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Vivekanandhan P, Swathy K, Kalaimurugan D, Ramachandran M, Yuvaraj A, Kumar AN, Manikandan AT, Poovarasan N, Shivakumar MS, Kweka EJ. Larvicidal toxicity of Metarhizium anisopliae metabolites against three mosquito species and non-targeting organisms. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232172. [PMID: 32365106 PMCID: PMC7197772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fungal toxin acts as effective, low-cost chemical substances for pest control worldwide and also an alternative to synthetic insecticides. This study assessed the larvicidal potential of Metarhizium anisopliae fungi derived metabolites against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and non-targeted organisms at 24hr post treatment. Method Isolation of entomopathogenic fungi M. anisopliae from natural traps confirmed by using 18s rDNA biotechnological tools. Crude extracts from M. anisopliae solvent extraction and their secondary metabolites were bio-assayed following WHO standard procedures against Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus, Artemia nauplii, Eudrilus eugeniae, and Solanum lycopersicum after 24 hr exposure. Histopathological analysis of E. eugeniae treated with fungi metabolites toxicity compared to those treated with Monocrotophos after 24hrpost-treatment. M. anisopliae metabolites were characterized using GC-MS and FT-IR analysis. Results The larvicidal activity was recorded in highest concentration of 75μg/ml, with 85%, 97% and 89% mortality in Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus respectively. M. anisopliae metabolites produced LC50 values in Ae. aegypti, 59.83μg/ml, in An. stephensi, 50.16μg/ml and in Cx. quinquefasciatus, 51.15μg/ml respectively. M. anisopliae metabolites produced lower toxic effects on A. nauplii, LC50 values were, 54.96μg/ml respectively. Bio-indicator toxicity results show 18% and 58% mortality was recorded in E. eugeniae and A. nauplii and also there is no phytotoxicity that was observed on S. lycopersicum L. under semi-field condition. E. eugeniae histopathological studies shows fungal metabolites showed lower sub-lethal effects compared to synthetic chemical pesticide at 24hrs of the treatment. The GC-MS and FT-IR analysis identified five major components of active ingredients. Conclusion Findings of this study indicate that, M. anisopliae ethyl acetate derived secondary metabolites are effective against larvae of Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito species, lower toxicity effects were observed on non-target organisms such as, Artemia nauplii, Eudrilus eugeniae as well as, no toxicity effect were observed on Solanum lycopersicum. Further research should be conducted in laboratory for separation of single pure molecule and be tested semifield conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Vivekanandhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Entomology Laboratory, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannan Swathy
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Entomology Laboratory, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dharman Kalaimurugan
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Marimuthu Ramachandran
- Department of Botany, Plant Molecular Stress Physiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Department of Zoology, Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arjunan Naresh Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Entomology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ayyavu Thendral Manikandan
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Entomology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Neelakandan Poovarasan
- Department of Soil and Environmental Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Eliningaya J. Kweka
- Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
- * E-mail: (MSS); (EJK)
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Madhiyazhagan P, Murugan K, Kumar AN, Nataraj T, Dinesh D, Panneerselvam C, Subramaniam J, Mahesh Kumar P, Suresh U, Roni M, Nicoletti M, Alarfaj AA, Higuchi A, Munusamy MA, Benelli G. S argassum muticum-synthesized silver nanoparticles: an effective control tool against mosquito vectors and bacterial pathogens. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:4305-17. [PMID: 26281786 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases represent a deadly threat for millions of people worldwide. Furthermore, pathogens and parasites polluting water also constitute a severe plague for populations of developing countries. In this research, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were synthesized using the aqueous extract of the seaweed Sargassum muticum. The production of AgNP was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance band illustrated in UV-vis spectrophotometry. AgNP were characterized by FTIR, SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses. AgNP were mostly spherical in shape, crystalline in nature, with face-centered cubic geometry, and mean size was 43-79 nm. Toxicity of AgNP was assessed against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefasciatus. In laboratory, AgNP were highly toxic against larvae and pupae of the three mosquito species. Maximum efficacy was observed against A. stephensi larvae, with LC50 ranging from 16.156 ppm (larva I) to 28.881 ppm (pupa). In the field, a single treatment with AgNP (10 × LC50) in water storage reservoirs was effective against the three mosquito vectors, allowing complete elimination of larval populations after 72 h. In ovicidal experiments, egg hatchability was reduced by 100% after treatment with 30 ppm of AgNP. Ovideterrence assays highlighted that 10 ppm of AgNP reduced oviposition rates of more than 70% in A. aegypti, A. stephensi, and C. quinquefasciatus (OAI = -0.61, -0.63, and -0.58, respectively). Antibacterial properties of AgNP were evaluated against Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhi using the agar disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration protocol. AgNP tested at 50 ppm evoked growth inhibition zones larger than 5 mm in all tested bacteria. Overall, the chance to use S. muticum-synthesized AgNP for control of mosquito vectors seems promising since they are effective at low doses and may constitute an advantageous alternative to build newer and safer mosquito control tools. This is the first report about ovicidal activity of metal nanoparticles against mosquito vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pari Madhiyazhagan
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kadarkarai Murugan
