Association between Psychiatric Disorders and Glomerular Disease

Introduction

Patients with chronic health conditions, particularly chronic kidney disease, are at heightened risk for psychiatric disorders; yet, there are limited data on those with primary glomerular disease.

Methods

This study included patients with glomerular disease enrolled in the kidney research network multisite patient registry. Registry data include encounter, diagnoses, medication, laboratory, and vital signs data extracted from participants' electronic health records. ICD-9/10 diagnosis codes were used to identify a subset of psychiatric disorders focused on anxiety, mood, and behavioral disorders. Time-varying Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze time from the onset of kidney disease to diagnosis of psychiatric disorder. Adjusted models retained significant covariates from the full list of potential confounders, including age, sex, race, ethnicity, time-varying treatment, the estimated glomerular filtration rate, and proteinuria (urine protein-to-creatinine ratio [UPCR]). Analogous models examined diagnosis of psychiatric disorder as a predictor of time to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).

Results

Data were available for 950 participants, with a median of 58 months of follow-up. 110 (12%) participants were diagnosed with psychiatric disorder during the follow-up. The estimated rate of psychiatric diagnosis after kidney disease was 14.7 cases per 1,000 person-years and was highest among those of adolescent age at the time of kidney disease diagnosis. Adjusted analyses found adolescent age (vs. adult, hazard ratio [HR] = 3.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.87-5.17) and Asian race (vs. white, HR = 0.34, 95% CI 0.16-0.71) were associated with psychiatric diagnosis. A higher UPCR per 1 log unit (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.01-1.27) and a higher total number of oral medications were associated with psychiatric disorder (p < 0.001). Psychiatric diagnosis was also associated with progression to ESKD (HR = 2.45, 95% CI 1.53-3.92) in adjusted models.

Discussion/Conclusion

Psychiatric disorders were documented in approximately one-eighth of patients with glomerular disease and correlated with clinical disease characteristics such as age, race, proteinuria, and oral medication burden. These findings suggest mental health screening is warranted in patients of all ages with glomerular disease.

The Development and Use of an EHR-Linked Database for Glomerular Disease Research and Quality Initiatives

Background and Objective

The use of electronic health record (EHR) data can facilitate efficient research and quality initiatives. The imprecision of ICD-10 codes for kidney diagnoses has been an obstacle to discrete data-defined diagnoses in the EHR. This manuscript describes the Kidney Research Network (KRN) registry and database that provide an example of a prospective, real-world data glomerular disease registry for research and quality initiatives.

Methods

KRN is a multicenter collaboration of patients, physicians, and scientists across diverse health-care settings with a focus on improving treatment options and outcomes for patients with glomerular disease. The registry and data warehouse amasses retrospective and prospective data including EHR, active research study, completed clinical trials, patient reported outcomes, and other relevant data. Following consent, participating sites enter the patient into KRN and provide a physician-confirmed primary kidney diagnosis. Kidney biopsy reports are redacted and uploaded. Site programmers extract local EHR data including demographics, insurance type, zip code, diagnoses, encounters, laboratories, procedures, medications, dialysis/transplant status, vitals, and vital status monthly. Participating sites transform data to conform to a common data model prior to submitting to the Data Analysis and Coordinating Center (DACC). The DACC stores and reviews each site's EHR data for quality before loading into the KRN database.

Results

As of January 2021, 1,192 patients have enrolled in the registry. The database has been utilized for research, clinical trial design, clinical trial end point validation, and supported quality initiatives. The data also support a dashboard allowing enrolling sites to assist with clinical trial enrollment and population health initiatives.

Conclusion

A multicenter registry using EHR data, following physician- and biopsy-confirmed glomerular disease diagnosis, can be established and used effectively for research and quality initiatives. This design provides an example which may be readily replicated for other rare or common disease endeavors.

Time to Initiation of Antihypertensive Therapy After Onset of Elevated Blood Pressure in Patients With Primary Proteinuric Kidney Disease

Rationale & Objective

The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of hypertension in patients with proteinuric kidney disease and evaluate blood pressure (BP) control.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting & Participants

Data from adults and children with proteinuric kidney disease enrolled in the multicenter Kidney Research Network Registry were used for this study.

Exposure

Proteinuric kidney disease.

Outcomes

Hypertension and BP control.

