Anti-Huntington’s Effect of Rosiridin via Oxidative Stress/AchE Inhibition and Modulation of Succinate Dehydrogenase, Nitrite, and BDNF Levels against 3-Nitropropionic Acid in Rodents

Background: Rosiridin is a compound extracted from Rhodiola sachalinensis; water extracts of Rhodiola root elicit positive effects on the human central nervous system and improve brain function. They are also thought to be beneficial to one’s health, in addition to being antioxidants. The present study aims to evaluate the anti-Huntington’s effect of rosiridin against 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA)-induced Huntington’s disease (HD)-like effects in rats. Materials and Methods: The acute toxicity in rats was elucidated to track the conceivable toxicities in the rats. The effectiveness of rosiridin at a dosage of 10 mg/kg was evaluated against several dose administrations of 3-NPA-induced HD-like symptoms in the rats for 22 days. At the end of the study, behavioral parameters were assessed as a hallmark for the cognitive and motor functions in the rats. Similarly, after the behavioral assessment, the animals were sacrificed to obtain a brain tissue homogenate. The prepared homogenate was utilized for the estimation of several biochemical parameters, including oxidative stress (glutathione, catalase, and malondialdehyde), brain-derived neurotrophic factor and succinate dehydrogenase activity, and the glutamate and acetylcholinesterase levels in the brain. Furthermore, inflammatory mediators linked to the occurrence of neuroinflammation in rats were evaluated in the perfused brain tissues. Results: The rosiridin-treated group exhibited a significant restoration of behavioral parameters, including in the beam-walk test, latency in falling during the hanging wire test, and percentage of memory retention during the elevated plus-maze test. Further, rosiridin modulated several biochemical parameters, including oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory activity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nitrite, and acetylcholinesterase as compared to disease control group that was treated with 3-NPA. Conclusions: The current study exhibits the anti-Huntington’s effects of rosiridin in experimental animal models.

6-Shogaol Attenuates Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Anxiety/Depression-like Behavior via Inhibition of Oxidative Stress-Influenced Expressions of Inflammatory Mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, and BDNF: Insight into the Mechanism

Anxiety and depression are among the major traumatic brain injury-induced psychiatric disorders in survivors. The present study was undertaken to investigate the beneficial effects of 6-Shogaol against depression-like behavior and anxiety, induced by traumatic brain injury (TBI), in mice. The mice were administered either fluoxetine, vehicle, or three different doses (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg/day, i.p.) of 6-Shogaol after 10 days of impact-accelerated TBI. The treatment was continued for 14 consecutive days. Elevated plus maze test, marble burying test, staircase test, and social interaction test were employed to investigate the effect of 6-Shogaol on anxiety-like behavior. The impact of treatment on depression-like behavior was assessed using hyper-emotionality behavior or open-field exploration test. The expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in brain tissue and brain water were measured to elucidate possible mechanisms involved. 6-Shogaol treatment (higher dose) was able to attenuate anxiety/depression-like behaviors in mice with TBI. 6-Shogaol treatment also altered MDA formation and expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β that act as major inflammation-inducing cytokines in brain tissue. Additionally, brain BDNF levels were also affected by 6-Shogaol treatment. Although the lower dose of 6-Shogaol was able to rectify inflammation and BDNF expression in brain tissue, it was unable to improve anxiety/depression-like behaviors. 6-Shogaol treatment produced beneficial effects for TBI-induced anxiety/depression-like behaviors in mice, which could be attributed to the reduction of lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and enhanced BDNF expression.