Impact of the Ileal Microbiota on Surgical Site Infections in Crohn's Disease: A Nationwide Prospective Cohort

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Surgery is performed in 50-70% of Crohn's disease [CD] patients, and its main risk is surgical site infection [SSI]. The microbiota has been extensively assessed in CD but not as a potential risk factor for septic morbidity. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the gut microbiota on SSI in CD.

METHODS

We used the multicentric REMIND prospective cohort to identify all patients who experienced SSI after ileocolonic resection for CD, defined as any postoperative local septic complication within 90 days after surgery: wound abscess, intra-abdominal collection, anastomotic leakage or enterocutaneous fistula. The mucosa-associated microbiota of the ileal resection specimen was analysed by 16S gene sequencing in 149 patients. The variable selection and prediction were performed with random forests [R package VSURF] on clinical and microbiotal data. The criterion of performance that we considered was the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic [ROC] curve [AUC].

RESULTS

SSI occurred in 24 patients [16.1%], including 15 patients [10.1%] with major morbidity. There were no significant differences between patients with or without SSI regarding alpha and beta diversity. The top selected variables for the prediction of SSI were all microbiota-related. The maximum AUC [0.796] was obtained with a model including 14 genera, but an AUC of 0.78 had already been obtained with a model including only six genera [Hungatella, Epulopiscium, Fusobacterium, Ruminococcaceae_ucg_009, Actinomyces and Ralstonia].

CONCLUSION

The gut microbiota has the potential to predict SSI after ileocolonic resection for CD. It might play a role in this frequent postoperative complication.

[The effect of body mass index on outcome of body contouring surgeries]

BACKGROUND

The generalization of bariatric surgery interventions has led in recent years to an explosion in demand for body contouring surgeries. These operations can be followed by postoperative complications; and residual obesity, defined by a BMI≥30, is traditionally considered as a relative contraindication. The objective is to study the influence of a BMI≥30 on the risk of postoperative complications.

METHODS

A retrospective study was conducted on all patients who underwent body contouring surgery between 2014 and 2020 at the Arras Hospital Center. Major complication rates were compared in obese and non-obese patients.

RESULTS

Two hundred twenty-three patients were included, representing a total of 247 surgeries: 124 in the BMI<30 group and 123 in the BMI≥30 group. Sixteen surgeries were followed by at least one major complication, 6 in group I versus 10 in group II (RR=1.7 (0.6-4.5), NS, P=0.29). Therefore there were not significantly more major complications in obese patients.

CONCLUSION

The incidence of major complications following body contouring surgeries is not modified by the presence of a BMI greater than 30, subject to a precautionary procedure adapted to each patient. BMI is therefore not a sufficient criterion to contraindicate this type of surgery.

Thermoregulation at birth differs between piglets from two genetic lines divergent for residual feed intake

Thermoregulation is essential to piglets' neonatal survival. This study used infrared thermography (IRT) to assess thermoregulation abilities of piglets from two lines divergent for residual feed intake (RFI). At birth, morphology (weight, length, width and circumference), vigour (respiration, mobility and vocalisation), and rectal temperature were recorded from piglets of the 11th generation of the low RFI (LRFI, more efficient; n = 34) and the high RFI (HRFI, less efficient; n = 28) lines. Infrared thermography images were taken at 8, 15, 30 and 60 min post partum. Temperatures of the ear base and tip, and of the back (i.e. shoulders to rumps) were extracted (Thermacam Researcher Pro 2.0) and analysed with linear mixed models (SAS 9.4). Piglets had different average hourly weight gain (HRFI = 7.1 ± 1.3 g/h, LRFI = 3.6 ± 1.3 g/h; P < 0,001) but did not differ in morphology or vigour. All temperatures increased overtime. At birth, piglets' rectal temperature was correlated with the initial temperature of the ear base and the maximum back temperature (0.37 and 0.33, respectively; P < 0.05). High residual feed intake piglets had lower ear tip temperatures than LRFI piglets at 15 (24.7 ± 0.37 °C vs. 26.3 ± 0.36 °C, respectively; F1, 63.5 = 9.11, P < 0.005) and 30 min post partum (26.2 ± 0.47 °C vs. 27.6 ± 0.44 °C, respectively; F1, 66.9 = 4.52, P < 0.05). Moreover, thermal pattern of the ear tip differed between the two genetic lines. In conclusion, IRT allowed non-invasive assessment of piglets' thermoregulation abilities and indicated an influence of genetic selection for RFI on neonatal thermoregulation abilities.

Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of plasmablastic lymphoma patients: analysis of 135 patients from the LYSA group

Background

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL), initially described in 1997 in the oral cavity of HIV positive patients, is now recognized as a distinct aggressive and rare entity of diffuse large B-cells lymphoma by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Since the original description, others cases have been reported. However, these are largely derived from case reports or small series limiting any definitive conclusions on clinical characteristics and outcome.

Patients and methods

The clinical, biological, pathological features and outcome of a cohort including 135 patients with PBL, from LYSA centers in France and Belgium, were reported and analyzed.

Results

The median age was 58 years, with a male predominance. The cohort was divided into 56 HIV-positive patients, 17 post-transplant patients and 62 HIV-negative/non-transplanted patients. Within HIV-negative/non-transplanted, a relative immunosuppression was found in most cases (systemic inflammatory disease, history of cancer, increased age associated with weakened immune system). We have also described a new subtype, PBL arising in a chronic localized inflammatory site, without any sign of immunosuppression. At presentation, 19% of patients showed oral involvement. Immunophenotype showed CD138 positivity in 88% of cases and CD20 negativity in 90% of cases. Chemotherapy was administered to 80% of patients, with a complete response (CR) rate of 55%. The median overall survival (OS) was 32 months. In univariate analysis, HIV positive status showed better OS when compared with HIV negative status. In multivariate analysis, International Prognostic Index score, chemotherapy and CR were associated with survival benefit.

Conclusion(s)

This cohort, the largest reported to date, increases the spectrum of knowledge on PBL, rarely described. However, specific guidelines to clarify treatment are lacking, and may improve the poor prognosis of this rare disease.

[The acute pulmonary renal syndrome: An unusual presentation of granulomatosis with polyangiitis]

INTRODUCTION

We report a case of acute pulmonary renal syndrome mimicking septic shock, which led to the diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

CASE REPORT

A 70-year-old man was hospitalized because of acute kidney injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage associated with a serum procalcitonin level of 18 μg/L. Initially, septic shock was suspected and antibiotic therapy was started. The absence of microbiological isolates and the patient's rapid clinical deterioration prompted laboratory testing for autoimmune disease, which confirmed the diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Immunosuppressive therapy was promptly initiated with corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide and several plasma exchanges, which resulted in a rapid clinical improvement and ICU discharge.

CONCLUSIONS

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is a systemic necrotizing vasculitis with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, which can present with acute pulmonary renal syndrome, combining acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute kidney injury. This misleading presentation must prompt an autoimmune disease testing in order to yield an early diagnosis of a vasculitis, allowing for timely initiation of immunosuppressive treatment. Serum procalcitonin levels can be markedly elevated and this must not override the possibility of a vasculitis where the patient shows a compatible symptomatology.

Delivery of tidal volume from four anaesthesia ventilators during volume-controlled ventilation: a bench study

BACKGROUND

Tidal volume (V(T)) must be accurately delivered by anaesthesia ventilators in the volume-controlled ventilation mode in order for lung protective ventilation to be effective. However, the impact of fresh gas flow (FGF) and lung mechanics on delivery of V(T) by the newest anaesthesia ventilators has not been reported.

METHODS

We measured delivered V(T) (V(TI)) from four anaesthesia ventilators (Aisys™, Flow-i™, Primus™, and Zeus™) on a pneumatic test lung set with three combinations of lung compliance (C, ml cm H2O(-1)) and resistance (R, cm H2O litre(-1) s(-2)): C60R5, C30R5, C60R20. For each CR, three FGF rates (0.5, 3, 10 litre min(-1)) were investigated at three set V(T)s (300, 500, 800 ml) and two values of PEEP (0 and 10 cm H2O). The volume error = [(V(TI) - V(Tset))/V(Tset)] ×100 was computed in body temperature and pressure-saturated conditions and compared using analysis of variance.

RESULTS

For each CR and each set V(T), the absolute value of the volume error significantly declined from Aisys™ to Flow-i™, Zeus™, and Primus™. For C60R5, these values were 12.5% for Aisys™, 5% for Flow-i™ and Zeus™, and 0% for Primus™. With an increase in FGF, absolute values of the volume error increased only for Aisys™ and Zeus™. However, in C30R5, the volume error was minimal at mid-FGF for Aisys™. The results were similar at PEEP 10 cm H2O.

