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Almajidi YQ, Ponnusankar S, Chaitanya MVNL, Marisetti AL, Hsu CY, Dhiaa AM, Saadh MJ, Pal Y, Thabit R, Adhab AH, Alsaikhan F, Narmani A, Farhood B. Chitosan-based nanofibrous scaffolds for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130683. [PMID: 38458289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is a wide range of deficiencies in treatment of diseases. These limitations are correlated with the inefficient ability of current modalities in the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. Therefore, there is a fundamental need for the development of novel approaches to overcome the mentioned restrictions. Chitosan (CS) nanoparticles, with remarkable physicochemical and mechanical properties, are FDA-approved biomaterials with potential biomedical aspects, like serum stability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, mucoadhesivity, non-immunogenicity, anti-inflammatory, desirable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, etc. CS-based materials are mentioned as ideal bioactive materials for fabricating nanofibrous scaffolds. Sustained and controlled drug release and in situ gelation are other potential advantages of these scaffolds. This review highlights the latest advances in the fabrication of innovative CS-based nanofibrous scaffolds as potential bioactive materials in regenerative medicine and drug delivery systems, with an outlook on their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sivasankaran Ponnusankar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty 643001, The Nilgiris, India
| | - M V N L Chaitanya
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Arya Lakshmi Marisetti
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Chou-Yi Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan City 71710, Taiwan.
| | | | - Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan
| | - Yogendra Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, CT College of Pharmacy, Shahpur, Jalandhar, Punjab 144020, India
| | - Russul Thabit
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Iraq
| | | | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; School of Pharmacy, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Asghar Narmani
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Almajidi YQ, Gupta J, Sheri FS, Zabibah RS, Faisal A, Ruzibayev A, Adil M, Saadh MJ, Jawad MJ, Alsaikhan F, Narmani A, Farhood B. Advances in chitosan-based hydrogels for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127278. [PMID: 37806412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of diseases, such as cancer, is one of the most significant issues correlated with human beings health. Hydrogels (HGs) prepared from biocompatible and biodegradable materials, especially biopolymers, have been effectively employed for the sort of pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, including drug delivery systems, biosensors, and tissue engineering. Chitosan (CS), one of the most abundant bio-polysaccharide derived from chitin, is an efficient biomaterial in the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. CS-based HGs possess some potential advantages, like high values of bioactive encapsulation, efficient drug delivery to a target site, sustained drug release, good biocompatibility and biodegradability, high serum stability, non-immunogenicity, etc., which made them practical and useful for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. In this review, we summarize recent achievements and advances associated with CS-based HGs for drug delivery, regenerative medicine, disease detection and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura Pin Code 281406, U.P., India
| | - Fatime Satar Sheri
- College of Dentistry, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Rahman S Zabibah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Faisal
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - Akbarali Ruzibayev
- Department of Food Products Technology, Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology, Navoi street 32, 100011 Tashkent City, Uzbekistan
| | - Mohaned Adil
- Pharmacy College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan
| | | | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; School of Pharmacy, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Asghar Narmani
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Jiang M, Althomali RH, Ansari SA, Saleh EAM, Gupta J, Kambarov KD, Alsaab HO, Alwaily ER, Hussien BM, Mustafa YF, Narmani A, Farhood B. Advances in preparation, biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications of chitosan-based gold, silver, and magnetic nanoparticles: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126390. [PMID: 37595701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, the ever-increasing incidence of various diseases, like cancer, has led to a high rate of death worldwide. On the other hand, conventional modalities (such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy) have not indicated enough efficiency in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Thus, potential novel approaches should be taken into consideration to pave the way for the suppression of diseases. Among novel approaches, biomaterials, like chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs, N-acetyl-glucosamine and D-glucosamine), have been approved by the FDA for some efficient pharmaceutical applications. These NPs owing to their physicochemical properties, modification with different molecules, biocompatibility, serum stability, less immune response, suitable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, etc. have received deep attention among researchers and clinicians. More importantly, the impact of CS polysaccharide in the synthesis, preparation, and delivery of metallic NPs (like gold, silver, and magnetic NPs), and combination of CS with these metallic NPs can further facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Metallic NPs possess some features, like converting NIR photon energy into thermal energy and anti-microorganism capability, and can be a potential candidate for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in combination with CS NPs. These combined NPs would be efficient pharmaceuticals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Jiang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China, 530021
