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Guilmette J, Nielsen GP, Faquin WC, Selig M, Nosé V, Chi AWS, Sadow PM. Ultrastructural Characterization of Mammary Analogue Secretory Carcinoma of the Salivary Glands: A Distinct Entity from Acinic Cell Carcinoma? Head Neck Pathol 2017; 11:419-426. [PMID: 28194567 PMCID: PMC5677066 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-017-0784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) of the salivary glands is a recently described neoplasm of the salivary glands with a characteristic morphology complemented by a specific cytogenetic translocation and gene rearrangements. Although immunophenotypic and cytogenetic differences allow for a more reliable distinction, ultrastructural features can also provide important information about the relationship between MASC, classic acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC), and AciCC intercalated duct cell-predominant variant. Following approval from the hospital's institutional review board, 7 cases of MASC, 8 cases of classic AciCC, and 4 cases of AciCC intercalated duct cell-predominant variant were retrieved from the pathology files of Massachusetts General Hospital from 2012 to 2015. Electron microscopy was performed using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Ultrastructural features of all 19 neoplasms of the salivary glands were recorded. The predominant cell-types observed in MASC are those with intercalated/striated duct cell differentiation. These features include prominent invaginations of the cell surface studded with microvilli, and some intra- and intercellular lumina also with a microvillous surface. Classic AciCC dominant cell-type recapitulates acinar cell differentiation. These cells contain large intracytoplasmic zymogen-like granules. AciCC intercalated duct cell-predominant variant showed both cell populations in various proportions with the intercalated/striated duct cell type usually being the dominant one. MASC presents with distinctive ultrastructural features that allows its proper differentiation from classic AciCC. However, significant ultrastructural features overlaps between both AciCC intercalated duct cells-predominant and classic AciCC and MASC. These findings indicate a very close proximity between these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Guilmette
- 0000 0001 0743 2111grid.410559.cDepartment of Pathology, University of Montreal Hospital Center, Montreal, QC Canada ,0000 0001 2292 3357grid.14848.31Department of Pathology and Molecular Biology, N-528 Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Gunnlaugur P. Nielsen
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,0000 0004 0386 9924grid.32224.35Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114-2696 USA
| | - William C. Faquin
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,0000 0004 0386 9924grid.32224.35Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114-2696 USA ,0000 0000 8800 3003grid.39479.30Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Martin Selig
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,0000 0004 0386 9924grid.32224.35Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114-2696 USA
| | - Vânia Nosé
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,0000 0004 0386 9924grid.32224.35Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114-2696 USA
| | - Anthony W. S. Chi
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,0000 0004 0386 9924grid.32224.35Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114-2696 USA
| | - Peter M. Sadow
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,0000 0004 0386 9924grid.32224.35Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114-2696 USA ,0000 0000 8800 3003grid.39479.30Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114 USA
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Tsai V, Parker WE, Orlova KA, Baybis M, Chi AWS, Berg BD, Birnbaum JF, Estevez J, Okochi K, Sarnat HB, Flores-Sarnat L, Aronica E, Crino PB. Fetal brain mTOR signaling activation in tuberous sclerosis complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 24:315-27. [PMID: 23081885 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is characterized by developmental malformations of the cerebral cortex known as tubers, comprised of cells that exhibit enhanced mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. To date, there are no reports of mTORC1 and mTORC2 activation in fetal tubers or in neural progenitor cells lacking Tsc2. We demonstrate mTORC1 activation by immunohistochemical detection of substrates phospho-p70S6K1 (T389) and phospho-S6 (S235/236), and mTORC2 activation by substrates phospho-PKCα (S657), phospho-Akt (Ser473), and phospho-SGK1 (S422) in fetal tubers. Then, we show that Tsc2 shRNA knockdown (KD) in mouse neural progenitor cells (mNPCs) in vitro results in enhanced mTORC1 (phospho-S6, phospho-4E-BP1) and mTORC2 (phospho-Akt and phospho-NDRG1) signaling, as well as a doubling of cell size that is rescued by rapamycin, an mTORC1 inhibitor. Tsc2 KD in vivo in the fetal mouse brain by in utero electroporation causes disorganized cortical lamination and increased cell volume that is prevented with rapamycin. We demonstrate for the first time that mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling is activated in fetal tubers and in mNPCs following Tsc2 KD. These results suggest that inhibition of mTOR pathway signaling during embryogenesis could prevent abnormal brain development in TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tsai
- PENN Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology and University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Cross SA, Cook DR, Chi AWS, Vance PJ, Kolson LL, Wong BJ, Jordan-Sciutto KL, Kolson DL. Dimethyl fumarate, an immune modulator and inducer of the antioxidant response, suppresses HIV replication and macrophage-mediated neurotoxicity: a novel candidate for HIV neuroprotection. J Immunol 2011; 187:5015-25. [PMID: 21976775 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infection promotes cognitive dysfunction and neurodegeneration through persistent inflammation and neurotoxin release from infected and/or activated macrophages/microglia. Furthermore, inflammation and immune activation within both the CNS and periphery correlate with disease progression and morbidity in ART-treated individuals. Accordingly, drugs targeting these pathological processes in the CNS and systemic compartments are needed for effective, adjunctive therapy. Using our in vitro model of HIV-mediated neurotoxicity, in which HIV-infected monocyte-derived macrophages release excitatory neurotoxins, we show that HIV infection dysregulates the macrophage antioxidant response and reduces levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Furthermore, restoration of HO-1 expression in HIV-infected monocyte-derived macrophages reduces neurotoxin release without altering HIV replication. Given these novel observations, we have identified dimethyl fumarate (DMF), used to treat psoriasis and showing promising results in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis, as a potential neuroprotectant and HIV disease-modifying agent. DMF, an immune modulator and inducer of the antioxidant response, suppresses HIV replication and neurotoxin release. Two distinct mechanisms are proposed: inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation and signaling, which could contribute to the suppression of HIV replication, and induction of HO-1, which is associated with decreased neurotoxin release. Finally, we found that DMF attenuates CCL2-induced monocyte chemotaxis, suggesting that DMF could decrease recruitment of activated monocytes to the CNS in response to inflammatory mediators. We propose that dysregulation of the antioxidant response during HIV infection drives macrophage-mediated neurotoxicity and that DMF could serve as an adjunctive neuroprotectant and HIV disease modifier in ART-treated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Cross
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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