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Ribeiro-Constante J, Tristán-Noguero A, Martínez Calvo FF, Ibañez-Mico S, Peña Segura JL, Ramos-Fernández JM, Moyano Chicano MDC, Camino León R, Soto Insuga V, González Alguacil E, Valera Dávila C, Fernández-Jaén A, Plans L, Camacho A, Visa-Reñé N, Martin-Tamayo Blázquez MDP, Paredes-Carmona F, Marti-Carrera I, Hernández-Fabián A, Tomas Davi M, Sanchez MC, Herraiz LC, Pita PF, Gonzalez TB, O'Callaghan M, Iglesias Santa Polonia FF, Cazorla MR, Ferrando Lucas MT, González-Meneses A, Sala-Coromina J, Macaya A, Lasa-Aranzasti A, Cueto-González AM, Valera Párraga F, Campistol Plana J, Serrano M, Alonso X, Del Castillo-Berges D, Schwartz-Palleja M, Illescas S, Ramírez Camacho A, Sans Capdevila O, García-Cazorla A, Bayés À, Alonso-Colmenero I. Developmental outcome of electroencephalographic findings in SYNGAP1 encephalopathy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1321282. [PMID: 38505260 PMCID: PMC10948473 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1321282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
SYNGAP1 haploinsufficiency results in a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) causing generalized epilepsies accompanied by a spectrum of neurodevelopmental symptoms. Concerning interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in electroencephalograms (EEG), potential biomarkers have been postulated, including changes in background activity, fixation-off sensitivity (FOS) or eye closure sensitivity (ECS). In this study we clinically evaluate a new cohort of 36 SYNGAP1-DEE individuals. Standardized questionnaires were employed to collect clinical, electroencephalographic and genetic data. We investigated electroencephalographic findings, focusing on the cortical distribution of interictal abnormalities and their changes with age. Among the 36 SYNGAP1-DEE cases 18 presented variants in the SYNGAP1 gene that had never been previously reported. The mean age of diagnosis was 8 years and 8 months, ranging from 2 to 17 years, with 55.9% being male. All subjects had global neurodevelopmental/language delay and behavioral abnormalities; 83.3% had moderate to profound intellectual disability (ID), 91.7% displayed autistic traits, 73% experienced sleep disorders and 86.1% suffered from epileptic seizures, mainly eyelid myoclonia with absences (55.3%). A total of 63 VEEGs were revised, observing a worsening of certain EEG findings with increasing age. A disorganized background was observed in all age ranges, yet this was more common among older cases. The main IEDs were bilateral synchronous and asynchronous posterior discharges, accounting for ≥50% in all age ranges. Generalized alterations with maximum amplitude in the anterior region showed as the second most frequent IED (≥15% in all age ranges) and were also more common with increasing age. Finally, diffuse fast activity was much more prevalent in cases with 6 years or older. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze EEG features across different age groups, revealing an increase in interictal abnormalities over infancy and adolescence. Our findings suggest that SYNGAP1 haploinsufficiency has complex effects in human brain development, some of which might unravel at different developmental stages. Furthermore, they highlight the potential of baseline EEG to identify candidate biomarkers and the importance of natural history studies to develop specialized therapies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alba Tristán-Noguero
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular Physiology of the Synapse Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - José Luis Peña Segura
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael Camino León
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Víctor Soto Insuga
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Infantil del Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena González Alguacil
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Infantil del Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Valera Dávila
- Pediatric Neurology Department Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children’s Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Jaén
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Neurogenetics Section, Hospital Universitario Quironsalud, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Plans
- Mental Health in Intellectual Disability Specialized Service Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial, Manresa, Spain
| | - Ana Camacho
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Visa-Reñé
- Paediatric Department, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, Lleida, Spain
| | | | | | - Itxaso Marti-Carrera
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Meritxell Tomas Davi
- Mental Health in Intellectual Disability Specialized Service Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial, Manresa, Spain
| | - Merce Casadesus Sanchez
- Mental Health in Intellectual Disability Specialized Service Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial, Manresa, Spain
| | | | - Patricia Fuentes Pita
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Mar O'Callaghan
- Pediatric Neurology Department Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children’s Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - María Rosario Cazorla
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda Universitary Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Júlia Sala-Coromina
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bercelona, Spain
| | - Alfons Macaya
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bercelona, Spain
| | - Amaia Lasa-Aranzasti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetic Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bercelona, Spain
| | - Anna Ma Cueto-González
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetic Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bercelona, Spain
| | | | - Jaume Campistol Plana
- Pediatric Neurology Department Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children’s Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Serrano
