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Spekker E, Fejes-Szabó A, Nagy-Grócz G. Models of Trigeminal Activation: Is There an Animal Model of Migraine? Brain Sci 2024; 14:317. [PMID: 38671969 PMCID: PMC11048078 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Migraine, recognized as a severe headache disorder, is widely prevalent, significantly impacting the quality of life for those affected. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the application of animal model technologies in unraveling the pathomechanism of migraine and developing more effective therapies. It introduces a variety of animal experimental models used in migraine research, emphasizing their versatility and importance in simulating various aspects of the condition. It details the benefits arising from the utilization of these models, emphasizing their role in elucidating pain mechanisms, clarifying trigeminal activation, as well as replicating migraine symptoms and histological changes. In addition, the article consciously acknowledges the inherent limitations and challenges associated with the application of animal experimental models. Recognizing these constraints is a fundamental step toward fine-tuning and optimizing the models for a more accurate reflection of and translatability to the human environment. Overall, a detailed and comprehensive understanding of migraine animal models is crucial for navigating the complexity of the disease. These findings not only provide a deeper insight into the multifaceted nature of migraine but also serve as a foundation for developing effective therapeutic strategies that specifically address the unique challenges arising from migraine pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonóra Spekker
- Interdisciplinary Research Development and Innovation, Center of Excellence, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Annamária Fejes-Szabó
- HUN-REN–SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Gábor Nagy-Grócz
- Department of Theoretical Health Sciences and Health Management, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, Temesvári Krt. 31., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
- Preventive Health Sciences Research Group, Incubation Competence Centre of the Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Spekker E, Bohár Z, Fejes-Szabó A, Szűcs M, Vécsei L, Párdutz Á. Estradiol Treatment Enhances Behavioral and Molecular Changes Induced by Repetitive Trigeminal Activation in a Rat Model of Migraine. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123175. [PMID: 36551931 PMCID: PMC9776064 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A migraine is a neurological condition that can cause multiple symptoms. It is up to three times more common in women than men, thus, estrogen may play an important role in the appearance attacks. Its exact pathomechanism is still unknown; however, the activation and sensitization of the trigeminal system play an essential role. We aimed to use an animal model, which would better illustrate the process of repeated episodic migraine attacks to reveal possible new mechanisms of trigeminal pain chronification. Twenty male (M) and forty ovariectomized (OVX) female adult rats were used for our experiment. Male rats were divided into two groups (M + SIF, M + IS), while female rats were divided into four groups (OVX + SIF, OVX + IS, OVX + E2 + SIF, OVX + E2 + IS); half of the female rats received capsules filled with cholesterol (OVX + SIF, OVX + IS), while the other half received a 1:1 mixture of cholesterol and 17β-estradiol (OVX + E2 + SIF, OVX + E2 + IS). The animals received synthetic interstitial fluid (SIF) (M + SIF, OVX + SIF, OVX + E2 + SIF) or inflammatory soup (IS) (M + IS, OVX + IS, OVX + E2 + IS) treatment on the dural surface through a cannula for three consecutive days each week (12 times in total). Behavior tests and immunostainings were performed. After IS application, a significant decrease was observed in the pain threshold in the M + IS (0.001 < p < 0.5), OVX + IS (0.01 < p < 0.05), and OVX + E2 + IS (0.001 < p < 0.05) groups compared to the control groups (M + SIF; OVX + SIF, OVX + E2 + SIF). The locomotor activity of the rats was lower in the IS treated groups (M + IS, 0.01 < p < 0.05; OVX + IS, p < 0.05; OVX + E2 + IS, 0.001 < p < 0.05), and these animals spent more time in the dark room (M + IS, p < 0.05; OVX + IS, 0.01 < p < 0.05; OVX + E2 + IS, 0.001 < p < 0.01). We found a significant difference between M + IS and OVX + E2 + IS groups (p < 0.05) in the behavior tests. Furthermore, IS increased the area covered by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactive (IR) fibers (M + IS, p < 0.01; OVX + IS, p < 0.01; OVX + E2 + IS, p < 0.001) and the number of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) IR cells (M + IS, 0.001< p < 0.05; OVX + IS, 0.01 < p < 0.05; OVX + E2 + IS, 0.001 < p < 0.05) in the caudal trigeminal nucleus (TNC). There was no difference between M + IS and OVX + IS groups; however, the area was covered by CGRP IR fibers (0.01 < p < 0.05) and the number of nNOS IR cells was significantly higher in the OVX + E2 + IS (p < 0.05) group than the other two IS- (M + IS, OVX + IS) treated animals. Overall, repeated administration of IS triggers activation and sensitization processes and develops nociceptive behavior changes. CGRP and nNOS levels increased significantly in the TNC after IS treatments, and moreover, pain thresholds and locomotor activity decreased with the development of photophobia. In our model, stable high estradiol levels proved to be pronociceptive. Thus, repeated trigeminal activation causes marked behavioral changes, which is more prominent in rats treated with estradiol, also reflected by the expression of the sensitization markers of the trigeminal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonóra Spekker
- ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bohár
- ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Annamária Fejes-Szabó
- ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mónika Szűcs
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Korányi Fasor 9, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-351; Fax: +36-62-545-597
| | - Árpád Párdutz
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
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Spekker E, Laborc KF, Bohár Z, Nagy-Grócz G, Fejes-Szabó A, Szűcs M, Vécsei L, Párdutz Á. Effect of dural inflammatory soup application on activation and sensitization markers in the caudal trigeminal nucleus of the rat and the modulatory effects of sumatriptan and kynurenic acid. J Headache Pain 2021; 22:17. [PMID: 33789568 PMCID: PMC8011387 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The topical inflammatory soup can model the inflammation of the dura mater causing hypersensitivity and activation of the trigeminal system, a phenomenon present in migraineurs. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 receptor, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase are important in the sensitization process there. 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists, triptans are used as a treatment of migraine. Kynurenic acid an NMDA antagonist can act on structures involved in trigeminal activation. Aim We investigated the effect of inflammatory soup induced dural inflammation on the calcitonin gene-related peptide, transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 receptor, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase levels in the caudal trigeminal nucleus. We also tested whether pretreatment with a well-known antimigraine drug, such as sumatriptan and kynurenic acid, a compound with a different mechanism of action, can affect these changes and if their modulatory effects are comparable. Material and methods After subcutaneous sumatriptan or intraperitoneal kynurenic acid the dura mater of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 72) was treated with inflammatory soup or its vehicle (synthetic interstitial fluid). Two and a half or four hours later perfusion was performed and the caudal trigeminal nucleus was removed for immunohistochemistry. Results and conclusion Inflammatory soup increased calcitonin gene-related peptide, transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 receptor, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the caudal trigeminal nucleus compared to placebo, which was attenuated by sumatriptan and kynurenic acid. This suggests the involvement of 5-HT1B/1D and NMDA receptors in neurogenic inflammation development of the dura and thus in migraine attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonóra Spekker
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis utca 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Flóra Laborc
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis utca 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bohár
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis utca 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy-Grócz
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis utca 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Mónika Szűcs
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis utca 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary. .,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Árpád Párdutz
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis utca 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
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Nagy-Grócz G, Laborc KF, Veres G, Bajtai A, Bohár Z, Zádori D, Fejes-Szabó A, Spekker E, Vécsei L, Párdutz Á. Corrigendum: The Effect of Systemic Nitroglycerin Administration on the Kynurenine Pathway in the Rat. Front Neurol 2020; 11:1049. [PMID: 33071936 PMCID: PMC7542682 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00278.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Nagy-Grócz
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Klaudia F Laborc
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Veres
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Bajtai
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bohár
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dénes Zádori
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Eleonóra Spekker