CONCLUSIONS

Under experimental conditions, the volume error differed significantly between the four new anaesthesia ventilators tested and was influenced by FGF, although this effect may not be clinically relevant.

[Postoperative pain trajectories to identify risk of chronic postsurgical pain in living donors for liver transplantation]

OBJECTIVES

To assess pain trajectories in predicting risk of chronic postoperative pain (CPP) after liver resection for living donor transplantation.

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing liver resection for living donor transplantation during 3years.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

After recording perioperative data, patients presenting CPP at 3months were separated from patients without postsurgical pain problem in order to build a pain trajectory for liver donor patients without CPP. Postoperative course of liver donors with CPP was then compared to that standard pain trajectory.

RESULTS

Sixty-five patients (30 females, 35 males) were included. Epidural analgesia was used in 66%; others received autocontrolled analgesia by morphine. Severe acute pain was expressed by 11% and 37% at rest and movement respectively on the first day. Chronic pain involved six patients without any link with gender or type of analgesia. Analysis of pain trajectories shown that these patients presented either higher initial pain at day 1 or positive slopes with worsening of pain.

CONCLUSION

Acute postoperative pain is a risk factor of developing CPP. Identification of those people by pain trajectories can be useful to treat them early.

[Self-perception and life satisfaction in video game addiction in young adolescents (11-14 years old)]

INTRODUCTION

Video games are part of our society's major entertainments. This is now a global industry that covers the preferential activity of adolescents. But for some, the practice goes beyond a game and becomes an addictive functioning. Clinical practice is then faced with a new problem. It is important to understand the special bond that develops between a player and his/her video game in order to understand the addictive process.

BACKGROUND

The game consists of a virtual world, a graphical construction that is a simulation of reality and which reinvents the laws that govern it. It also consists of a character embodied by the player who controls it: the avatar. Through the virtual world and avatar, the game offers the player a virtual personification that matches his/her expectations and projected ideal. The avatar allows the subject to compensate, or even to modify some aspects of the Self and thus enhance his/her perception of him/herself; the virtual life become more satisfying than real life.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this research is to propose, from the study of the relationship between psychosocial variables (self-perception and life satisfaction) and the adolescent's practice of video games, elements of construction of an explanatory model of video gambling addiction.

METHODS

The population of this research is composed of 74 adolescents aged 11-14 years (m(age)=12.78 and SD=0.921). Fourteen are identified as addicted to video games by the results of the Game Addiction Scale. The quantitative methodology allows measurement of the different psychosocial variables which appear important in the addictive process. The instruments used are: the Game Addiction Scale, the Self-Perception Profile and the Satisfaction with Life Scale.

RESULTS

The results show that adolescents addicted to video games see their virtual and current Self as being less proficient than other teenagers. Furthermore, teenagers addicted to video games see their virtual Self as more proficient and adapted to the environment than their current Self. Moreover, adolescents addicted perceive their lives as less satisfying than others'. Hence, virtual life is perceived as more satisfying than real life among teenagers addicted to video games. Finally, this virtual experience is thus one of the factors that explain the addiction to video games. Through the game, the teenager can "live" a new version of him/herself, becoming secondarily alienating. The virtual world supplants real life and becomes the source of a clash of identity.

[The role of temperament and emotional awareness in risk taking in adolescents]

INTRODUCTION

Risk-taking behaviors among adolescents are now considered as a real public health issue. To investigate for potential vulnerability factors, adolescent risk-taking behavior can be analyzed from several different perspectives, based on biological, social or psychological variables. Risk-taking theories based on temperamental dimensions examine individual differences in propensity for engaging in such behaviors, whereas others focused on emotional processing disorder such as alexithymia or anhedonia with diverse conclusions. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between risk taking and two levels of psychological functioning: personality with reference to Cloninger's model of personality, and emotion with reference to Lane and Schwartz's level of emotional awareness theory.

METHOD

The sample consisted in 488 adolescents (m(age)=14.93, SD=1.44) with 257 boys (m(age)=15, SD=1.51) and 231 girls (m(age)=14.52, SD=1.23) who completed a set of three inventories: the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Scale (YRBSS), the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, and the Level of Emotional Awareness Scale. Risk-taking behaviors were also assessed indirectly with regards to teachers or school educators' evaluation.

