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Kaleem I, Alexander J, Hisbulla M, Kannichamy V, Mishra V, Banerjee A, Gandhi AB, Khan S. A Review of the Relationship of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Changes During the Dysregulation of Parathyroid Hormone With Psychiatric or Neurological Manifestations. Cureus 2021; 13:e12679. [PMID: 33604214 PMCID: PMC7880852 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is established that normal calcium and vitamin D concentrations are maintained in the body through parathyroid hormone (PTH), a signaling molecule secreted from parathyroid glands. A massive role is played by PTH in increasing calcium levels when they are extremely low in the body through different mechanisms. The dysregulation of this hormone is due to either over functioning of the gland (hyperparathyroidism) or compromised functioning in hypoparathyroidism. A detailed review was done to identify if any changes are happening in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) due to any pathology causing the parathormone to be dysregulated enough to, in turn, cause any further pathology in the nervous system. This may then lead to various disabling neuropsychiatric features. The calcium and vitamin D abnormalities are both directly and indirectly connected to psychiatric features like delusions, schizophrenia, disabled cognition, psychosis, coma, mania, and depression of all kinds. Moreover, their irregularities are also linked to Alzheimer's. During these manifestations, the CSF is altered concentration-wise, where elevated calcium levels inside are observed during different studies. Despite PTH's indirect connection to the CSF modifications, their association hasn't been potently proven yet, considering more observational studies should be conducted in humans and for a more extended period, along with bigger and greater numbers of CSF samples. Suppose there is a possibility of the link of CSF alterations to PTH. In that case, we can consider a pronounced increase of CSF calcium or PTH as a risk factor for debilitating neuropsychiatric diseases. In this review, the possible correlation of CSF and PTH has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifrah Kaleem
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Josh Alexander
- Internal medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Mohamed Hisbulla
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Vishmita Kannichamy
- General Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Vinayak Mishra
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Amit Banerjee
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Arohi B Gandhi
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Safeera Khan
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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Mishra V, Banerjee A, Gandhi AB, Kaleem I, Alexander J, Hisbulla M, Kannichamy V, Valaiyaduppu Subas S, Hamid P. Stroke and Fabry Disease: A Review of Literature. Cureus 2020; 12:e12083. [PMID: 33489501 PMCID: PMC7805529 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by a mutation in the alpha-galactosidase A (GLA) gene, leading to the deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A enzyme. The natural history of the affected patients (both males and females) includes neurovascular complications, such as cerebrovascular disease at a relatively young age. The pathophysiology behind the vascular involvement is primarily attributed to the accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and its derivatives in the vascular endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells. MRI is the gold standard radiological investigation to detect the white matter lesions characteristic of Fabry disease's neurological involvement. More studies should focus on the utility of universally screening patients with young stroke for Fabry disease and the effectiveness of enzyme replacement therapy to prevent stroke. This review offers a synopsis of the current knowledge of the pathophysiology, neuroradiology, treatment, and prognosis of cerebrovascular disease in Fabry patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Mishra
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Amit Banerjee
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Arohi B Gandhi
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ifrah Kaleem
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Josh Alexander
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Mohamed Hisbulla
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Vishmita Kannichamy
- General Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | | | - Pousette Hamid
- Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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Antony I, Kannichamy V, Banerjee A, Gandhi AB, Valaiyaduppu Subas S, Hamid P. An Outlook on the Impact of HIV Infection and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on the Cardiovascular System - A Review. Cureus 2020; 12:e11539. [PMID: 33354483 PMCID: PMC7746328 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV has been related to various cardiovascular pathologies in both adults and children. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been effective in subduing viral replication and improving immunity thereby reducing the effects of HIV both in AIDS and other chronic diseases related to the virus. Complications related to HAART have been reported with metabolic disorders and cardiac effects seen based on the therapy. HIV and HAART have shown to have direct effects on the cardiovascular system, and more public awareness and medical knowledge are required on this subject. This literature review tries to shed some light on the role of HIV and HAART in the cardiovascular manifestations seen in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Antony
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Vishmita Kannichamy
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Amit Banerjee
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Arohi B Gandhi
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | | | - Pousette Hamid
- Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is known for impairments in neurotrophic and neuroprotective processes, which translate into emotional and cognitive deficits affecting various brain regions. Using its neuroplastic properties, lithium, thus far, is the mood stabilizer used to amend the pathophysiological imbalance in BD. Neuroplasticity has gained massive popularity in the research department in the past decade, yet it lacks direct effort in changing the protocol through which physicians treat BD. Physical activity alongside cognitive therapy is theorized to produce long-term changes in the executive control network due to the assimilation of new neurons, amendment of emotional lability through hippocampal neurogenesis, and strengthening the stability of frontosubcortical and prefrontolimbic brain regions via neurogenesis. This review aims to provide an incentive for utilizing neuroplastic mechanisms concerning impairments dispensed by BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arohi B Gandhi
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ifrah Kaleem
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Josh Alexander
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Mohamed Hisbulla
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Vishmita Kannichamy
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ishan Antony
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Vinayak Mishra
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Amit Banerjee
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Safeera Khan
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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Kannichamy V, Antony I, Mishra V, Banerjee A, Gandhi AB, Kaleem I, Alexander J, Hisbulla M, Khan S. Transdermal Nicotine as a Treatment Option for Ulcerative Colitis: A Review. Cureus 2020; 12:e11096. [PMID: 33240692 PMCID: PMC7681756 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is primarily a disease of non-smokers or ex-smokers. Since there have been previous claims of the beneficial effects of transdermal nicotine, researchers studied its efficacy to include it in the treatment regimen: to prevent remissions and as maintenance therapy. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of transdermal nicotine as a treatment option for mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis. We shortlisted 22 articles after a careful analysis and elimination process. These articles were reviewed and analyzed, and it was found that transdermal nicotine in combination with conventional therapy was more beneficial than individual treatment with either. Further controlled studies evaluating the appropriate dosage for remission and maintenance treatment needs to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishmita Kannichamy
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ishan Antony
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Vinayak Mishra
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Amit Banerjee
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Arohi B Gandhi
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ifrah Kaleem
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Josh Alexander
- General Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Mohamed Hisbulla
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Safeera Khan
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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Banerjee A, Gandhi AB, Antony I, Alexander J, Hisbulla M, Kannichamy V, Kaleem I, Mishra V, Khan S. Role of Cannabis in the Incidence of Myocardial Infarction: A Review. Cureus 2020; 12:e11097. [PMID: 33240693 PMCID: PMC7681753 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Legalizing cannabis use in various states in the United States has caused increased substance abuse, mostly among young people. There are very little data focussing on marijuana use and myocardial infarction (MI) incidence. The objective of the study is to analyze the published papers for cannabis-induced MI and derive a strong relation between cannabis use and MI and understand the pathophysiology. An online search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and PubMed Central to find relevant publications examining patients who developed MI due to cannabis use. Out of 32 articles that were identified for this review, 17 are case reports, one is a letter to the editor, eight are observational studies, and six are review articles. Many studies have proposed different mechanisms by which cannabis affects the body. Our study shows that marijuana can precipitate MI even if it is used for the first time. Limited data is available to comment on the mortality of patients after cannabis-induced MI. These findings highlight the necessity for public awareness to prevent the ill-effects of cannabis, especially for teenagers and older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Banerjee
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Arohi B Gandhi
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ishan Antony
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Josh Alexander
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Mohamed Hisbulla
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Vishmita Kannichamy
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ifrah Kaleem
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Vinayak Mishra
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Safeera Khan
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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