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Árpád Párdutz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Laborc KF, Spekker E, Bohár Z, Szűcs M, Nagy-Grócz G, Fejes-Szabó A, Vécsei L, Párdutz Á. Trigeminal activation patterns evoked by chemical stimulation of the dura mater in rats. J Headache Pain 2020; 21:101. [PMID: 32799798 PMCID: PMC7429748 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-020-01169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although migraine is one of the most common primary headaches, its therapy is still limited in many cases. The use of animal models is crucial in the development of novel therapeutic strategies, but unfortunately, none of them show all aspects of the disease, therefore, there is a constant need for further improvement in this field. The application of inflammatory agents on the dura mater is a widely accepted method to mimic neurogenic inflammation in rodents, which plays a key role in the pathomechanism of migraine. Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA), and a mixture of inflammatory mediators, called inflammatory soup (IS) are often used for this purpose. METHODS To examine the activation pattern that is caused by chemical stimulation of dura mater, we applied CFA or IS over the right parietal lobe. After 2 h and 4 h (CFA groups), or 2.5 h and 4 h (IS groups), animals were perfused, and c-Fos immunoreactive cells were counted in the caudal trigeminal nucleus. To explore every pitfall, we examined whether our surgical procedure (anesthetic drug, stereotaxic apparatus, local lidocaine) can alter the results under the same experimental settings. c-Fos labeled cells were counted in the second-order neuron area based on the somatotopic organization of the trigeminal nerve branches. RESULTS We could not find any difference between the CFA and physiological saline group neither 2 h, nor 4 h after dural stimulation. IS caused significant difference after both time points between IS treated and control group, and between treated (right) and control (left) side. Stereotaxic frame usage had a substantial effect on the obtained results. CONCLUSIONS Counting c-Fos immunoreactive cells based on somatotopic organization of the trigeminal nerve helped to examine the effect of chemical stimulation of dura in a more specific way. As a result, the use of IS over the parietal lobe caused activation in the area of the ophthalmic nerve. To see this effect, the use of lidocaine anesthesia is indispensable. In conclusion, application of IS on the dura mater induces short-term, more robust c-Fos activation than CFA, therefore it might offer a better approach to model acute migraine headache in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Flóra Laborc
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Eleonóra Spekker
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bohár
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mónika Szűcs
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy-Grócz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Annamária Fejes-Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary.
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Árpád Párdutz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
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Fejes-Szabó A, Spekker E, Tar L, Nagy-Grócz G, Bohár Z, Laborc KF, Vécsei L, Párdutz Á. Chronic 17β-estradiol pretreatment has pronociceptive effect on behavioral and morphological changes induced by orofacial formalin in ovariectomized rats. J Pain Res 2018; 11:2011-2021. [PMID: 30310305 PMCID: PMC6165783 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s165969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of craniofacial pain disorders show sexual dimorphism with generally more common appearance in women suggesting the influence of estradiol, but the exact cause remains unknown. The common point in the pathogenesis of these disorders is the activation of trigeminal system. One of the animal experimental models of trigeminal activation is the orofacial formalin test, in which we investigated the effect of chronic 17β-estradiol pretreatment on the trigeminal pain-related behavior and activation of trigeminal second-order neurons at the level of spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis (TNC). Methods Female Sprague Dawley rats were ovariectomized and silicone capsules were implanted subcutaneously containing cholesterol in the OVX group and 17β-estradiol and cholesterol in 1:1 ratio in the OVX+E2 group. We determined 17β-estradiol levels in serum after the implantation of capsules. Three weeks after operation, 50 µL of physiological saline or 1.5% of formalin solution was injected subcutaneously into the right whisker pad of rats. The time spent on rubbing directed to the injected area and c-Fos immunoreactivity in TNC was measured as the formalin-induced pain-related behavior, and as the marker of pain-related neuronal activation, respectively. Results The chronic 17β-estradiol pretreatment mimics the plasma levels of estrogen occurring in the proestrus phase and significantly increased the formalin-induced pain-related behavior and neuronal activation in TNC. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the chronic 17β-estradiol treatment has strong pronociceptive effect on orofacial formalin-induced inflammatory pain suggesting modulatory action of estradiol on head pain through estrogen receptors, which are present in the trigeminal system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleonóra Spekker
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary,
| | - Lilla Tar
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gábor Nagy-Grócz
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary, .,Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bohár
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary, .,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary,
| | - Klaudia Flóra Laborc
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, .,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary, .,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary,
| | - Árpád Párdutz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary,