- Pediatric Neurology Department Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children’s Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xenia Alonso
- Pediatric Neurology Department Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children’s Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Del Castillo-Berges
- Molecular Physiology of the Synapse Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Schwartz-Palleja
- Eurecat, Technology Center of Catalonia, Multimedia Technologies, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Brain and Cognition (CBC), Department of Information Technologies and Communications (DTIC), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofía Illescas
- Pediatric Neurometabolism: Neural Communication Mechanisms and Personalized Therapies Pediatric Neurology Department: Neural Communication Mechanisms and Personalized Therapies Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Alia Ramírez Camacho
- Department of Child Neurology, Epilepsy and Neurophysiology Unit, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Hospital Sant Joan de Dèu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Sans Capdevila
- Pediatric Neurology Department Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children’s Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angeles García-Cazorla
- Pediatric Neurology Department Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children’s Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àlex Bayés
- Molecular Physiology of the Synapse Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Carrasco E, López-Fernández A, Codina-Sola M, Valenzuela I, Cueto-González AM, Villacampa G, Navarro V, Torres-Esquius S, Palau D, Cruellas M, Torres M, Perez-Dueñas B, Abulí A, Diez O, Sábado-Álvarez C, García-Arumí E, Tizzano EF, Moreno L, Balmaña J. Clinical and psychological implications of secondary and incidental findings in cancer susceptibility genes after exome sequencing in patients with rare disorders. J Med Genet 2022:jmg-2022-108929. [DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background/ObjectivesExome sequencing may identify pathogenic variants unrelated with the purpose of the analysis. We investigated the frequency of secondary and incidental findings (SF/IF) in cancer susceptibility genes (CSG), their clinical actionability and the psychological impact in individuals with an SF/IF (cases) compared with individuals tested due to their cancer history (controls).MethodsThis study analysed 533 exomes ordered for non-cancer conditions. Medical records were reviewed for clinical actionability of SF/IF. Psychological impact was analysed using the Multidimensional Impact of Cancer Risk Assessment (MICRA) scale and compared between cases and controls with a propensity score weighting method.ResultsThe frequency of SF/IF in CSG was 2.1% (95% CI 1.1% to 3.8%): threeBRCA2, threePMS2, twoSDHB, and one each inBRCA1,MLH1andRAD51C. Among the relatives, 18 were carriers. Twenty enrolled for surveillance, and a neoplasm was diagnosed in 20%: three paragangliomas and one breast cancer. Cases presented higher MICRA mean scores than controls (21.3 vs 16.2 in MICRA total score, 6.3 vs 4.2 in the distress subscale, and 8.3 vs 6.6 in the uncertainty subscale; all p<0.001).ConclusionSF/IF in CSG were identified in 2.1% of patients. Despite a numerically higher psychological impact, the identification of SF/IF allowed early detection and cancer prevention in families without cancer history.
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3
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Cueto-González AM, Fernández-Álvarez P, Palafoll IV, Lasa-Aranzasti A, Vendrell Bayona T, Tizzano EF. Correspondence on "Loss-of-function and missense variants in NSD2 cause decreased methylation activity and are associated with a distinct developmental phenotype" by Zanoni et al. Genet Med 2021; 24:754-756. [PMID: 34906509 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ma Cueto-González
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Genetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; European Reference Network Craniofacial Anomalies and ENT disorders (ERN CRANIO) and ERN ITHACA, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Paula Fernández-Álvarez
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Genetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Valenzuela Palafoll
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Genetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; European Reference Network Craniofacial Anomalies and ENT disorders (ERN CRANIO) and ERN ITHACA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amaia Lasa-Aranzasti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Genetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Vendrell Bayona
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Genetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo F Tizzano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Genetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; European Reference Network Craniofacial Anomalies and ENT disorders (ERN CRANIO) and ERN ITHACA, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Makrythanasis P, van Bon BW, Steehouwer M, Rodríguez-Santiago B, Simpson M, Dias P, Anderlid BM, Arts P, Bhat M, Augello B, Biamino E, Bongers EMHF, del Campo M, Cordeiro I, Cueto-González AM, Cuscó I, Deshpande C, Frysira E, Izatt L, Flores R, Galán E, Gener B, Gilissen C, Granneman SM, Hoyer J, Yntema HG, Kets CM, Koolen DA, Marcelis CL, Medeira A, Micale L, Mohammed S, de Munnik SA, Nordgren A, Psoni S, Reardon W, Revencu N, Roscioli T, Ruiterkamp-Versteeg M, Santos HG, Schoumans J, Schuurs-Hoeijmakers JHM, Silengo MC, Toledo L, Vendrell T, van der Burgt I, van Lier B, Zweier C, Reymond A, Trembath RC, Perez-Jurado L, Dupont J, de Vries BBA, Brunner HG, Veltman JA, Merla G, Antonarakis SE, Hoischen A. MLL2mutation detection in 86 patients with Kabuki syndrome: a genotype-phenotype study. Clin Genet 2013; 84:539-45. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Makrythanasis
- Departement of Genetic Medicine and Development; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - BW van Bon
