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Lee YM, Mu A, Wallace M, Gengatharan JM, Furst AJ, Bode L, Metallo CM, Ayres JS. Microbiota control of maternal behavior regulates early postnatal growth of offspring. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/5/eabe6563. [PMID: 33514556 PMCID: PMC7846171 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe6563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Maternal behavior is necessary for optimal development and growth of offspring. The intestinal microbiota has emerged as a critical regulator of growth and development in the early postnatal period life. Here, we describe the identification of an intestinal Escherichia coli strain that is pathogenic to the maternal-offspring system during the early postnatal stage of life and results in growth stunting of the offspring. However, rather than having a direct pathogenic effect on the infant, we found that this particular E. coli strain was pathogenic to the dams by interfering with the maturation of maternal behavior. This resulted in malnourishment of the pups and impaired insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling, leading to the consequential stunted growth. Our work provides a new understanding of how the microbiota regulates postnatal growth and an additional variable that must be considered when studying the regulation of maternal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujung Michelle Lee
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andre Mu
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Martina Wallace
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Jivani M Gengatharan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Annalee J Furst
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Janelle S Ayres
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Soman S, Liu Z, Kim G, Nemec U, Holdsworth SJ, Main K, Lee B, Kolakowsky-Hayner S, Selim M, Furst AJ, Massaband P, Yesavage J, Adamson MM, Spincemaille P, Moseley M, Wang Y. Brain Injury Lesion Imaging Using Preconditioned Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping without Skull Stripping. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 39:648-653. [PMID: 29472296 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Identifying cerebral microhemorrhage burden can aid in the diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injury, stroke, hypertension, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. MR imaging susceptibility-based methods are more sensitive than CT for detecting cerebral microhemorrhage, but methods other than quantitative susceptibility mapping provide results that vary with field strength and TE, require additional phase maps to distinguish blood from calcification, and depict cerebral microhemorrhages as bloom artifacts. Quantitative susceptibility mapping provides universal quantification of tissue magnetic property without these constraints but traditionally requires a mask generated by skull-stripping, which can pose challenges at tissue interphases. We evaluated the preconditioned quantitative susceptibility mapping MR imaging method, which does not require skull-stripping, for improved depiction of brain parenchyma and pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-six subjects underwent brain MR imaging with a 3D multiecho gradient recalled echo acquisition. Mask-based quantitative susceptibility mapping images were created using a commonly used mask-based quantitative susceptibility mapping method, and preconditioned quantitative susceptibility images were made using precondition-based total field inversion. All images were reviewed by a neuroradiologist and a radiology resident. RESULTS Ten subjects (18%), all with traumatic brain injury, demonstrated blood products on 3D gradient recalled echo imaging. All lesions were visible on preconditioned quantitative susceptibility mapping, while 6 were not visible on mask-based quantitative susceptibility mapping. Thirty-one subjects (55%) demonstrated brain parenchyma and/or lesions that were visible on preconditioned quantitative susceptibility mapping but not on mask-based quantitative susceptibility mapping. Six subjects (11%) demonstrated pons artifacts on preconditioned quantitative susceptibility mapping and mask-based quantitative susceptibility mapping; they were worse on preconditioned quantitative susceptibility mapping. CONCLUSIONS Preconditioned quantitative susceptibility mapping MR imaging can bring the benefits of quantitative susceptibility mapping imaging to clinical practice without the limitations of mask-based quantitative susceptibility mapping, especially for evaluating cerebral microhemorrhage-associated pathologies, such as traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Soman
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.S., G.K., B.L.)
| | - Z Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (Z.L., Y.W.), Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - G Kim
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.S., G.K., B.L.)
| | - U Nemec
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (U.N.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - K Main
- Research Division, Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (K.M.), General Dynamics Health Solutions, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - B Lee
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.S., G.K., B.L.)
| | - S Kolakowsky-Hayner
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (S.K.-H.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - M Selim
- Neurology (M.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A J Furst
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.J.F., J.Y., M.M.A.)
- Departments of Psychiatry (A.J.F., J.Y.)
| | - P Massaband
- Departments of Radiology (S.J.H., P.M., M.M.)
- Radiology (P.M.)
| | - J Yesavage
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.J.F., J.Y., M.M.A.)
- Departments of Psychiatry (A.J.F., J.Y.)
| | - M M Adamson
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.J.F., J.Y., M.M.A.)