RESULTS

Moderate to weak significant correlations were found between temperament dimensions and risk-taking, and between level of emotional awareness and risk-taking. A positive moderate correlation was observed between novelty and risk-taking, whereas a negative weak correlation was observed between harm avoidance and risk-taking. Level of emotional awareness shows moderate negative correlations with risk-taking, as the two self and others dimensions. Finally, a model including the four temperament and the two emotional awareness dimensions was tested with risk-taking as the outcome variable. It accounted for 33% of the total variance (R(2)=0.33; F=30.78, p<0.0001), with novelty seeking (p<0.0001), self (p<0.0001) and others (p=0.0001), and level of emotional awareness as significant criteria.

DISCUSSION

As hypothesized, temperamental dispositions of novelty seeking and harm avoidance, associated with weak emotional awareness, were associated with risk-taking. They may be considered as vulnerability factors for adolescents to engage in risk-taking behaviors. Several propositions may explain our results. First, risk-taking might be considered as an attempt to struggle against a sensation of emptiness due to a lack of emotion. Second, it may tend to replace emotion by sensations, which could be more controlled. Third, it could be an attempt - without success - to construct the complexity of subjective emotional experience.

Depressive Symptoms and Emotion in Adolescence: A Developmental-Functionalist View

Adolescent depressive symptoms are recognized as having number of consequences on academic and social achievement (Glied & Pine, 2002). Many studies highlighted the specific implication of emotion regulation deficits to explain depression or affective disorders (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006). Despite these findings, little studies focused on the relations between emotional deficits (such as low emotional awareness) and subjective emotional intensity in adolescent depressive symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between emotion awareness as defined by Lane & Schwartz (1987), subjective emotional intensity, and depressive symptoms. We hypothesized that lack of emotional awareness associated to strong emotional intensity may explain depressive symptoms among adolescents.

448 adolescents (age: 15.54 years 0.66) were administered the following self report questionnaires:•

In vivo gene expression in granulosa cells during pig terminal follicular development

Ovarian antral follicular development is clearly dependent on pituitary gonadotrophins FSH and LH. Although the endocrine mechanism that controls ovarian folliculogenesis leading to ovulation is quite well understood, the detailed mechanisms and molecular determinants in the different follicular compartments remain to be clarified. The aim of this study was to identify the genes differentially expressed in pig granulosa cells along the terminal ovarian follicle growth, to gain a comprehensive view of these molecular mechanisms. First, we developed a specific micro-array using cDNAs from suppression subtractive hybridization libraries (345 contigs) obtained by comparison of three follicle size classes: small, medium and large antral healthy follicles. In a second step, a transcriptomic analysis using cDNA probes from these three follicle classes identified 79 differentially expressed transcripts along the terminal follicular growth and 26 predictive genes of size classes. The differential expression of 18 genes has been controlled using real-time PCR experiments validating the micro-array analysis. Finally, the integration of the data using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis identified five gene networks providing descriptive elements of the terminal follicular development. Specifically, we observed: (1) the down-expression of ribosomal protein genes, (2) the genes involved in lipid metabolism and (3) the down-expression of cell morphology and ion-binding genes. In conclusion, this study gives new insight into the gene expression during pig terminal follicular growth in vivo and suggested, in particular, a morphological change in pig granulosa cells accompanying terminal follicular growth.

Opportunities and challenges in applying genomics to the study of oogenesis and folliculogenesis in farm animals

Ovarian oogenesis and folliculogenesis are complex and coordinated biological processes which require a series of events that induce morphological and functional changes within the follicle, leading to cell differentiation and oocyte development. In this context, the challenge of the researchers is to describe the dynamics of gene expression in the different compartments and their interactions during the follicular programme. In recent years, high-throughput arrays have become a powerful tool with which to compare the whole population of transcripts in a single experiment. Here, we review the challenges of applying genomics to this model in farm animal species. The first limitation lies in limited the availability of biological material, which makes the study of the follicle compartments (oocyte, granulosa cells and thecal cells) or early embryo much more difficult. The concept of observing all transcripts at once is very attractive but despite progress in sequencing, the genome annotation remains very incomplete in non-model species. Particularly, oogenesis and early embryo development relate to the high proportion of unknown expressed sequence tags. Then, it is important to consider post-transcriptional and translational regulation to understand the role of these genes. Ultimately, these new inferred insights will still have to be validated by functional approaches. In addition toin vitroorex vivofunctional approaches, both ‘natural mutant’ ewe models and RNA interference represent, at the moment, the best hope for functional genomics. Advances in our understanding of reproductive physiology should be facilitated by gene expression data exchange and translation into a better understanding of the underlying biological phenomena.