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - M Steehouwer
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - B Rodríguez-Santiago
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Unitat de Genètica; Universitat Pompeu Fabra
- Hospital del Mas Medical Research Institute (IMIM)
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, Ltd (qGenomics); Barcelona Spain
| | - M Simpson
- Hospital de Santa Maria; Serviço de Genética Médica; Lisbon Portugal
| | - P Dias
- Hospital de Santa Maria; Serviço de Genética Médica; Lisbon Portugal
| | - BM Anderlid
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institutet
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - P Arts
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - M Bhat
- Centre for Human Genetics; Bangalore India
| | - B Augello
- Medical Genetics Unit; IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo
| | - E Biamino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche; Università di Torino; Torino Italy
| | - EMHF Bongers
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - M del Campo
- Unitat de Genètica; Universitat Pompeu Fabra
- Hospital del Mas Medical Research Institute (IMIM)
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, Ltd (qGenomics); Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER)
- Programa de Medicina Molecular y Genética; Hospital Vall d'Hebron
| | - I Cordeiro
- Hospital de Santa Maria; Serviço de Genética Médica; Lisbon Portugal
| | - AM Cueto-González
- Programa de Medicina Molecular y Genética; Hospital Vall d'Hebron
- Pediatric Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa; Terrassa (Barcelona) Spain
| | - I Cuscó
- Unitat de Genètica; Universitat Pompeu Fabra
- Hospital del Mas Medical Research Institute (IMIM)
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, Ltd (qGenomics); Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER)
| | - C Deshpande
- Clinical Genetics, Guy's Hospital; Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - E Frysira
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical School; University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - L Izatt
- Servicio de Genética, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo; Bizkaia, Spain
| | - R Flores
- Unitat de Genètica; Universitat Pompeu Fabra
- Hospital del Mas Medical Research Institute (IMIM)
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, Ltd (qGenomics); Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER)
| | - E Galán
- Servicio de Genética, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo; Bizkaia, Spain
| | - B Gener
- Clinical Genetics Unit; Hospital de Cruces; Barakaldo Bizkaia Spain
| | - C Gilissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - SM Granneman
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - J Hoyer
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - HG Yntema
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - CM Kets
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - DA Koolen
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - CL Marcelis
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - A Medeira
- Hospital de Santa Maria; Serviço de Genética Médica; Lisbon Portugal
| | - L Micale
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - S Mohammed
- Clinical Genetics, Guy's Hospital; Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - SA de Munnik
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - A Nordgren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institutet
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - S Psoni
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical School; University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - W Reardon
- National Centre for Medical Genetics; Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children; Dublin 12 Ireland
| | - N Revencu
- Centre for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc; Université Catholique de Louvain; Brussels Belgium
| | - T Roscioli
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Sydney Children's Hospital; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - M Ruiterkamp-Versteeg
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - HG Santos
- Hospital de Santa Maria; Serviço de Genética Médica; Lisbon Portugal
| | - J Schoumans
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cancer Cytogenetic Unit; University Hospital of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - JHM Schuurs-Hoeijmakers
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - MC Silengo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche; Università di Torino; Torino Italy
| | - L Toledo
- Hospital Materno Infantil; Unidad de Neurologia Infantil; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Spain
| | - T Vendrell
- Programa de Medicina Molecular y Genética; Hospital Vall d'Hebron
| | - I van der Burgt
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - B van Lier
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - C Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - A Reymond
- The Center for Integrative Genomics; University of Lausanne; Lausanne
| | - RC Trembath
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital; King's College London School of Medicine; London UK
| | - L Perez-Jurado
- Unitat de Genètica; Universitat Pompeu Fabra
- Hospital del Mas Medical Research Institute (IMIM)
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, Ltd (qGenomics); Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER)
| | - J Dupont
- Hospital de Santa Maria; Serviço de Genética Médica; Lisbon Portugal
| | - BBA de Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - HG Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - JA Veltman
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - G Merla
- Medical Genetics Unit; IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo
| | - SE Antonarakis
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Service of Genetic Medicine; University Hospitals of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - A Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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