- Neurosurgery (M.M.A.), Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (M.M.A.), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - P Spincemaille
- Department of Radiology (P.S., Y.W.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - M Moseley
- Departments of Radiology (S.J.H., P.M., M.M.)
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (Z.L., Y.W.), Cornell University, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology (P.S., Y.W.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Rabinovici GD, Rosen HJ, Alkalay A, Kornak J, Furst AJ, Agarwal N, Mormino EC, O'Neil JP, Janabi M, Karydas A, Growdon ME, Jang JY, Huang EJ, Dearmond SJ, Trojanowski JQ, Grinberg LT, Gorno-Tempini ML, Seeley WW, Miller BL, Jagust WJ. Amyloid vs FDG-PET in the differential diagnosis of AD and FTLD. Neurology 2011; 77:2034-42. [PMID: 22131541 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31823b9c5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the diagnostic performance of PET with the amyloid ligand Pittsburgh compound B (PiB-PET) to fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) in discriminating between Alzheimer disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). METHODS Patients meeting clinical criteria for AD (n = 62) and FTLD (n = 45) underwent PiB and FDG-PET. PiB scans were classified as positive or negative by 2 visual raters blinded to clinical diagnosis, and using a quantitative threshold derived from controls (n = 25). FDG scans were visually rated as consistent with AD or FTLD, and quantitatively classified based on the region of lowest metabolism relative to controls. RESULTS PiB visual reads had a higher sensitivity for AD (89.5% average between raters) than FDG visual reads (77.5%) with similar specificity (PiB 83%, FDG 84%). When scans were classified quantitatively, PiB had higher sensitivity (89% vs 73%) while FDG had higher specificity (83% vs 98%). On receiver operating characteristic analysis, areas under the curve for PiB (0.888) and FDG (0.910) were similar. Interrater agreement was higher for PiB (κ = 0.96) than FDG (κ = 0.72), as was agreement between visual and quantitative classification (PiB κ = 0.88-0.92; FDG κ = 0.64-0.68). In patients with known histopathology, overall classification accuracy (2 visual and 1 quantitative classification per patient) was 97% for PiB (n = 12 patients) and 87% for FDG (n = 10). CONCLUSIONS PiB and FDG showed similar accuracy in discriminating AD and FTLD. PiB was more sensitive when interpreted qualitatively or quantitatively. FDG was more specific, but only when scans were classified quantitatively. PiB slightly outperformed FDG in patients with known histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Rabinovici
- UCSF Memory & Aging Center, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Savaraj N, Wu C, Landy H, Wangpaijit M, Wei Y, Kuo MT, Robles C, Furst AJ, Lampidis T, Feun L. Procollagen Alpha 1 Type I: A Potential Aide in Histopathological Grading of Glioma. Cancer Invest 2009; 23:577-81. [PMID: 16305983 DOI: 10.1080/07357900500276915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Collagen type I production has been shown to play a role in malignant transformation. We examined procollagen type I expression in brain tumors and with histopathological grading. Expression levels of procollagen alpha 1 type 1 were determined in 5 glioma cell lines by RT-PCR, Northern, and Western blot analysis. In addition, 41 primary brain tumors and 2 metastatic lung cancers to the brain were examined by PCR. Of the 5 glioma cell line analyzed, 3 (glioma 1, SW-1783 and U-118) expressed procollagen alpha 1 type I and were sensitive to vitamin D3 (VD3). In contrast, 2 of the cell lines (U-373 and T-98G) lacked procollagen alpha 1 type 1 expression. In patients' samples, 14 of 15 anaplastic and low grade gliomas expressed procollagen alpha 1 type I, and 12 of the 14 expressed high levels. In contrast, only 12 of 21 high grade gliomas from patients expressed procollagen alpha 1 type1 and among these, only 4 of the 12 expressed high levels. Thus, there is an inversed correlation between procollagen alpha 1 type 1 expression and histopathological grading (R2=- 0.56, p=0.0005). Our data suggest that procollagen alpha 1 type I expression occurs more commonly in intermediate and low grade gliomas and may assist in histopathological grading.