| | - Raed H Althomali
- Department of Chemistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Arts and Science, Wadi Al-Dawasir 11991, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakeel Ahmed Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, Medicine Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebraheem Abdu Musad Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Arts and Science, Wadi Al-Dawasir 11991, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, U. P., India
| | | | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas R Alwaily
- Microbiology Research Group, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Beneen M Hussien
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
| | - Asghar Narmani
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Narmani A, Jahedi R, Bakhshian-Dehkordi E, Ganji S, Nemati M, Ghahramani-Asl R, Moloudi K, Hosseini SM, Bagheri H, Kesharwani P, Khani A, Farhood B, Sahebkar A. Biomedical applications of PLGA nanoparticles in nanomedicine: advances in drug delivery systems and cancer therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:937-954. [PMID: 37294853 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2223941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the last decades, the ever-increasing proportion of patients with cancer has been led to serious concerns worldwide. Therefore, the development and use of novel pharmaceuticals, like nanoparticles (NPs)-based drug delivery systems (DDSs), can be potentially effective in cancer therapy. AREA COVERED Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) NPs, as a kind of bioavailable, biocompatible, and biodegradable polymers, have approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for some biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. PLGA is comprised of lactic acid (LA) and glycolic acid (GA) and their ratio could be controlled during various syntheses and preparation approaches. LA/GA ratio determines the stability and degradation time of PLGA; lower content of GA results in fast degradation. There are several approaches for preparing PLGA NPs that can affect their various aspects, such as size, solubility, stability, drug loading, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics, and so on. EXPERT OPINION These NPs have indicated the controlled and sustained drug release in the cancer site and can use in passive and active (via surface modification) DDSs. This review aims to provide an overview of PLGA NPs, their preparation approach and physicochemical aspects, drug release mechanism and the cellular fate, DDSs for efficient cancer therapy, and status in the pharmaceutical industry and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Narmani
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghayyeh Jahedi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Bakhshian-Dehkordi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Saeid Ganji
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Nemati
- Amir Oncology Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ruhollah Ghahramani-Asl
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Kave Moloudi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Alley School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Hosseini
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Bagheri
- Radiation Sciences Research Center (RSRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Ali Khani
- Radiation Sciences Department, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Narmani A, Ganji S, Amirishoar M, Jahedi R, Kharazmi MS, Jafari SM. Smart chitosan-PLGA nanocarriers functionalized with surface folic acid ligands against lung cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125554. [PMID: 37356696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the second most prevalent and first killer cancer worldwide, and conventional approaches do not have enough ability to suppress it. Therefore, a novel targeted chitosan (CS)-poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-folic acid (FA) nanocarrier was developed for delivery of sorafenib (Sor) to lung cancer cells. The nanocarrier (CPSF) had a size of 30-40 nm with globular shapes. Surface charge and drug content of CPSF were ascertained at about 1.1 mV and 15 %, respectively. Controlled (4 % within 2 h) and pH-sensitive (18 % within 2 h at pH = 5.0) Sor release were observed for the nanocarrier. The MTT assay demonstrated a cell viability of 13 % after 24 h treatment with 400 nM CPSF in A549 cancer cells while it was 78 % in MSC normal cells. The qRT-PCR revealed >8 folds and 11 folds increase for Caspase9 and P53 genes after 5 h treatment with 100 nM (IC50) CPSF; but a reduction of 5 folds was observed for the Bcl2 gene. Besides, 57 % and 20 % apoptosis were attained in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis assays for CPSF, respectively. CPF indicated about 88 % internalization in cancer cells. These data prove that CPSF is a promising nanodelivery system for lung cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Narmani
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, 1439957131 Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Ganji
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Amirishoar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghayyeh Jahedi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