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Nagy-Grócz G, Laborc KF, Veres G, Bajtai A, Bohár Z, Zádori D, Fejes-Szabó A, Spekker E, Vécsei L, Párdutz Á. The Effect of Systemic Nitroglycerin Administration on the Kynurenine Pathway in the Rat. Front Neurol 2017; 8:278. [PMID: 28659861 PMCID: PMC5469907 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary headache disorders include migraine, which is one of the most frequent neurological disorders, which influences more than 14% of the whole population. Despite the research efforts, its exact pathomechanism is not fully revealed, but evidence points to the role of glutamate and its receptors. Kynurenic acid is an endogenous glutamate receptor antagonist produced by the kynurenine pathway (KP). Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) convert l-tryptophan to N-formyl-l-kynurenine, to be further transformed to l-kynurenine. Kynurenine aminotransferase-II (KAT-II), l-kynurenine hydrolase (KYNU), and l-kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) are key enzymes in the later steps of the KP. Nitroglycerin (NTG) administration serves as both human and animal model of migraine, causing the activation and sensitization in the trigeminal system. A previous study demonstrated a reduction of KAT-II expression following NTG administration in animals. The goal of current tests was to identify the potential modulatory effect of NTG on other metabolizing enzymes of the KP in the caudal trigeminal nucleus (TNC) of rats. Four hours following the intraperitoneal injection of NTG (10 mg/kg), the rats were perfused transcardially and the TNC was extracted for Western blotting. Western blot studies revealed that the expression of TDO2, IDO1, KYNU, and KMO decreased in the TNC. The results demonstrated that NTG is able to downregulate the KP, with a potential influence on the glutamatergic system as well, contributing to the development of trigeminal activation and sensitization in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Nagy-Grócz
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Klaudia F Laborc
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Veres
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Bajtai
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bohár
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dénes Zádori
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Eleonóra Spekker
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Árpád Párdutz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Veres G, Fejes-Szabó A, Zádori D, Nagy-Grócz G, László AM, Bajtai A, Mándity I, Szentirmai M, Bohár Z, Laborc K, Szatmári I, Fülöp F, Vécsei L, Párdutz Á. A comparative assessment of two kynurenic acid analogs in the formalin model of trigeminal activation: a behavioral, immunohistochemical and pharmacokinetic study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 124:99-112. [PMID: 27629500 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KYNA) has well-established protective properties against glutamatergic neurotransmission, which plays an essential role in the activation and sensitization process during some primary headache disorders. The goal of this study was to compare the effects of two KYNA analogs, N-(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-1H-quinoline-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (KA-1) and N-(2-N-pyrrolidinylethyl)-4-oxo-1H-quinoline-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (KA-2), in the orofacial formalin test of trigeminal pain. Following pretreatment with KA-1 or KA-2, rats were injected with subcutaneous formalin solution in the right whisker pad. Thereafter, the rubbing activity and c-Fos immunoreactivity changes in the spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis (TNC) were investigated. To obtain pharmacokinetic data, KA-1, KA-2 and KYNA concentrations were measured following KA-1 or KA-2 injection. Behavioral tests demonstrated that KA-2 induced larger amelioration of formalin-evoked alterations as compared with KA-1 and the assessment of c-Fos immunoreactivity in the TNC yielded similar results. Although KA-1 treatment resulted in approximately four times larger area under the curve values in the serum relative to KA-2, the latter resulted in a higher KYNA elevation than in the case of KA-1. With regard to TNC, the concentration of KA-1 was under the limit of detection, while that of KA-2 was quite small and there was no major difference in the approximately tenfold KYNA elevations. These findings indicate that the differences between the beneficial effects of KA-1 and KA-2 may be explained by the markedly higher peripheral KYNA levels following KA-2 pretreatment. Targeting the peripheral component of trigeminal pain processing would provide an option for drug design which might prove beneficial in headache conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Veres
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Annamária Fejes-Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dénes Zádori
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy-Grócz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725, Szeged, Hungary.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna M László
- Department of Biometrics and Agricultural Informatics, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent Istvan University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Bajtai
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Mándity