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Thiyagarajan Nataraj
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
- National Institute of Plant Health Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Hyderabad, India
| | - Devakumar Dinesh
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chellasamy Panneerselvam
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayapal Subramaniam
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanisamy Mahesh Kumar
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Udaiyan Suresh
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mathath Roni
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Marcello Nicoletti
- Department of Environmental Biology, University Sapienza of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Abdullah A Alarfaj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akon Higuchi
- Department of Reproduction, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Murugan A Munusamy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Madhiyazhagan P, Murugan K, Kumar AN, Nataraj T. Extraction of mosquitocidals from Ocimum canum leaves for the control of dengue and malarial vectors. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Prasanna Kumar K, Murugan K, Kovendan K, Naresh Kumar A, Hwang JS, R. Barnard D. Combined effect of seaweed (Sargassum wightii) and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on the coastal mosquito, Anopheles sundaicus, in Tamil Nadu, India. ScienceAsia 2012. [DOI: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2012.38.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Kumar AN, Murugan K, Madhiyazhagan P, Prabhu K. Spinosad and neem seed kernel extract as bio–controlling agents for malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi and non–biting midge, Chironomus circumdatus. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2011; 4:614-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Spinal epidural lipomatosis is the excessive deposition of unencapsulated fat in the epidural space. This is a rare disorder often associated with high levels of endogenous steroids or the administration of exogenous steroids. CASE DESCRIPTION A 32-year-old man with congenital kyphosis treated with prednisolone daily for 5 months for interstitial lung disease developed compressive myelopathy. FINDINGS Magnetic resonance imaging showed congenital kyphosis along with epidural lipomatosis compressing the cord. Cessation of steroid therapy was associated with improvement in the symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Spinal epidural lipomatosis is a rare side effect of chronic steroid therapy that may occur with relatively short-term, low-dose regimens. In patients with congenital vertebral anomalies, spinal fat deposition may worsen the neurological status in an already compromised cord. Discontinuation of steroid therapy is beneficial; some patients may require surgical intervention for decompression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gupta
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Late-onset Tay-Sachs disease (LOTS) is an adult-onset, autosomal recessive, progressive variant of GM2 gangliosidosis, characterized by involvement of the cerebellum and anterior horn cells. OBJECTIVE To determine the range of visual and ocular motor abnormalities in LOTS, as a prelude to evaluating the effectiveness of novel therapies. METHODS Fourteen patients with biochemically confirmed LOTS (8 men; age range 24 to 53 years; disease duration 5 to 30 years) and 10 age-matched control subjects were studied. Snellen visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, stereopsis, and visual fields were measured, and optic fundi were photographed. Horizontal and vertical eye movements (search coil) were recorded, and saccades, pursuit, vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), vergence, and optokinetic (OK) responses were measured. RESULTS All patients showed normal visual functions and optic fundi. The main eye movement abnormality concerned saccades, which were "multistep," consisting of a series of small saccades and larger movements that showed transient decelerations. Larger saccades ended earlier and more abruptly (greater peak deceleration) in LOTS patients than in control subjects; these changes can be attributed to premature termination of the saccadic pulse. Smooth-pursuit and slow-phase OK gains were reduced, but VOR, vergence, and gaze holding were normal. CONCLUSIONS Patients with late-onset Tay-Sachs disease (LOTS) show characteristic abnormalities of saccades but normal afferent visual systems. Hypometria, transient decelerations, and premature termination of saccades suggest disruption of a "latch circuit" that normally inhibits pontine omnipause neurons, permitting burst neurons to discharge until the eye movement is completed. These measurable abnormalities of saccades provide a means to evaluate the effects of novel treatments for LOTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rucker
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-5040, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure vertical and horizontal responses to optokinetic (OK) stimulation and investigate directional abnormalities of quick phases in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). METHODS Saccades and OK nystagmus were studied in six PSP patients, five with Parkinson's disease (PD), and 10 controls. The OK stimulus subtended 72 degrees horizontally, 60 degrees vertically, consisted of black and white stripes, and moved at 10-50 degrees /s. RESULTS All PSP patients showed slowed voluntary vertical saccades and nystagmus quick phases compared with PD or controls. Small, paired, horizontal saccadic intrusions (SWJ) were more frequent and larger in PSP during fixation. Vertical saccades were transiently faster at the time of SWJ and horizontal saccades in PSP. During vertical OK nystagmus, small quick phases were often combined with horizontal SWJ in all subjects; in PSP the vector was closer to horizontal. Vertical OK slow phase gain was reduced in PSP but, in most PD patients, was similar to normals. The average position of gaze shifted in the direction of vertical OK stimulus in PSP patients with preserved slow phase responses but impaired quick phases. CONCLUSIONS Vertical OK responses in PSP show impaired slow phase responses, and quick phases that are slowed and combined with SWJ to produce an oblique vector. SWJ facilitate vertical saccades and quick phases in PSP, but it is unclear whether this is an adaptive process or a result of the disease. A large OK stimulus is useful to induce responses that can be quantitatively analysed in patients with limited voluntary range of vertical gaze.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Garbutt
