)
| | - Katarzyna Steinhof-Radwańska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Prof. Kornel Gibiński Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia, 40-514 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (K.S.-R.)
| | - Anna Barczyk-Gutkowska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Prof. Kornel Gibiński Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia, 40-514 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Zarębski
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Prof. Kornel Gibiński Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia, 40-514 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Piotr Paleń
- Department of Pathomorphology and Molecular Diagnostics, Prof. Kornel Gibiński Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Karol Szyluk
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, District Hospital of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, 41-940 Piekary Śląskie, Poland;
| | - Joanna Lorek
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig Rydygier Hospital sp. z.o.o., 31-826 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Anna Grażyńska
- Students’ Scientific Society, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 40-514 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Paweł Niemiec
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Iwona Gisterek
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Prof. Kornel Gibiński Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia, 40-514 Katowice, Poland;
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Lorek A, Steinhof-Radwańska K, Barczyk-Gutkowska A, Zarębski W, Boratyn-Nowicka A, Bobola A, Lorek J, Stojčev Z. Retrospective Comparison of Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography with Digital Mammography in Assessing Tumor Size in 668 Cases of Breast Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e926977. [PMID: 32994388 PMCID: PMC7534504 DOI: 10.12659/msm.926977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) is digital mammography with contrast agent. This promising new breast imaging method can be used for planning surgical treatment. This study compared CESM versus digital mammography (MG) in evaluating tumor size in breast cancer. Material/Methods Comparison of tumor dimensions in CESM, MG, and histopathology was made. The correlation of these data was assessed by histopathological type, biological subtype, grading of the carcinoma, and patient age. Results The average difference in tumor size between CESM and histopathological examination was 5 mm. The differences in size measurement between CESM and MG were significant (p=0.00). The Pearson’s linear correlation coefficients of CESM versus HP and MG versus HP were −0.01 (p=0.79) and −0.25 (p=0.00), respectively, indicating no differences between CESM and HP based on the lesion size. A weak negative correlation between those values was observed on MG. No relationship was found between the tumor size in CESM and the biological subtype, carcinoma malignancy degree, or patient age. Conclusions CESM is a new diagnostic method in breast cancer. The accuracy of measurement of tumor size using CESM is independent of lesion size, but it overestimates the size by 5 mm on average. The difference is not dependent on grading, biological subtype of the carcinoma, or patient age. They concern the histopathological type, and values are significantly greater in pre-invasive carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Lorek
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Anna Barczyk-Gutkowska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zarębski
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Bobola
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Lorek
- Student of the Medical Faculty at the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Zoran Stojčev
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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