Analytical Approach

Patients with white-coat hypertension were excluded. Patients were censored at end-stage kidney disease onset. Patients were defined as hypertensive either by hypertension diagnosis code, having 2 or more encounters with elevated BPs, or treatment with antihypertensive therapy excluding renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade. Elevated BP was defined as greater than 95th percentile for children and >140/90 mm Hg in adults. Sustained BP control was defined as 2 or more consecutive encounters with BPs lower than 95th percentile for children and <140/90 mm Hg for adults. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to evaluate the time to initiation of antihypertensive therapy.

Results

842 patients, 69% adults and 31% children, with a total observation period of 6,722 patient-years were included in the analysis. 644 (76%) had hypertension during observation. There was no difference in the prevalence of hypertension between children and adults (74% vs 78%; P = 0.3). Hypertension was most common among those of African American race compared with other races (90% vs 72%-75%; P = 0.003). 504 (78%) patients with hypertension achieved BP control but only 51% achieved control within 1 year. 140 (22%) patients with hypertension never achieved BP control during a median of 41 (IQR, 24-73) months of observation.

Limitations

Differing BP control goals that may lead to overestimation of the controlled patient population.

Conclusions

Hypertension affects most patients with proteinuric kidney disease regardless of age. Time to BP control exceeded 1 year in 50% of patients with hypertension and 22% did not demonstrate control. This study highlights the need to address hypertension early and completely in disease management of patients with proteinuric kidney disease.

Steroid-Associated Side Effects in Patients With Primary Proteinuric Kidney Disease

Introduction

The goal of this study was to assess the occurrence of steroid-associated adverse events (SAAE) in patients with primary proteinuric kidney disease.

Methods

The Kidney Research Network Registry consists of children and adults with primary proteinuric kidney disease. SAAEs of interest were hypertension, hyperglycemia and diabetes, overweight and obesity, short stature, ophthalmologic complications, bone disorders, infections, and psychosis. Events were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision/Tenth Revision codes, blood pressures, growth parameters, laboratory values, and medications. Poisson generalized estimating equations tested the association between steroid onset and dose on SAAE risk.

Results

A total of 884 participants were included in the analysis; 534 (60%) were treated with steroids. Of these, 62% had at least one SAAE. The frequency of any SAAE after initiation of steroids was 293 per 1000 person-years. The most common SAAEs were hypertension (173.7 per 1000 person-years), diabetes (78.7 per 1000 person-years), obesity (66.8 per 1000 person-years), and infections (46.1 per 1000 person-years). After adjustment for demographics, duration of kidney disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), proteinuria, and other therapies, steroid exposure was associated with a 40% increase in risk of any SAAE (Relative risk [RR]: 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3–1.6). A 1-mg/kg per day increase in steroid dose was associated with a 2.5-fold increase in risk of any SAAE.

Conclusion

Most patients with primary proteinuric kidney disease treated with steroids experienced at least one SAAE. Steroid therapy increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, weight gain, short stature, fractures, and infections after adjusting for disease-related factors. This study highlights the importance of surveillance and management of SAAE and provides rationale for the development of steroid minimization protocols.

NephCure Accelerating Cures Institute: A Multidisciplinary Consortium to Improve Care for Nephrotic Syndrome

Introduction

NephCure Accelerating Cures Institute (NACI) is a collaborative organization sponsored by NephCure Kidney International and the University of Michigan. The Institute is composed of 7 cores designed to improve treatment options and outcomes for patients with glomerular disease: Clinical Trials Network, Data Warehouse, Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) and Endpoints Consortium, Clinical Trials Consulting Team, Quality Initiatives, Education and Engagement, and Data Coordinating Center.

Methods

The Trials Network includes 22 community- and hospital-based nephrology practices, 14 of which are trial-only sites. Eight sites participate in the NACI Registry, and as of October 2017, 1054 patients are enrolled with diagnoses including but not limited to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, and childhood-onset nephrotic syndrome. By using electronic health record data extraction, robust and efficient clinical data are captured while minimizing the burden to site-based network staff.

Results

The Data Warehouse includes her-extracted data from registry patients, PRO development data, and data from completed observational studies and clinical trials. The Clinical Trial Consulting Team provides support for trial design in rare diseases leveraging these data. The PRO and Endpoints Consortium develops shorter-term endpoints while capturing the patient-reported significance of interventions under study. The Quality Initiatives and Education/Engagement cores elevate the level of care for patients. The Data Coordinating Center manages the analysis and operations of the Institute.

Conclusion

By engaging with patients, academia, industry, and patient advocate community representatives, including our Patient Advisory Board, NACI strives for better outcomes and treatments using evidence-based support for clinical trial design.