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Moutabian H, Ghahramani-Asl R, Mortezazadeh T, Laripour R, Narmani A, Zamani H, Ataei G, Bagheri H, Farhood B, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. The cardioprotective effects of nano-curcumin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: A systematic review. Biofactors 2022; 48:597-610. [PMID: 35080781 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin, is commonly used to treat various malignant tumors, its clinical use is restricted because of its toxicity especially cardiotoxicity. The use of curcumin may alleviate some of the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxic effects. Especially, using the nano-formulation of curcumin can overcome the poor bioavailability of curcumin and enhance its physicochemical properties regarding its efficacy. In this study, we systematically reviewed the potential cardioprotective effects of nano-curcumin against the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. A systematic search was accomplished based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for the identification of all relevant articles on "the role of nano-curcumin on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity" in the electronic databases of Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science up to July 2021. One hundred and sixty-nine articles were screened following a predefined set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Ten eligible scientific papers were finally included in the present systematic review. The administration of doxorubicin reduced the body and heart weights of mice/rats compared to the control groups. In contrast, the combined treatment of doxorubicin and nano-curcumin increased the body and heart weights of animals compared with the doxorubicin-treated groups alone. Furthermore, doxorubicin could significantly induce the biochemical and histological changes in the cardiac tissue; however, coadministration of nano-curcumin formulation demonstrated a pattern opposite to the doxorubicin-induced changes. The coadministration of nano-curcumin alleviates the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through various mechanisms including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. Also, the cardioprotective effect of nano-curcumin formulation against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity was higher than free curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Moutabian
- Radiation Sciences Research Center (RSRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ruhollah Ghahramani-Asl
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Tohid Mortezazadeh
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Laripour
- Radiation Sciences Research Center (RSRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Narmani
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Zamani
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ataei
- Department of Radiology Technology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamed Bagheri
- Radiation Sciences Research Center (RSRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Trauma Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School (HYMS), The University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad, Iran
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Khakinahad Y, Sohrabi S, Razi S, Narmani A, Khaleghi S, Asadiyun M, Jafari H, Mohammadnejad J. Margetuximab conjugated-PEG-PAMAM G4 nano-complex: a smart nano-device for suppression of breast cancer. Biomed Eng Lett 2022; 12:317-329. [PMID: 35892030 PMCID: PMC9308845 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-022-00225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Breast cancer due to its high incidence and mortality is the second leading cause of death among females. On the other hand, nanoparticle-based drug delivery is one of the most promising approaches in cancer therapy, nowadays. Hence, margetuximab- and polyethylene glycol-conjugated PAMAM G4 dendrimers were efficiently synthesized for targeted delivery of quercetin (therapeutic agent) to MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Synthesized nano-complexes were characterized using analytical devices such as FT-IR, TGA, DLS, Zeta potential analyzer, and TEM. The size less than 40 nm, - 18.8 mV surface charge, efficient drug loading capacity (21.48%), and controlled drug release (about 45% of drug release normal pH after 8 h) were determined for the nano-complex. In the biomedical test, the cell viability was obtained 14.67% at 24 h of post-treatment for 800 nM concentration, and IC50 was ascertained at 100 nM for the nano-complex. The expression of apoptotic Bax and Caspase9 genes was increased by more than eightfolds and more than fivefolds after treatment with an optimal concentration of nanocarrier. Also, more than threefolds of cell cycle arrest was observed at the optimal concentration synthetics, and 27.5% breast cancer cell apoptosis was detected after treatment with 100 nM nano-complex. These outputs have been indicating the potential capacity of synthesized nano-complex in inhibiting the growth of breast cancer cells. Graphic abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Khakinahad
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biomedical Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Sohrabi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biomedical Center, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokufeh Razi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biomedical Center, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Narmani
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Khaleghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Asadiyun
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biomedical Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Jafari
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mohammadnejad