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Boxer AL, Rabinovici GD, Kepe V, Goldman J, Furst AJ, Huang SC, Baker SL, O'neil JP, Chui H, Geschwind MD, Small GW, Barrio JR, Jagust W, Miller BL. Amyloid imaging in distinguishing atypical prion disease from Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2007; 69:283-90. [PMID: 17636066 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000265815.38958.b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the in vivo uptake of two amyloid-binding PET agents, PIB and FDDNP, in human subjects with a prion protein (PrP) gene (PRNP) mutation that produces a clinical syndrome similar to Alzheimer disease (AD). BACKGROUND Amyloid imaging with specific PET ligands offers great promise for early detection and differential diagnosis of AD. Genetic forms of prion disease can present with clinical features that resemble AD, and at autopsy may show deposition of mutant PrP-amyloid. FDDNP binds to PrP-amyloid in postmortem human specimens, but has not been reported in vivo in prion disease. The ability of PIB to bind PrP-amyloid is not known. METHODS Two brothers with a 6 octapeptide repeat insertion mutation (6-OPRI) in the PRNP gene underwent clinical, structural MRI, and FDG-PET evaluations. One brother received a PIB-PET evaluation, while the other received an FDDNP-PET scan. PET results were compared with five normal subjects and five individuals with AD scanned with either agent. RESULTS PIB uptake was similar to controls in one brother, while FDDNP uptake was intermediate between AD and controls in the other brother. CONCLUSIONS Different amyloid-binding agents may have differential sensitivity to prion-related brain pathology. A combination of amyloid imaging agents may be useful in the diagnosis of early-onset dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1207, USA.
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Rabinovici GD, Furst AJ, O'Neil JP, Racine CA, Mormino EC, Baker SL, Chetty S, Patel P, Pagliaro TA, Klunk WE, Mathis CA, Rosen HJ, Miller BL, Jagust WJ. 11C-PIB PET imaging in Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neurology 2007; 68:1205-12. [PMID: 17420404 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000259035.98480.ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PET tracer (11)C-labeled Pittsburgh Compound-B ((11)C-PIB) specifically binds fibrillar amyloid-beta (Abeta) plaques and can be detected in Alzheimer disease (AD). We hypothesized that PET imaging with (11)C-PIB would discriminate AD from frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), a non-Abeta dementia. METHODS Patients meeting research criteria for AD (n = 7) or FTLD (n = 12) and cognitively normal controls (n = 8) underwent PET imaging with (11)C-PIB (patients and controls) and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) (patients only). (11)C-PIB whole brain and region of interest (ROI) distribution volume ratios (DVR) were calculated using Logan graphical analysis with cerebellum as a reference region. DVR images were visually rated by a blinded investigator as positive or negative for cortical (11)C-PIB, and summed (18)F-FDG images were rated as consistent with AD or FTLD. RESULTS All patients with AD (7/7) had positive (11)C-PIB scans by visual inspection, while 8/12 patients with FTLD and 7/8 controls had negative scans. Of the four PIB-positive patients with FTLD, two had (18)F-FDG scans that suggested AD, and two had (18)F-FDG scans suggestive of FTLD. Mean DVRs were higher in AD than in FTLD in whole brain, lateral frontal, precuneus, and lateral temporal cortex (p < 0.05), while DVRs in FTLD did not significantly differ from controls. CONCLUSIONS PET imaging with (11)C-labeled Pittsburgh Compound-B ((11)C-PIB) helps discriminate Alzheimer disease (AD) from frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Pathologic correlation is needed to determine whether patients with PIB-positive FTLD represent false positives, comorbid FTLD/AD pathology, or AD pathology mimicking an FTLD clinical syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Rabinovici
- Memory &Aging Center, University of California San Fransisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA.
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Robles C, Furst AJ, Sriratana P, Lai S, Chua L, Donnelly E, Solomon J, Sundaram M, Feun L, Savaraj N. Phase II study of vinorelbine with low dose prednisone in the treatment of hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Oncol Rep 2003; 10:885-9. [PMID: 12792740 DOI: 10.3892/or.10.4.885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A phase II trial of vinorelbine and low dose prednisone in hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer was conducted in order to investigate its safety, efficacy and impact on quality of life. Vinorelbine was administered at the dose of 25 mg/m(2) i.v. weekly for 12 weeks and then biweekly, along with 10 mg of daily oral prednisone until time of progression. Fourteen patients, median age of 74 years, were treated. The treatment was generally well tolerated with leukopenia and anemia as the major side effects. One patient achieved partial remission and eleven remained with stable disease. One of the eleven patients with stable disease had a dramatic PSA response from 1000 to 236 ng/ml; seven of these progressed after week twelve when vinorelbine was given biweekly. PSA response occurred in 5 of 14 patients. The median time to progression was 28 weeks and the median survival was 17 months. Nine out of the 14 accrued patients were evaluable for quality of life assessment. Five of them improved, three remained unchanged and two had a slight worsening. Four patients had improvement in pain control and fatigue. Our preliminary data suggest that the combination of vinorelbine/prednisone has modest activity in metastatic prostate cancer with a very favorable toxicity profile and is very well tolerated in this group of elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Robles
- VA Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Avenue D1010 (111k), Miami, FL 33125, USA.
