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Ngou CM, Bayibéki AN, Abate L, Makinde OS, Feufack-Donfack LB, Sarah-Matio EM, Bouopda-Tuedom AG, Taconet P, Moiroux N, Awono-Ambéné PH, Talman A, Ayong LS, Berry A, Nsango SE, Morlais I. Influence of the sickle cell trait on Plasmodium falciparum infectivity from naturally infected gametocyte carriers. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:317. [PMID: 37165325 PMCID: PMC10173526 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickle cell trait (SCT) refers to the carriage of one abnormal copy of the β-globin gene, the HbS allele. SCT offers protection against malaria, controlling parasite density and preventing progression to symptomatic malaria. However, it remains unclear whether SCT also affects transmission stages and mosquito infection parameters. Deciphering the impact of the SCT on human to mosquito malaria transmission is key to understanding mechanisms that maintain the trait in malaria endemic areas. METHODS The study was conducted from June to July 2017 among asymptomatic children living in the locality of Mfou, Cameroon. Blood samples were collected from asymptomatic children to perform malaria diagnosis by microscopy, Plasmodium species by PCR and hemoglobin typing by RFLP. Infectiousness of gametocytes to mosquitoes was assessed by membrane feeding assays using blood from gametocyte carriers of HbAA and HbAS genotypes. A zero-inflated model was fitted to predict distribution of oocysts in mosquitoes according to hemoglobin genotype of the gametocyte source. RESULTS Among the 1557 children enrolled in the study, 314 (20.16%) were of the HbAS genotype. The prevalence of children with P. falciparum gametocytes was 18.47% in HbAS individuals and 13.57% in HbAA, and the difference is significant (χ2 = 4.61, P = 0.032). Multiplicity of infection was lower in HbAS gametocyte carriers (median = 2 genotypes/carrier in HbAS versus 3.5 genotypes/carrier in HbAA, Wilcoxon sum rank test = 188, P = 0.032). Gametocyte densities in the blood donor significantly influenced mosquito infection prevalence in both HbAS and HbAA individuals. The HbAS genotype had no significant effect on mosquito infection outcomes when using immune or naïve serum in feeding assays. In AB replacement feeding experiments, the odds ratio of mosquito infection for HbAA blood as compared to HbAS was 0.56 (95% CI 0.29-1.10), indicating a twice higher risk of infection in mosquitoes fed on gametocyte-containing blood of HbAS genotype. CONCLUSION Plasmodium transmission stages were more prevalent in SCT individuals. This may reflect the parasite's enhanced investment in the sexual stage to increase their survival rate when asexual replication is impeded. The public health impact of our results points the need for intensive malaria control interventions in areas with high prevalence of HbAS. The similar infection parameters in feeding experiments where mosquitoes received the original serum from the blood donor indicated that immune responses to gametocyte surface proteins occur in both HbAS and HbAA individuals. The higher risk of infection in mosquitoes fed on HbAS blood depleted of immune factors suggests that changes in the membrane properties in HbAS erythrocytes may impact on the maturation process of gametocytes within circulating red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle M Ngou
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 91 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier, France
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Luc Abate
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 91 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Olesula S Makinde
- Department of Statistics, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure, Nigeria
| | | | - Elangwe M Sarah-Matio
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 91 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier, France
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Aline G Bouopda-Tuedom
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Paul Taconet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 91 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Moiroux
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 91 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Arthur Talman
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 91 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Lawrence S Ayong
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Antoine Berry
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université Toulouse, CNRS UMR5051, INSERM UMR1291, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Service de Parasitologie_Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine E Nsango
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Isabelle Morlais
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 91 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier, France.