[Anhedonia and depressive symptomatology among HIV-infected patients with highly active antiretroviral therapies (ANRS-EN12-VESPA)]

INTRODUCTION

Anhedonia is defined as the loss of the capacity to feel pleasure and there is no consensus with its relationship with depressive symptomatology. Furthermore, no study has investigated the problematic of anhedonia in the context of HIV-infection, which concern a lot of patients with depressive symptoms. Depressive symptomatology presents a major challenge in the management of HIV-infection due to its central role in clinical progression.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to disentangle relationship between determinants of anhedonia, depression and anxiety in order to optimise mental management of HIV infection.

METHOD

In 2003, a face-to-face survey (ANRS-EN12-VESPA) was conducted among patients selected in a random stratified sample of 102 French hospital departments delivering HIV care. Eligible respondents were HIV-infected outpatients, aged 18 or older living in France and diagnosed for at least six months. Among solicited patients, 2932 agreed to participate (response rate: 59%) and data about anhedonia, anxiety and depression are available for 1427 patients. The face-to-face gathered information on sociodemographic characteristics, such as education level, gender, partner, children, financial situation or housing and also psychosocial and sociobehavioural characteristics, such as drug use. Self-reported side effects of treatment were also available.

ASSESSMENT TOOLS

Anxiety and depression were assessed using the hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale. Physical anhedonia was assessed using the French version of the Chapman scale. Three regression models were used to identify factors associated with anhedonia, anxiety and depression among demographic, psychosocial and clinical characteristics.

RESULTS

Factors independently associated with anhedonia were older age (>50), lower education level, unemployment and men HIV contaminated by heterosexual relation or injecting drug use. Women, with lower education level, unemployment, without steady partner, with a detectable viral load and who reported side effect of HAART presented more frequently anxiety. Unemployment, uncomfortable housing, no social support from friends, self-reported side effect and lipodystrophy were independently associated with depression.

CONCLUSION

Our results underline the multiplicity of factors associated with mental disorders related to depression. These results can be explained by the fact that the anxiety and anhedonia are two cardinal symptoms of depression. Determinants of anhedonia and anxiety reported in this study may provide the key to a more exact delineation of depressive disorders in the context of HIV infection in order to optimize long-term psychological follow up of concerned patients.

Identification of differential gene expression in in vitro FSH treated pig granulosa cells using suppression subtractive hybridization

FSH, which binds to specific receptors on granulosa cells in mammals, plays a key role in folliculogenesis. Its biological activity involves stimulation of intercellular communication and upregulation of steroidogenesis, but the entire spectrum of the genes regulated by FSH has yet to be fully characterized. In order to find new regulated transcripts, however rare, we have used a Suppression Subtractive Hybridization approach (SSH) on pig granulosa cells in primary culture treated or not with FSH. Two SSH libraries were generated and 76 clones were sequenced after selection by differential screening. Sixty four different sequences were identified, including 3 novel sequences. Experiments demonstrated the presence of 25 regulated transcripts.A gene ontology analysis of these 25 genes revealed (1) catalytic; (2) transport; (3) signal transducer; (4) binding; (5) anti-oxidant and (6) structural activities. These findings may deepen our understanding of FSH's effects. Particularly, they suggest that FSH is involved in the modulation of peroxidase activity and remodelling of chromatin.

Concentration of remifentanil needed for tracheal intubation with sevoflurane at 1 MAC in adult patients

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Inhalation induction with sevoflurane provides acceptable conditions for tracheal intubation. Opioids significantly decrease the alveolar concentration needed to achieve tracheal intubation. The purpose of this study was to determine the target concentration of remifentanil providing excellent conditions for tracheal intubation with sevoflurane at 1 minimum alveolar concentration without muscle relaxant.

METHODS

Twenty-four consecutive patients, aged 18-50 yr, ASA I or II, were studied. Induction of anaesthesia was performed with sevoflurane at age-adjusted minimum alveolar concentration. Remifentanil was simultaneously administered using target-controlled infusion with the Minto model. Target plasma concentration of remifentanil was selected for each patient according to an up-and-down method.

