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Manzi L, Colarusso L, D’Angelo F, Drovandi D, Iozzino L, Lanzoni L, Migliaccio W, Michaletti A, Sepe N, Lispi M, Susana M, Palmese A. P–661 Comparative assessment of the structural features of human follicle-stimulating hormone in products from multiple markets. Hum Reprod 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab130.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study question
The aim of the study is to explore the structural differences occurring in recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone alfa (r-hFSH- α), originator and its biosimilars, from various countries.
Summary answer
When compared with r-hFSH-α originator (Gonal-f), its biosimilars presented structural differences, namely Primapur showed a significant different glycosylation profile.
What is known already
FSH is part of cystine knot growth factor superfamily and plays a central role in reproduction, as FSH stimulates follicular development and estrogen synthesis. R-hFSH- α is commonly used in assisted reproductive technologies to achieve multifollicular development. At the present r-hFSH- α biosimilars are available in Europe and other regions. R-hFSH-α is a complex glycoprotein, that possesses several structural features critical for its efficacy and safety1–2. Glycosylation profile is one of the most impactful attributes of the molecule defining a moiety of FSH isoforms with impact on its biological net effect3. Efficacy and safety of r-hFSH- α are strictly correlated with glycoforms’ composition3–8.
Study design, size, duration
At least two different batches of each r-hFSH- α originator and its biosimilars have been included in the study.
Participants/materials, setting, methods
The structural features of products from six different marketed r-hFSH α (Gonal-f, Primapur, Folisurge Intas, Corneumon, Jin Sai Heng, Follitrope LG) have been investigated with a variety of analytical techniques in order to evaluate the presence of molecular differences, which could have a severe impact on the efficacy and safety of the product. The attributes which have been investigated in-depth include primary, secondary and tertiary structure as well as post-translational modifications (PTMs), including glycosylation and contaminants.
Main results and the role of chance
All r-hFSH- α biosimilars analyzed presented differences compared to the originator. We firstly investigated Primapur and found significant differences regarding multiple structural attributes, particularly in the glycosylation profile. Gonal-f exhibited lower glycan branching, expressed by an A-index* of 2.5, while Primapur showed an A-index of 2.4. Furthermore, Primapur showed a lower level of sialylation in comparison with Gonal-f, as measured by their respective S-index* of 1.8 and 2.1. FSH glycosylation exhibits both macroheterogeneity and microheterogeneity, impacting both FSH protein’s half-life and affinity with the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR). Antennarity, representing FSH microheterogeneity, influence r-hFSH-α activity since it has been shown that bulky and extended glycans may take longer to fit into the FSHR cavity compared to less sterically hindering glycans, resulting in a delayed response 7,8.Additionaly, sialylation has been shown in-vivo to correlate with plasma half-life and effect on granulosa cells proliferation 1,2,3. The slower clearance of highly sialylated r-hFSH has been shown to lead to a higher in-vivo activity, despite the lower in-vitro bioactivity 1,2,3.
*A-index and S-index express respectively a measure of the number of antennae and sialic acid per glycan. Final values are generated from many relative abundances normalized to 100, highlighting the significance of small numerical differences.
Limitations, reasons for caution
More batches should be tested for each product. The authors are presenting full characterization of only one of the biosimilars since the rest of the products are under characterization.
Wider implications of the findings: r-hFSH-α originator and its biosimilar showed differences in terms of glycosylation profile that is well known as the major protein characteristic impacting FSH activity as extensively demonstrated in in-vivo and in-vitro models. This structural difference could have impact also on product efficacy and safety.
