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Rajska A, Raczak-Gutknecht J, Struck-Lewicka W, Buszewska-Forajta M, Wityk P, Verding P, Kowalewska A, Siluk D, Rachoń D, Jan Markuszewski M. Determination of urinary androgens in women with polycystic ovary syndrome using LC-QqQ/MS and the application of thin film solid-phase microextraction (TF-SPME). J Chromatogr A 2024; 1718:464735. [PMID: 38364619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Hyperandrogenism is one of the most pronounced symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and seems to play a key role in the pathogenesis of this complex disorder. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of consistent results regarding common steroid predictors of PCOS. Therefore, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-QqQ/MS) method was developed and validated to determine the concentrations of four classic androgens: androstenedione (An-dione), testosterone (T), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androsterone (An) in urine samples obtained from women with PCOS and healthy controls. The limits of detection were between 0.04 and 0.09 ng/mL, while the limits of quantification ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 ng/mL respectively. As a pre-treatment procedure prior to analysis, hydrolysis using β-glucuronidase and thin film solid-phase microextraction (TF-SPME) was applied. The methodology was employed to perform targeted metabolomics of urinary steroids in women with PCOS and healthy controls. All measured androgens: An-dione (p < 0.0001), T (p = 0.0001), DHT (p < 0.0001) and An (p = 0.0002) showed significantly higher concentrations in the urine of women with PCOS. The largest difference in the mean concentration was found for DHT, which was 2.8 times higher in the PCOS group (13.9 ± 14.1 ng/mg creatinine) in comparison to healthy controls (4.9 ± 3.4 ng/mg creatinine). The results of receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that determination of the panel of three urinary androgens: T+DHT+An-dione with, under the study assumptions, was the best predictor of PCOS diagnosis (AUC of ROC curve = 0.91 (95 % CI: 0.8212-0.9905). The application of an LC-MS/MS-based analysis, together with highly sensitive extraction techniques like TF-SPME, is a suitable approach to perform fast assays and obtain reliable results - crucial in the search for valuable and significant steroids predictors of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rajska
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland
| | - Joanna Raczak-Gutknecht
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Struck-Lewicka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Wityk
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland
| | - Phaedra Verding
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | | | - Danuta Siluk
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland.
| | - Dominik Rachoń
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, Gdańsk 80-211, Poland
| | - Michał Jan Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland.
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Rajska A, Buszewska-Forajta M, Macioszek S, Wawrzyniak R, Wityk P, Berg A, Kowalewska A, Rachoń D, Markuszewski MJ. Searching for the primary metabolic alterations of polycystic ovary syndrome by application of the untargeted metabolomics approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115602. [PMID: 37536113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite a large number of studies, the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) still remains unexplained. In light of ambiguous observations reported in metabolomics, there is a need to carry out studies focusing on confirming the discriminating power of the proposed metabolomics biomarkers. Our research aimed to perform a validation study of metabolites detected in our previous study from serum samples, on the new set of samples obtained from PCOS women and healthy controls to confirm previously selected compounds. Additionally, the second biological matrix - urine - was used to get a more comprehensive insight into metabolic alterations. We applied two analytical techniques - gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to analyze both serum and urine samples obtained from 35 PCOS patients and 35 healthy women. Thank to our approach, we identified and described a comprehensive set of metabolites altered in PCOS patients. Results of our study indicate increased steroid hormone synthesis, alteration in sphingo- and phospholipids metabolism, and disturbed fatty acids metabolism. Moreover, the citric acid cycle, γ-glutamyl cycle, vitamin B metabolism, and a few primary amino acids like tryptophan, phenylalanine, histidine, and alanine are altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rajska
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Buszewska-Forajta
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics, and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Szymon Macioszek
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Renata Wawrzyniak
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Wityk
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Berg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Dominik Rachoń
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał J Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Rajska A, Buszewska-Forajta M, Rachoń D, Markuszewski MJ. Metabolomic Insight into Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144853. [PMID: 32659951 PMCID: PMC7402307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Searching for the mechanisms of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) pathophysiology has become a crucial aspect of research performed in the last decades. However, the pathogenesis of this complex and heterogeneous endocrinopathy remains unknown. Thus, there is a need to investigate the metabolic pathways, which could be involved in the pathophysiology of PCOS and to find the metabolic markers of this disorder. The application of metabolomics gives a promising insight into the research on PCOS. It is a valuable and rapidly expanding tool, enabling the discovery of novel metabolites, which may be the potential biomarkers of several metabolic and endocrine disorders. The utilization of this approach could also improve the process of diagnosis and therefore, make treatment more effective. This review article aims to summarize actual and meaningful metabolomic studies in PCOS and point to the potential biomarkers detected in serum, urine, and follicular fluid of the affected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rajska
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.R.); (M.B.-F.)
| | - Magdalena Buszewska-Forajta
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.R.); (M.B.-F.)
| | - Dominik Rachoń
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Michał Jan Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.R.); (M.B.-F.)
- Correspondence:
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