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Abdel Hamid MM, Abdelraheem MH, Acheampong DO, Ahouidi A, Ali M, Almagro-Garcia J, Amambua-Ngwa A, Amaratunga C, Amenga-Etego L, Andagalu B, Anderson T, Andrianaranjaka V, Aniebo I, Aninagyei E, Ansah F, Ansah PO, Apinjoh T, Arnaldo P, Ashley E, Auburn S, Awandare GA, Ba H, Baraka V, Barry A, Bejon P, Bertin GI, Boni MF, Borrmann S, Bousema T, Bouyou-Akotet M, Branch O, Bull PC, Cheah H, Chindavongsa K, Chookajorn T, Chotivanich K, Claessens A, Conway DJ, Corredor V, Courtier E, Craig A, D'Alessandro U, Dama S, Day N, Denis B, Dhorda M, Diakite M, Djimde A, Dolecek C, Dondorp A, Doumbia S, Drakeley C, Drury E, Duffy P, Echeverry DF, Egwang TG, Enosse SMM, Erko B, Fairhurst RM, Faiz A, Fanello CA, Fleharty M, Forbes M, Fukuda M, Gamboa D, Ghansah A, Golassa L, Goncalves S, Harrison GLA, Healy SA, Hendry JA, Hernandez-Koutoucheva A, Hien TT, Hill CA, Hombhanje F, Hott A, Htut Y, Hussein M, Imwong M, Ishengoma D, Jackson SA, Jacob CG, Jeans J, Johnson KJ, Kamaliddin C, Kamau E, Keatley J, Kochakarn T, Konate DS, Konaté A, Kone A, Kwiatkowski DP, Kyaw MP, Kyle D, Lawniczak M, Lee SK, Lemnge M, Lim P, Lon C, Loua KM, Mandara CI, Marfurt J, Marsh K, Maude RJ, Mayxay M, Maïga-Ascofaré O, Miotto O, Mita T, Mobegi V, Mohamed AO, Mokuolu OA, Montgomery J, Morang’a CM, Mueller I, Murie K, Newton PN, Ngo Duc T, Nguyen T, Nguyen TN, Nguyen Thi Kim T, Nguyen Van H, Noedl H, Nosten F, Noviyanti R, Ntui VNN, Nzila A, Ochola-Oyier LI, Ocholla H, Oduro A, Omedo I, Onyamboko MA, Ouedraogo JB, Oyebola K, Oyibo WA, Pearson R, Peshu N, Phyo AP, Plowe CV, Price RN, Pukrittayakamee S, Quang HH, Randrianarivelojosia M, Rayner JC, Ringwald P, Rosanas-Urgell A, Rovira-Vallbona E, Ruano-Rubio V, Ruiz L, Saunders D, Shayo A, Siba P, Simpson VJ, Sissoko MS, Smith C, Su XZ, Sutherland C, Takala-Harrison S, Talman A, Tavul L, Thanh NV, Thathy V, Thu AM, Toure M, Tshefu A, Verra F, Vinetz J, Wellems TE, Wendler J, White NJ, Whitton G, Yavo W, van der Pluijm RW. Pf7: an open dataset of Plasmodium falciparum genome variation in 20,000 worldwide samples. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:22. [PMID: 36864926 PMCID: PMC9971654 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18681.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the MalariaGEN Pf7 data resource, the seventh release of Plasmodium falciparum genome variation data from the MalariaGEN network. It comprises over 20,000 samples from 82 partner studies in 33 countries, including several malaria endemic regions that were previously underrepresented. For the first time we include dried blood spot samples that were sequenced after selective whole genome amplification, necessitating new methods to genotype copy number variations. We identify a large number of newly emerging crt mutations in parts of Southeast Asia, and show examples of heterogeneities in patterns of drug resistance within Africa and within the Indian subcontinent. We describe the profile of variations in the C-terminal of the csp gene and relate this to the sequence used in the RTS,S and R21 malaria vaccines. Pf7 provides high-quality data on genotype calls for 6 million SNPs and short indels, analysis of large deletions that cause failure of rapid diagnostic tests, and systematic characterisation of six major drug resistance loci, all of which can be freely downloaded from the MalariaGEN website.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamed Hassan Abdelraheem
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- Nuclear Applications In Biological Sciences, Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Desmond Omane Acheampong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ambroise Ahouidi
- Health Research Epidemiological Surveillance and Training Institute (IRESSEF), Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mozam Ali
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Alfred Amambua-Ngwa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Chanaki Amaratunga
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Maryland, USA
| | - Lucas Amenga-Etego
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Ben Andagalu
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Walter Reed Project, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Tim Anderson
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, USA
| | | | | | - Enoch Aninagyei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health & Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Felix Ansah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Patrick O Ansah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | | | - Paulo Arnaldo
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Elizabeth Ashley
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Auburn
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Hampate Ba
- Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Vito Baraka
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Epidemiology, International Health Unit, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alyssa Barry
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Maciej F Boni
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Teun Bousema
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marielle Bouyou-Akotet
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Oralee Branch
- NYU School of Medicine Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Peter C Bull
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Huch Cheah
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | | | - Antoine Claessens
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
- LPHI, MIVEGEC, INSERM, CNRS, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - David J Conway
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Alister Craig
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Program, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Souleymane Dama
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Nicholas Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brigitte Denis
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Program, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Mehul Dhorda
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand
- WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network – Asia Regional Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mahamadou Diakite
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoulaye Djimde
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Arjen Dondorp
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), Bamako, Mali
| | - Chris Drakeley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Patrick Duffy
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Maryland, USA
| | - Diego F Echeverry
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas - CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
| | | | | | - Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Caterina A Fanello
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mark Fleharty
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Mark Fukuda
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMC-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Anita Ghansah
- Nogouchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Sara Anne Healy
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason A Hendry
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Tran Tinh Hien
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Catherine A Hill
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Francis Hombhanje
- Centre for Health Research & Diagnostics, Divine Word University, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | | | - Ye Htut
- Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Mazza Hussein
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Deus Ishengoma
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- East African Consortium for Clinical Research (EACCR), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Scott A Jackson
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Claire Kamaliddin
- Institute of Research for Development (IRD), Paris, France
- The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Edwin Kamau
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Drissa S Konate
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Aminatou Kone
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Myat P Kyaw
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Yangon, Myanmar
- University of Public Health, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Dennis Kyle
- University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
- University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | | | - Samuel K Lee
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martha Lemnge
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Pharath Lim
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Maryland, USA
- Medical Care Development International, Maryland, USA
| | - Chanthap Lon
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kovana M Loua
- University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
- Institut National de Santé Publique, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Celine I Mandara
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jutta Marfurt
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Kevin Marsh
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Richard James Maude
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Institute of Research and Education Development (IRED), University of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Oumou Maïga-Ascofaré
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Sciences and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Olivo Miotto
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand
- MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, Big Data Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Victor Mobegi
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Olugbenga A Mokuolu
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Jaqui Montgomery
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Program, Blantyre, Malawi
- World Mosquito Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Collins Misita Morang’a
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Paul N Newton
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Thang Ngo Duc
- National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology (NIMPE), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Thuy-Nhien Nguyen
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Hong Nguyen Van
- National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology (NIMPE), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Harald Noedl
- MARIB - Malaria Research Initiative Bandarban, Bandarban, Bangladesh
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francois Nosten
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | | | | | - Alexis Nzila
- King Fahid University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUMP), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Harold Ocholla
- KEMRI Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Research Program, Kisumu, Kenya
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abraham Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Irene Omedo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Marie A Onyamboko
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo, Democratic Republic
| | | | - Kolapo Oyebola
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
- Parasitology and Bioinformatics Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Norbert Peshu
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Aung P Phyo
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Ric N Price
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | | - Huynh Hong Quang
- Institute of Malariology, Parasitology, and Entomology (IMPE) Quy Nhon, Ministry of Health, Quy Nhon, Vietnam
| | - Milijaona Randrianarivelojosia
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Universités d'Antananarivo et de Mahajanga, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Lastenia Ruiz
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
| | - David Saunders
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alex Shayo
- Nelson Mandela Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Peter Siba
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | | | - Mahamadou S. Sissoko
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Xin-zhuan Su
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Shannon Takala-Harrison
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arthur Talman
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Livingstone Tavul
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Ngo Viet Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vandana Thathy
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aung Myint Thu
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Mahamoudou Toure
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | | | | | - Joseph Vinetz
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas E Wellems
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason Wendler
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Maryland, USA
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, USA
| | - Nicholas J White
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - William Yavo
- University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
- Malaria Research and Control Center of the National Institute of Public Health, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
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