Trial registration number
‘not applicable’
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Affiliation(s)
- L Manzi
- Merck Serono SpA, Analytical Development Biotech, Guidonia Montecelio RM, Italy
| | - L Colarusso
- Merck Serono SpA, Analytical Development Biotech, Guidonia Montecelio RM, Italy
| | - F D’Angelo
- Merck Serono SpA, Analytical Development Biotech, Guidonia Montecelio RM, Italy
| | - D Drovandi
- Merck Serono SpA, Analytical Development Biotech, Guidonia Montecelio RM, Italy
| | - L Iozzino
- Merck Serono SpA, Analytical Development Biotech, Guidonia Montecelio RM, Italy
| | - L Lanzoni
- Merck Serono SpA, Analytical Development Biotech, Guidonia Montecelio RM, Italy
| | - W Migliaccio
- Merck Serono SpA, Analytical Development Biotech, Guidonia Montecelio RM, Italy
| | - A Michaletti
- Merck Serono SpA, Analytical Development Biotech, Guidonia Montecelio RM, Italy
| | - N Sepe
- Merck Serono SpA, Analytical Development Biotech, Guidonia Montecelio RM, Italy
| | - M Lispi
- Merck KGaA, Global Medical Affair, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Susana
- Merck KGaA, Global Medical Affair, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Palmese
- Merck Serono SpA, Analytical Development Biotech, Guidonia Montecelio RM, Italy
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Michaletti A, Mancini M, Smirnov A, Candi E, Melino G, Zolla L. Multi-omics profiling of calcium-induced human keratinocytes differentiation reveals modulation of unfolded protein response signaling pathways. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:2124-2140. [PMID: 31291818 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1642066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
By proteomic, metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches we shed light on the molecular mechanism by which human keratinocytes undergo to terminal differentiation upon in vitro calcium treatment. Proteomic analysis revealed a selective induction of the ribosomal proteins RSSA, an inhibitor of cell proliferation and inducer of differentiation, HSP 60, a protein folding chaperone and GRP78, an unfolding protein response signal. Additionally, we observed an induction of EF1D, a transcription factor for genes that contain heat-shock responsive elements. Conversely, RAD23, a protein involved in regulating ER-associated protein degradation was down-regulated. All these modifications indicated an ER stress response, which in turn activated the unfolded protein response signaling pathway through ATF4, as confirmed both by the modulation of amino acids metabolism genes, such as XBP1, PDI and GPR78, and by the metabolomic analysis. Finally, we detected a reduction of PDI protein, as confirmed by the increase of oxidized glutathione. Metabolome analysis indicated that glycolysis failed to fuel the Krebs cycle, which continued to decrease during differentiation, at glance with the PPP pathway, allowing NADH production and glutathione reduction. Since unfolded protein response is linked to keratinization, these results may be useful for studying pathological mechanisms as well as potential treatments for different pathological conditions. Abbreviation: UPR, unfolded protein response; HEK, human epidermal keratinocytes; HKGS, human keratinocytes growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Michaletti
- a Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia , Viterbo , Italy
| | - Mara Mancini
- b Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Artem Smirnov
- c Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - Eleonora Candi
- b Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS , Rome , Italy.,c Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- c Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy.,d MRC Toxicology Unit, Cambridge University , Leicester , UK
| | - Lello Zolla
- e Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia , Viterbo , Italy
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Gioia M, Michaletti A, Scimeca M, Marini M, Tarantino U, Zolla L, Coletta M. Simulated microgravity induces a cellular regression of the mature phenotype in human primary osteoblasts. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:59. [PMID: 29760957 PMCID: PMC5945613 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased mechanical loading on bones, such as prolonged bed rest and microgravity during space flights, leads to the development of an osteoporotic-like phenotype. Although osteoblast hypo-functionality is reported to be involved in the progression of bone pathological conditions, the cellular mechanisms of this process remain largely unknown. The combined application of mass spectrometry "-omics" and histochemical and ultrastructural approaches have been employed to investigate the effects of the gravitational unloading on human bone-cell biology. Here we show, ex vivo, that simulated microgravity (Sμg) on human primary osteoblasts (hpOB) induces an alteration of pro-osteogenic determinants (i.e., cell morphology and deposit of hydroxyapatite crystals), accompanied by a downregulation of adhesive proteins and bone differentiation markers (e.g., integrin beta-1, protein folding Crystallin Alpha B (CRYα-B), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2), bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANK-L)), indicating an impairment of osteogenesis. Further, we observed for the first time that Sμg can trigger a transition toward a mesenchymal-like phenotype, in which a mature osteoblast displays an hampered vitamin A metabolism, loses adhesive molecules, gains mesenchymal components (e.g., pre-osteoblast state marker CD44), morphological protrusions (filopodium-like), enhances GTPase activities, which in turn allows it to acquire migrating properties. Although this phenotypic conversion is not complete and can be reversible, Sμg environment proves a plasticity potential hidden on Earth. Overall, our results suggest that Sμg can be a powerful physical cue for triggering ex vivo a dedifferentiation impulse on hpOBs, opening a new scenario of possible innovative therapeutical biomechanical strategies for the treatment of osteo-degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Gioia