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Savaraj N, Wu C, Wangpaichitr M, Kuo MT, Lampidis T, Robles C, Furst AJ, Feun L. Overexpression of mutated MRP4 in cisplatin resistant small cell lung cancer cell line: collateral sensitivity to azidothymidine. Int J Oncol 2003; 23:173-9. [PMID: 12792791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) resistance is one of the major impediments in cancer chemotherapy. In an attempt to define this complex mechanism(s) of resistance, we have identified 7 cDNA fragments which are overexpressed in CDDP resistant small cell lung cancer cell line (SR-2) using PCR selected cDNA subtraction. One of these fragments was identical with nucleotide 3657-4042 of MRP4. The other fragments share sequence homology with elongation factor alpha, human placenta villi cDNA, heat shock protein (Hsp70), ribosomal RNA, BNP1 brain specific Na-dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter and telomeric catalytic subunit. Examination of other MRP members (MRP1, 2, 3, 5, 6) did not show discernable differences in their expression between the parental (SCLC1) and the CDDP-resistant variant (SR-2). Full length MRP4 cDNA was obtained from SCLC1 and SR-2. Both cell lines carry a point mutation at nucleotide 3532 while SR-2 carries two additional mutations at 3228 and 3246. Since MRP4 is known to transport azidiothymidine (AZT) and overexpression of MRP4 confers AZT resistance, we have studied growth inhibitory effects of AZT and [3H]-AZT accumulation. Interestingly, SR-2 is more sensitive to AZT while accumulating lesser amounts of [3H]-AZT. The thymidine kinase activity is similar in both cell lines. Thus, the increased sensitivity to AZT in SR-2 could not be solely due to mutation of MRP4. These findings are most likely due to the inhibitory effects of telomere catalytic subunit by AZT. Thus, certain biochemical changes induced by CDDP can be explored for future treatment to overcome this form of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niramol Savaraj
- Hematology/Oncology, VA Medical Center, Room D1010, 1201 NW 16th Street, Miami, FL 33125, USA.
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Abstract
Cardiac surgery is perceived to be maximally invasive and fraught with complications. Secondary to this, cardiothoracic surgeons have been refining traditional techniques to minimize their invasive nature. Epidural anesthesia has been utilized safely and effectively for numerous surgical procedures to reduce the associated morbidity. In hopes of achieving a similar result, we utilized thoracic epidural anesthesia for a coronary artery bypass via a left anterior thoracotomy, in an awake, spontaneously breathing patient. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case utilizing this approach. Herein we report the results and technique utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Anderson
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami Veterans Affairs Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA.
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Zou J, Landy H, Feun L, Xu R, Lampidis T, Wu CJ, Furst AJ, Savaraj N. Correlation of a unique 220-kDa protein with vitamin D sensitivity in glioma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:1361-5. [PMID: 11008130 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the antitumor and apoptotic effects of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (VD(3)) in glioma cell lines and in primary cultures derived from surgical specimens from patients. Our results showed that certain glioma cells underwent apoptosis, whereas others were resistant. In an attempt to search for parameters that dictate VD(3) sensitivity, we discovered a unique 220-kDa protein in glioma cells that were sensitive to VD(3). This protein was not a classical vitamin D receptor (VDR), but was recognized by two different anti-VDR monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, the level of the 220-kDa protein was inversely correlated with the IC(50) of VD(3) in these glioma cells. This 220-kDa protein was also present in frozen brain tumor samples, and the level of expression appeared to correlate with their corresponding primary cultures. Thus, our findings suggest that this 220-kDa protein may play an important role in determining VD(3) sensitivity in malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zou
- Hematology/Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33125, USA
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Rowe MI, Furst AJ, Altman DH, Poole CA. The neonatal response to gastrografin enema. Pediatrics 1971; 48:29-35. [PMID: 5561877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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