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márton Szentirmai
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bohár
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Laborc
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725, Szeged, Hungary. .,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Árpád Párdutz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725, Szeged, Hungary
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9
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Fejes-Szabó A, Bohár Z, Nagy-Grócz G, Vámos E, Tar L, Pődör B, Tajti J, Toldi J, Vécsei L, Párdutz Á. Effect of probenecid on the pain-related behaviour and morphological markers in orofacial formalin test of the rat. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2016; 14:350-9. [PMID: 25106627 DOI: 10.2174/1871527314666150225141229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Probenecid has been widely used in the treatment of gout, but evidence suggests that it may also have antinociceptive effects in different inflammatory and pain conditions. We examined the potential modulatory effects of probenecid on behavioural and morphological markers in the orofacial formalin test of the rat. One hour after pre-treatment with vehicle or probenecid (1 mmol/kg body weight) intraperitoneally, 50μl 1.5% formalin solution or physiological saline was injected subcutaneously into the right whisker pad of rats. The rubbing activity directed to the injected whisker pad was then measured for a period of 45 minutes. Four hours after formalin injection, the caudal part of spinal trigeminal nucleus was removed and subjected to c-Fos and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunohistochemistry and to interleukin-1β and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) Western blot. There was a significant decrease in formalin-induced biphasic behavioural response and c-Fos and nNOS immunoreactivity in the rats that were pre-treated with probenecid. However there were no alterations in expression of interleukin-1β or NQO1 after formalin administration. Our results suggest that probenecid has an anti-nociceptive effect in the trigeminal inflammatory pain model. This effect may be through influencing the release of prostaglandin E2 or desensitizing the transient receptor potential channel subtype A member 1 or the transient receptor potential channel subtype V member 2 or the effect may be through modulating kynurenic acid levels in the central nervous system. Thus, probenecid might be a potential candidate for the treatment of trigeminal activation related pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Árpád Párdutz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary.
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10
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Nagy-Grócz G, Tar L, Bohár Z, Fejes-Szabó A, Laborc KF, Spekker E, Vécsei L, Párdutz Á. The modulatory effect of anandamide on nitroglycerin-induced sensitization in the trigeminal system of the rat. Cephalalgia 2015; 36:849-61. [PMID: 26512068 DOI: 10.1177/0333102415613766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the human and animal models of migraine is the systemic administration of the nitric oxide donor (NO) nitroglycerin (NTG). NO can provoke migraine-like attacks in migraineurs and initiates a self-amplifying process in the trigeminal system, probably leading to central sensitization. Recent studies suggest that the endocannabinoid system is involved in nociceptive signal processing and cannabinoid receptor (CB) agonists are able to attenuate nociception in animal models of pain. AIM The purpose of the present study was to investigate the modulatory effects of a CB agonist anandamide (AEA) on the NTG-induced expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and kynurenine aminotransferase-II (KAT-II) in the upper cervical spinal cord (C1-C2) of the rat, where most of the trigeminal nociceptive afferents convey. METHODS A half hour before and one hour after NTG (10 mg/kg) or placebo injection, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 44) were treated with AEA (2 × 5 mg/kg). Four hours after placebo/NTG injection, the animals were perfused and the cervical spinal cords were removed for immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Our results show that NTG is able to increase TRPV1, nNOS, NF-κB and COX-2 and decrease KAT-II expression in the C1-C2 segments. On the other hand, we have found that AEA modulates the NTG-induced changes, thus it influences the activation and central sensitization process in the trigeminal system, probably via CBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Nagy-Grócz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lilla Tar
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Bohár
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Annamária Fejes-Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Flóra Laborc
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eleonóra Spekker
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Hungary MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Árpád Párdutz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Hungary
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11