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Kellinghaus C, Iwasaki M, Leigh JR, Alexopoulos A, Hornig K, Kumar AN, Han YH, Luders HO. Effects of Blinks and Eyelid Closure on the EEG. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-832042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
The gain of the human vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) is influenced by the proximity of the object of regard. In six human subjects, we measured the eye rotations induced by passive, sinusoidal, horizontal head rotations at 2.0 Hz during binocular fixation of a stationary far target at 7 m; a stationary target close to the subject's near point of fixation (<15 cm); and the bridge of the subject's own nose, viewed through a mirror positioned so that, for each subject, the angle of vergence was similar to that during viewing of the near target. The median gain of compensatory eye movements for the group of subjects during far viewing was 0.99 (range 0.80-1.04), during near viewing was 1.21 (range 0.88-1.47), and during mirror viewing was 0.85 (range 0.71-1.01). The gain during near and mirror viewing was significantly different for each subject (P < 0.001) even though the vergence angles were similar. The lower gain values during mirror viewing can be attributed to the geometric relationship between the head rotation, the position of the eyes in the head, and the movement of the subject's virtual image in the mirror. To determine whether visually mediated eye movements were responsible for the observed gain values, we conducted a control experiment in which subjects were rotated using a sum-of-sines stimulus that minimized the effects of predictive visual tracking; differences of gain values between near- and mirror-viewing conditions were similar to those during rotation at 2 Hz. We conclude that, in these experiments, target proximity and vergence angle were not the key determinants of gain of the visuo-vestibular response during head rotation while viewing a near target but that contextual cues from motion vision were more important in generating the appropriate response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Abstract
Infectious complications occurring after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty are uncommon. We are reporting a case of bacterial pericarditis developing 1 week after coronary angioplasty and stent implantation. Treatment with appropriate antibiotics and drainage of the infected pericardial effusion was followed by a protracted hospital course and eventual control of infection and discharge of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sankari
- Department of Cardiology, Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
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Abstract
We report a case of pancreatitis, which occurred while the patient was on a propofol drip and then recurred after resolution following an inadvertent rechallenge with propofol. The initial episode was associated with hypertriglyceridemia, whereas the latter was not. The association between propofol and pancreatitis is definite and may occur independently of significant hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Kumar
- Division of Cardiology, Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
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Abstract
This is the report of a case of fetus-in-fetu diagnosed in a 3-month-old boy and found to be located in the upper retroperitoneum. The entity was distinguished from teratoma by the presence of vertebral axis with limb buds. It corresponded to a diamniotic, monochorionic, monozygotic twin. Complete excision of the mass was performed. Radiological, histopathologic, and DNA fingerprinting studies performed on fetus-in-fetu specimen showed that the fetus was a monozygotic twin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Kumar
- Niloufer Hospital for Children and Institute of Child Health, Red Hills, Hyderabad, India
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Zenno S, Koike H, Kumar AN, Jayaraman R, Tanokura M, Saigo K. Biochemical characterization of NfsA, the Escherichia coli major nitroreductase exhibiting a high amino acid sequence homology to Frp, a Vibrio harveyi flavin oxidoreductase. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:4508-14. [PMID: 8755878 PMCID: PMC178217 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.15.4508-4514.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified the nfsA gene, encoding the major oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase in Escherichia coli, and determined its position on the E. coli map to be 19 min. We also purified its gene product, NfsA, to homogeneity. It was suggested that NfsA is a nonglobular protein with a molecular weight of 26,799 and is associated tightly with a flavin mononucleotide. Its amino acid sequence is highly similar to that of Frp, a flavin oxidoreductase from Vibrio harveyi (B. Lei, M. Liu, S. Huang, and S.-C. Tu, J. Bacteriol. 176:3552-3558, 1994), an observation supporting the notion that E. coli nitroreductase and luminescent-bacterium flavin reductase families are intimately related in evolution. Although no appreciable sequence similarity was detected between two E. coli nitroreductases, NfsA and NfsB, NfsA exhibited a low level of the flavin reductase activity and a broad electron acceptor specificity similar to those of NfsB. NfsA reduced nitrofurazone by a ping-pong Bi-Bi mechanism possibly to generate a two-electron transfer product.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zenno
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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Abstract
Age dependent changes in rat liver and kidney arginase isoenzymes from day 1 to 73 weeks have been studied. It has been observed that total liver arginase activity (activity/liver) increases with age, but there is no appreciable change in the proportions of isoenzymes, their pH optima, electrophoretic mobilities and inhibition characteristics, although Km increases with age. Corticosterone induces liver arginase activity and the degree of induction decreases with age. The hormone has no effect on kidney arginase. Testosterone treatment, on the other hand, induces kidney arginase without any effect on liver enzyme.
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