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Fotouhi P, Sohrabi S, Nosrati N, Vaziri AZ, Khaleghi S, Narmani A, Jafari H, Mohammadnejad J. Surface modified and rituximab functionalized PAMAM G4 nanoparticle for targeted imatinib delivery to leukemia cells: In vitro studies. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Naderlou E, Salouti M, Amini B, Amini A, Narmani A, Jalilvand A, Shahbazi R, Zabihian S. Enhanced sensitivity and efficiency of detection of Staphylococcus aureus based on modified magnetic nanoparticles by photometric systems. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2021; 48:810-817. [PMID: 32476515 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2020.1748638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important infectious factor in the food industry and hospital infections. Many methods are used for detecting bacteria but they are mostly time-consuming, poorly sensitive. In this study, a nano-biosensor based on iron nanoparticles (MNPs) was designed to detect S. aureus. MNPs were synthesized and conjugated to Biosensors. Then S. aureus was lysed and nano-biosensor (MNP-TiO2-AP-SMCC-Biosensors) was added to the lysed bacteria. After bonding the bacterial genome to the nano-biosensor, MNPs were separated by a magnet. Bacterial DNA was released from the surface of nano-biosensor and researched by Nano-drop spectrophotometry. The results of SEM and DLS revealed that the size of MNPs was 20-25 nm which increased to 38-43 nm after modification and addition of biosensors. The designed nano-biosensor was highly sensitive and specific for the detection of S. aureus. The limit of detection (LOD) was determined as 230 CFU mL-1. There was an acceptable linear correlation between bacterial concentration and absorption at 3.7 × 102-3.7× 107 whose linear diagram and regression was Y = 0.242X + 2.08 and R2 = .996. Further, in the presence of other bacteria as a negative control, it was absolutely specific. The sensitivity of the designed nano-biosensor was investigated and compared through PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Naderlou
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Salouti
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Bahram Amini
- Department of Biochemistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Amini
- Department of Biochemistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Asghar Narmani
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Department of Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jalilvand
- Department of Pathology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Shahbazi
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Saeid Zabihian
- Department of Pathology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Faramarzi N, Mohammadnejad J, Jafary H, Narmani A, Koosha M, Motlagh B. Synthesis and in vitro Evaluation of Tamoxifen-Loaded Gelatin as Effective Nanocomplex in Drug Delivery Systems. Int J Nanosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x20500027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, using gelatin nanoparticles as a biocompatible carrier in drug delivery systems is growing up. Drug delivery is one of the most common applications of nanoparticles in cancer treatment in order to optimize the drug efficiency. In this study, gelatin nanoparticles were firstly synthesized and loaded with tamoxifen that subsequently characterized by SEM, TGA and FT-IR analyses. The approximate drug loading efficiency was calculated about 17.43% for tamoxifen-loaded gelatin (TG). Then, the effect of TG on apoptosis induction and cytotoxicity of MCF-7 cell line was evaluated and compared with flow cytometry and MTT assay. The MTT results showed that tamoxifen and TG nanoparticles could inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 cells in a dose-responsive manner, with an IC[Formula: see text] of IC[Formula: see text] of 200 [Formula: see text]g/mL and 50 [Formula: see text]g/mL after 24[Formula: see text]h and 48[Formula: see text]h, respectively. Moreover, from flow cytometric results, it can be suggested that TG nanoparticles are more potent in inducing apoptosis and cell death through programmed cell death. Actually, TG nanoparticles primarily increased the early apoptotic cells during the 24-h incubation period Our results revealed that tamoxifen-loaded gelatin nanoparticles are more potent than tamoxifen alone. These findings support the use of tamoxifen-loaded gelatin nanoparticles in target-specific therapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Faramarzi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran, Iran University, P.O. Box 14515/775, Iran
| | - Javad Mohammadnejad
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran 1439957131, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, University of Tarbiat Modares, Iran
| | - Hanieh Jafary
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran, Iran University, P.O. Box 14515/775, Iran
| | - Asghar Narmani
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran 1439957131, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Koosha
- Department of Cellulose and Paper Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrooz Motlagh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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11
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Khosravi Babadi Z, Ebrahimipour G, Wink J, Narmani A, Risdian C. Isolation and identification of Streptomyces sp. Act4Zk, a good producer of Staurosporine and some derivatives. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:206-218. [PMID: 33058293 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, strain Streptomyces sp. Act4Zk was isolated based on a method developed for the isolation of myxobacteria. Due to the low efficiency of the majority of conventional DNA extraction techniques, for molecular identification of the strain Streptomyces sp. Act4Zk, a new technique for DNA extraction of Actinobacteria was developed. In order to explore potential bioactivities of the strain, extracts of the fermented broth culture were prepared by an organic solvent (i.e. ethyl acetate) extraction method using. These ethyl acetate extracts were subjected to HPLC fractionation against standard micro-organisms, followed by LC/MS analysis. Based on morphological, physiological, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequence data, strain Streptomyces sp. Act4Zk is likely to be a new species of Streptomyces, close to Streptomyces genecies and Streptomyces roseolilacinus. Antimicrobial assay indicated high antifungal activity as well as antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis and Gram-positive bacteria for the new strain. HPLC and LC/MS analyses of the extracts led to the identification of three different compounds and confirmed our hypothesis that the interesting species of the genus Streptomyces being a good producer of staurosporine and some derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Khosravi Babadi