RESULTS

The mean target concentration of remifentanil for successful tracheal intubation was 3.3 ng mL(-1) (95% confidence interval: 2.6-3.9 ng mL(-1)). Arterial pressure, heart rate and bispectral index did not increase after tracheal intubation in the group of patients with successful intubation.

CONCLUSIONS

Remifentanil at 3.3 ng mL(-1) together with sevoflurane at 1 minimum alveolar concentration provides excellent conditions for tracheal intubation in 50% of patients.

[Occurrence of epileptiform crisis in child under sevoflurane anaesthesia]

A case report is presented of an unknown epileptic child, who developed convulsive movements during inhalation of 3.9% sevoflurane for 45 minutes associated with moderate hyperventilation. Epilepsy was discovered on the EEG, which was performed postoperatively.

Microsatellite Analysis of Genetic Diversity of the Vietnamese Sika Deer (Cervus nippon pseudaxis)

The Vietnamese sika deer (Cervus nippon pseudaxis) is an endangered subspecies of economic and traditional value in Vietnam. Most living individuals are held in traditional farms in central Vietnam, others being found in zoos around the world. Here we study the neutral genetic diversity and population structure of this subspecies using nine microsatellite loci in order to evaluate the consequences of the limited number of individuals from which this population was initiated and of the breeding practices (i.e., possible inbreeding). Two hundred individuals were sampled from several villages. Our data show both evidence for limited local inbreeding and isolation by distance with a mean F(ST) value of 0.02 between villages. This suggests that exchange of animals occurs at a local scale, at a rate such that highly inbred mating is avoided. However, the genetic diversity, with an expected heterozygosity (H(e)) of 0.60 and mean number of alleles (k) of 5.7, was not significantly larger than that estimated from zoo populations of much smaller census size (17 animals sampled; H(e) = 0.65, k = 4.11). Our results also suggest that the Vietnamese population might have experienced a slight bottleneck. However, this population is sufficiently variable to constitute a source of individuals for reintroduction in the wild in Vietnam.

[Subjective well-being and self-regulation in risk taking behaviors. The case of scuba-diving]

Nowadays, risk-taking behaviors category is a very fast growing domain, yet not well known. Recent studies point out the importance of emotional phenomenons in subjective risk-taking behaviors. According to this axis, on scuba-diving empirical field, we aim to depict the size and the role of psychological process in the realization of the behavior; our research links personality variables and emotional ones. The observation of scuba-Divers behavior lead us to construct a fitting of conceptual positions to give an account of that behavior and its subjective function. The self-regulation concept has been dimensioned through several factors and the scales in respect of: Thrill and Adventure Seeking (Zuckerman, 1980), Anhedonia (Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale, 1995), Subjective Well-being (Diener, 1992) and Differential Emotions (Izard, 1972). The population of this study is composed of 74 subjects. They are grouped in 2 categories depending of the risk-taking behavior, injured or injured less. The data have been statistically treated by classic methods (c2, Student t test) and logistic regression. It appears that Thrill and Adventure Seeking discriminate risk-taking in scuba-diving. The results especially support the weight of emotional variables. It turns out that risk-taking subjects are particularly sensitive to negative emotions. Negative well-being seems to be a central characteristic of the emotional functioning of these subjects. Moreover injured subjects tend to overestimate emotions linked to the behavior. Anhedonia is not a characteristic factor. So it introduces the notion of emotionality and sublines the interactions between risk-taking behavior and emotions through the self-regulation concept.

Efficiency of semi-automated fluorescent multiplex PCRs with 11 microsatellite markers for genetic studies of deer populations

Thirty bovine and eight ovine microsatellite primer pairs were tested on four tropical deer species: Eld's and Swamp deer (highly threatened) and Rusa and Vietnamese Sika deer (economically important). Thirty markers gave an amplified product in all four species (78.9%). The number of polymorphic microsatellite markers varied among the species from 14 in Eld's deer (47%) to 20 in Swamp deer (67%). Among them, 11 microsatellite loci were multiplexed in three polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) and labelled with three different fluorochromes that can be loaded in one gel-lane. To test the efficiency of the multiplex, primary genetic studies (mean number of alleles, expected heterozygosities and Fis values) were carried out on four deer populations. Parentage exclusion probability and probability of identity were computed and discussed on a Swamp deer population. These multiplexes PCRs were also tested on several other deer species and subspecies. The aim of this study is to establish a tool useful for genetic studies of population structure and diversity in four tropical deer species which with few modifications can be applied to other species of the genus Cervus.