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Michaletti
- 2Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Manuel Scimeca
- 3Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Marini
- 4Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Tarantino
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lello Zolla
- 2Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Michaletti A, Naghavi MR, Toorchi M, Zolla L, Rinalducci S. Metabolomics and proteomics reveal drought-stress responses of leaf tissues from spring-wheat. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5710. [PMID: 29632386 PMCID: PMC5890255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal the integrative biochemical networks of wheat leaves in response to water deficient conditions, proteomics and metabolomics were applied to two spring-wheat cultivars (Bahar, drought-susceptible; Kavir, drought-tolerant). Drought stress induced detrimental effects on Bahar leaf proteome, resulting in a severe decrease of total protein content, with impairments mainly in photosynthetic proteins and in enzymes involved in sugar and nitrogen metabolism, as well as in the capacity of detoxifying harmful molecules. On the contrary, only minor perturbations were observed at the protein level in Kavir stressed leaves. Metabolome analysis indicated amino acids, organic acids, and sugars as the main metabolites changed in abundance upon water deficiency. In particular, Bahar cv showed increased levels in proline, methionine, arginine, lysine, aromatic and branched chain amino acids. Tryptophan accumulation via shikimate pathway seems to sustain auxin production (indoleacrylic acid), whereas glutamate reduction is reasonably linked to polyamine (spermine) synthesis. Kavir metabolome was affected by drought stress to a less extent with only two pathways significantly changed, one of them being purine metabolism. These results comprehensively provide a framework for better understanding the mechanisms that govern plant cell response to drought stress, with insights into molecules that can be used for crop improvement projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Michaletti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - Mahmoud Toorchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Lello Zolla
- Department of Science and Technology for Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Sara Rinalducci
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
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Michaletti A, Gioia M, Tarantino U, Zolla L. Effects of microgravity on osteoblast mitochondria: a proteomic and metabolomics profile. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15376. [PMID: 29133864 PMCID: PMC5684136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of human primary osteoblasts exposed to simulated microgravity has been investigated and analysis of metabolomic and proteomic profiles demonstrated a prominent dysregulation of mitochondrion homeostasis. Gravitational unloading treatment induced a decrease in mitochondrial proteins, mainly affecting efficiency of the respiratory chain. Metabolomic analysis revealed that microgravity influenced several metabolic pathways; stimulating glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathways, while the Krebs cycle was interrupted at succinate-fumarate transformation. Interestingly, proteomic analysis revealed that Complex II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which catalyses the biotransformation of this step, was under-represented by 50%. Accordingly, down-regulation of quinones 9 and 10 was measured. Complex III resulted in up-regulation by 60%, while Complex IV was down-regulated by 14%, accompanied by a reduction in proton transport synthesis of ATP. Finally, microgravity treatment induced an oxidative stress response, indicated by significant decreases in oxidised glutathione and antioxidant enzymes. Decrease in malate dehydrogenase induced a reverse in the malate-aspartate shuttle, contributing to dysregulation of ATP synthesis. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids was inhibited, promoting triglyceride production along with a reduction in the glycerol shuttle. Taken together, our findings suggest that microgravity may suppress bone cell functions, impairing mitochondrial energy potential and the energy state of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Michaletti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Magda Gioia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lello Zolla
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
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