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Bohár Z, Nagy-Grócz G, Fejes-Szabó A, Tar L, László AM, Büki A, Szabadi N, Vraukó V, Vécsei L, Párdutz Á. Diverse effects of Brilliant Blue G administration in models of trigeminal activation in the rat. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:1621-31. [PMID: 26298729 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the trigeminal system plays an important role in the pathomechanism of headaches. A better understanding of trigeminal pain processing is expected to provide information helping to unravel the background of these diseases. ATP, a key modulator of nociceptive processing, acts on ligand-gated P2X receptors. Antagonists of the P2X7 receptors, such as Brilliant Blue G (BBG), have proved effective in several models of pain. We have investigated the effects of BBG after electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion and in the orofacial formalin test in the rat. The right trigeminal ganglion of male rats was stimulated either with 5 Hz, 0.5 mA pulses for 5 min (mild procedure) or with 10 Hz, 0.5 mA pulses for 30 min (robust procedure), preceded by 50 mg/kg i.v. BBG. The animals were processed for c-Fos and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunohistochemistry. In the orofacial formalin test, 50 μL of 1.5 % formalin was injected into the right whisker pad of awake rats, following the pre-treatment with BBG. Behaviour was monitored for 45 min, and c-Fos and CGRP immunohistochemistry was performed. BBG attenuated the increase in c-Fos-positive cells in the caudal trigeminal nucleus (TNC) after robust stimulation, but not after mild stimulation. No alterations in CGRP levels were found with either methodology. BBG did not mitigate either the behaviour or the increase in c-Fos-positive cells in the TNC during the orofacial formalin test. These results indicate that P2X7 receptors may have a role in the modulation of nociception in the trigeminal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Bohár
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6., Szeged, 6725, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy-Grócz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6., Szeged, 6725, Hungary
| | - Annamária Fejes-Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6., Szeged, 6725, Hungary
| | - Lilla Tar
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna M László
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 9, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Büki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Szabadi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6., Szeged, 6725, Hungary
| | - Veronika Vraukó
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6., Szeged, 6725, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6., Szeged, 6725, Hungary. .,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6., Szeged, 6725, Hungary.
| | - Árpád Párdutz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6., Szeged, 6725, Hungary
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12
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Török N, Molnár K, Füvesi J, Karácsony M, Zsiros V, Fejes-Szabó A, Fiatal S, Ádány R, Somogyvári F, Stojiljković O, Vécsei L, Bencsik K. Chemokine receptor V Δ32 deletion in multiple sclerosis patients in Csongrád County in Hungary and the North-Bácska region in Serbia. Hum Immunol 2014; 76:59-64. [PMID: 25500253 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The roles of chemokine receptor V (CCR5) and its polymorphism, rs333 in multiple sclerosis (MS) are controversial. We investigated the receptor and its deletion in a large MS (428) and a numerous control (831) population in Csongrád County (Hungary) and North-Bácska (Serbia). Taqman probes firstly were used for the allele discrimination. There was no significant difference in genotype (OR=1.092, 95% CI=0.807-1.478, p=0.568 for wt/wt (wt=wild type allele) vs wt/Δ32, Δ32/Δ32 (Δ32=Δ32 base pair deletion allele)) or allele frequency (OR=0.914, 95% CI=0.692-1.207, p=0.525). Neither the deletion nor the wt allele affected the Expanded Disability Status Scale score or the age at onset. Our results indicate no association between the CCR5 Δ32 allele and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Török
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Füvesi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Karácsony
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktória Zsiros
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Annamária Fejes-Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Fiatal
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Kassai u 26, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róza Ádány
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Kassai u 26, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Somogyvári
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Olivera Stojiljković
- Department of Neurology, Public Hospital of Subotica, 3 Izvorska, Subotica, Serbia
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bencsik
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary.
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13
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Fejes-Szabó A, Bohár Z, Vámos E, Nagy-Grócz G, Tar L, Veres G, Zádori D, Szentirmai M, Tajti J, Szatmári I, Fülöp F, Toldi J, Párdutz Á, Vécsei L. Pre-treatment with new kynurenic acid amide dose-dependently prevents the nitroglycerine-induced neuronal activation and sensitization in cervical part of trigemino-cervical complex. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:725-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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