Cytogenetic comparison between Vietnamese sika deer and cattle: R-banded karyotypes and FISH mapping

R-banded chromosomes of Vietnamese sika (VS) deer (Cervus nippon pseudaxis, 2N = 66), a threatened subspecies of sika deer endemic to Vietnam, are presented for the first time and were compared with bovine R-banded chromosomes to define a standard karyotype. Nineteen VS deer autosomes (CNP) were identified on the basis of the banding pattern relative to bovine chromosomes (BTA), while hypotheses for the remaining thirteen were proposed from comparisons with the published deer genetic map, BTA 1, 2, 5, 6, 8 and 9 each equivalent to two separate acrocentric CNP chromosomes and BTA 26 and 28 associated in a tandem fusion. To confirm these hypotheses, probes for the twenty-nine Texas nomenclature type I markers specific for each cattle autosome, sixteen other type I and fourteen microsatellite markers were used in FISH experiments on VS deer chromosomes. CNP7 presented the most complex rearrangement as compared with cattle chromosomes. A complete correspondence between VS deer and cattle chromosomes was established and it was extended with a comparison with the human karyotype to transfer human map information to this species of scientific and economic interest. Moreover, this work anchors the deer genetic linkage map to chromosome-specific markers.

A novel method to isolate the common fraction of two DNA samples: hybrid specific amplification (HSA)

Hybrid specific amplification (HSA) is a novel simple method elaborated in order to isolate the common fraction of two DNA samples while avoiding the background due to repeated sequences. The method is based on the suppressive PCR principle, associated with a Cot1 pre-hybridization step. In recent work we demonstrated that hyperprolificity observed in Booroola ewes is associated with a mutation in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor IB gene (BMPR-IB). We applied HSA between ovarian cDNA and DNA from four BAC clones containing BMPR-IB in order to test for the presence of other genes expressed in ovary and to isolate additional BMPR-IB exon sequences. Of the 460 clones obtained, none contained repeated sequences. We successfully obtained 37 clones representing the major part of BMPR-IB coding sequence, together with 5'- and 3'-UTR sequences. Here we have successfully applied HSA to a particular tissue, but it should be possible to trap the common fraction of two DNA samples, whatever their nature.

Characterization of GFP-MAL expression and incorporation in rafts

During myelin formation, membrane-associated proteins have to be sorted and transported in specified membrane regions such as compact and non-compact myelin membranes. One protein that may be involved in such a process is the Myelin and Lymphocyte protein MAL (VIP17/ MVP17). MAL was identified as a novel myelin membrane component expressed by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. Since MAL has been shown to be important in the apical sorting machinery of polarized cells, we have started to investigate the possible functional role of MAL in sorting myelin membrane-associated molecules. In this study, we have generated cDNA constructs with green fluorescent protein (GFP) either at the N- or C-terminus of MAL. Transfection experiments showed that GFP-MAL expression resembles that of normal MAL, whereas the MAL-GFP fusion construct was not properly transported within the cell. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that GFP-MAL is enriched in detergent insoluble glycolipid-enriched microdomains as already seen for untagged MAL. As a prerequisite for the generation of transgenic mice expressing GFP-MAL under the control of its own regulatory elements, we have generated a cDNA construct with an 8-kb MAL promotor fragment fused to GFP-MAL. Transfection experiments of the Oli-neu oligodendrocyte cell line showed that GFP-MAL was expressed, but only in cells, which were stimulated for differentiation with cAMP. In summary, the results confirm that the fusion protein GFP-MAL is incorporated into detergent-insoluble complexes and the 8-kb MAL promotor fragment is sufficient to be activated in oligodendrocytes.

Functional study and regional mapping of 44 hormono-regulated genes isolated from a porcine granulosa cell library

cDNA clones from a pig granulosa cell cDNA library were isolated by (differential hybridisation for follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) regulation in granulosa cells in a previous study. The clones that did not match any known sequence were studied for their expression in granulosa cells (treated or not by FSH) and in fresh isolated ovarian follicles mainly by comparative RT-PCR analysis. These results give functional data on genes that may be implicated in follicular growing. These ESTs have been localised on the porcine genome, using a somatic cell hybrid panel, providing new type I markers on the porcine map and information on the comparative map between humans and pigs.