- Department of Microbiology & Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University GC, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Strain Collection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - G Ebrahimipour
- Department of Microbiology & Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University GC, Tehran, Iran
| | - J Wink
- Microbial Strain Collection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A Narmani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - C Risdian
- Microbial Strain Collection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany.,Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bandung, Indonesia
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12
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Narmani A, Arani MAA, Mohammadnejad J, Vaziri AZ, Solymani S, Yavari K, Talebi F, Darzi SJ. Breast Tumor Targeting with PAMAM-PEG-5FU- 99mTc As a New Therapeutic Nanocomplex: In In-vitro and In-vivo studies. Biomed Microdevices 2020; 22:31. [PMID: 32335724 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-020-00485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimer-based targeted drug delivery, as an innovative polymeric drug-delivery system, is promising for cancer therapy. Folate receptors (FR) are overexpressed in many types of tumor cells, such as breast cell carcinomas, which allow folate-targeted delivery. Therefor polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified-PAMAM G4 dendrimers were functionalized with folic acid (FA), as targeting agent. Then, 5-FU (5-fluorouracil) and 99mTc (technetium-99 m) as therapeutic agents were respectively loaded and conjugated to previous nano-complex (PEG-PAMAM G4-FA-5FU-99mTc). The value of drug loading was calculated by TGA analysis (16.97%). Drug release profiles of PEG-PAMAM G4-FA-5FU-99mTc and PEG-PAMAM G4-FA-5FU were evaluated. The radiochemical purity of PEG-PAMAM G4-FA-5FU-99mTc and PEG-PAMAM G4-FA-99mTc was obtained at >95% with excellent in-vitro and in-vivo stabilities. PEG-PAMAM G4-FA-5FU-99mTc was synthesized and the stability studies were carried out by the ITLC methods in serum (86.67% and 83.75%) and PBS. Combinational therapy effects of 5-FU and 99mTc containing nano-complexes were evaluated on 4 T1 (mouse breast cancer) and MDA-MB-231 (human breast adenocarcinoma) cancer cell lines. Excellent uptake values were obtained for FA-decorated nano-complexes on 4 T1 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Subsequently, tumor inhibition effects of PEG-PAMAM G4-FA-5FU-99mTc and PEG-PAMAM G4-FA-5FU were evaluated using the breast tumor-bearing BALB/C mice. Graphical abstract Breast Tumor Targeting with PAMAM-PEG-5FU- 99mTc As a New Therapeutic Nanocomplex: in In-vitro and In-vivo Studies was presented. This targeted drug delivery system can significantly increase the efficiency of cancer therapy, and reduce the treatment cost and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Narmani
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1439957131, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | | | - Javad Mohammadnejad
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1439957131, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Ali Zaman Vaziri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Tehran Medical Science Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Solymani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Biomedical Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamal Yavari
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Talebi
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Yousefi M, Narmani A, Jafari SM. Dendrimers as efficient nanocarriers for the protection and delivery of bioactive phytochemicals. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 278:102125. [PMID: 32109595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The genesis of dendrimers can be considered as a revolution in nano-scaled bioactive delivery systems. These structures possess a unique potential in encapsulating/entrapping bioactive ingredients due to their tree-like nature. Therefore, they could swiftly obtain a valuable statue in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and medical sciences. Phytochemicals, as a large proportion of bioactives, have been studied and used by scholars in several fields of pharmacology, medical, food, and cosmetic for many years. But, the solubility, stability, and bioavailability issues have always been recognized as limiting factors in their application. Therefore, the main aim of this study is representing the use of dendrimers as novel nanocarriers for phytochemical bioactive compounds to deal with these problems. Hence, after a brief review of phytochemical ingredients, the text is commenced with a detailed explanation of dendrimers, including definitions, types, generations, synthesizing methods, and safety issues; then is continued with demonstration of their applications in encapsulation of phytochemical bioactive compounds and their active/passive delivery by dendrimers. Dendrimers provide a vast and appropriate surface to entrap the targeted phytochemical bioactive ingredients. Several parameters can affect the yield of nanoencapsulation by dendrimers, including their generation, type of end groups, surface charge, core structure, pH, and ambient factors. Another important issue of dendrimers is related to their toxicity. Cationic dendrimers, particularly PAMAM can be toxic to body cells through attaching to the cell membranes and disturbing their functions. However, a number of solutions have been suggested to decrease their toxicity.
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14
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Mombini S, Mohammadnejad J, Bakhshandeh B, Narmani A, Nourmohammadi J, Vahdat S, Zirak S. Chitosan-PVA-CNT nanofibers as electrically conductive scaffolds for cardiovascular tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:278-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Narmani A, Rezvani M, Farhood B, Darkhor P, Mohammadnejad J, Amini B, Refahi S, Abdi Goushbolagh N. Folic acid functionalized nanoparticles as pharmaceutical carriers in drug delivery systems. Drug Dev Res 2019; 80:404-424. [PMID: 31140629 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapeutic approaches in cancer therapy such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have several disadvantages due to their nontargeted distributions in the whole body. On the other hand, nanoparticles (NPs) based therapies are remarkably progressing to solve several limitations of conventional drug delivery systems (DDSs) including nonspecific biodistribution and targeting, poor water solubility, weak bioavailability and biodegradability, low pharmacokinetic properties, and so forth. The enhanced permeability and retention effect escape from P-glycoprotein trap in cancer cells as a passive targeting mechanism, and active targeting strategies are also other most important advantages of NPs in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Folic acid (FA) is one of the biologic molecules which has been targeted overexpressed-folic acid receptor (FR) on the surface of cancer cells. Therefore, conjugation of FA to NPs most easily enhances the FR-mediated targeting delivery of therapeutic agents. Here, the recent works in FA which have been decorated NPs-based DDSs are discussed and cancer therapy potency of these NPs in clinical trials are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Narmani
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melina Rezvani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Darkhor
- Department of Medical Physics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mohammadnejad
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Amini
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Refahi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Nouraddin Abdi Goushbolagh
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Narmani A, Mohammadnejad J, Yavari K. Synthesis and evaluation of polyethylene glycol- and folic acid-conjugated polyamidoamine G4 dendrimer as nanocarrier. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Narmani A, Kamali M, Amini B, Salimi A, Panahi Y. Targeting delivery of oxaliplatin with smart PEG-modified PAMAM G4 to colorectal cell line: In vitro studies. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Narmani A, Farhood B, Haghi-Aminjan H, Mortezazadeh T, Aliasgharzadeh A, Mohseni M, Najafi M, Abbasi H. Gadolinium nanoparticles as diagnostic and therapeutic agents: Their delivery systems in magnetic resonance imaging and neutron capture therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Rezvani M, Mohammadnejad J, Narmani A, Bidaki K. Synthesis and in vitro study of modified chitosan-polycaprolactam nanocomplex as delivery system. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:1287-1293. [PMID: 29481956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, chitosan/polycaprolactam (PCL-CS) nano-complex was synthesized and their micelles were formed as self-assembled amphiphilic nano-compartments. These micelles were utilize for drug delivery after loading quercetin (QU) as chemotherapeutic agent and delivery potency of this nano-complex was investigated. This nano-complex was also functionalized with folic acid (FA) in order to targeting delivery of nano-carrier to cancer cell lines. This foure dimensional nano-complex was successfully characterized based on UV-vis, FT-IR, DLS, and TGA analytical devices to confirm the synthesis. Drug loading was estimated 21.5% in final nano-carrier. In vitro drug release study was applied to investigation of QU release in PBS that was exhibited high potency of nano-complex in controlled drug release. Cell viability of assay was implemented to determination of biocompatibility, bioavailability and therapeutic potency of nano-complexes on different cancer and normal cell lines. Micelles demonstrated safety levels for 24 and 48 h post-treatment incubation and FA receptor mediated uptake of chitosan/polycaprolactam/folic acid/quercetin (PCL-CS-FA-QU) was exhibited excellent efficiency on inhibition of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Rezvani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Peyame nour, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mohammadnejad
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, 1439957131 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Asghar Narmani
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, 1439957131 Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Bidaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Peyame nour, Tehran, Iran
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Narmani A, Kamali M, Amini B, Kooshki H, Amini A, Hasani L. Highly sensitive and accurate detection of Vibrio cholera O1 OmpW gene by fluorescence DNA biosensor based on gold and magnetic nanoparticles. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Narmani A, Yavari K, Mohammadnejad J. Imaging, biodistribution and in vitro study of smart 99mTc-PAMAM G4 dendrimer as novel nano-complex. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 159:232-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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