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Kaplan A, Nash AI, Freeman AAH, Lewicki LG, Rye DB, Trotti LM, Brandt AL, Jenkins A. Commonly Used Therapeutics Associated with Changes in Arousal Inhibit GABA AR Activation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020365. [PMID: 36830736 PMCID: PMC9953295 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
GABAA receptor-positive modulators are well-known to induce sedation, sleep, and general anesthesia. Conversely, GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulators (GABAARNAMs) can increase arousal and induce seizures. Motivated by our studies with patients with hypersomnia, and our discovery that two GABAARNAMs can restore the Excitation/Inhibition (E/I) balance in vitro and arousal in vivo, we chose to screen 11 compounds that have been reported to modulate arousal, to see if they shared a GABA-related mechanism. We determined modulation with both conventional and microfluidic patch clamp methods. We found that receptor activation was variably modulated by all 11 compounds: Rifampicin (RIF), Metronidazole (MET), Minocycline (MIN), Erythromycin (ERY), Ofloxacin (OFX), Chloroquine (CQ), Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ), Flumazenil (FLZ), Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), and clarithromycin (CLR). The computational modeling of modulator-receptor interactions predicted drug action at canonical binding sites and novel orphan sites on the receptor. Our findings suggest that multiple avenues of investigation are now open to investigate large and brain-penetrant molecules for the treatment of patients with diminished CNS E/I balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anling Kaplan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Abigail I. Nash
- Department of Medical Affairs, Janssen Scientific Affairs LLC, Titusville, NJ 08560, USA
| | | | - Lauren G. Lewicki
- School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - David B. Rye
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Asher L. Brandt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - Andrew Jenkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
- Correspondence:
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2
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Brandt AL, Garai S, Zagzoog A, Hurst DP, Stevenson LA, Pertwee RG, Imler GH, Reggio PH, Thakur GA, Laprairie RB. Pharmacological evaluation of enantiomerically separated positive allosteric modulators of cannabinoid 1 receptor, GAT591 and GAT593. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:919605. [PMID: 36386195 PMCID: PMC9640980 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.919605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulation of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) has substantial potential to treat both neurological and immune disorders. To date, a few studies have evaluated the structure-activity relationship (SAR) for CB1R positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). In this study, we separated the enantiomers of the previously characterized two potent CB1R ago-PAMs GAT591 and GAT593 to determine their biochemical activity at CB1R. Separating the enantiomers showed that the R-enantiomers (GAT1665 and GAT1667) displayed mixed allosteric agonist-PAM activity at CB1R while the S-enantiomers (GAT1664 and GAT1666) showed moderate activity. Furthermore, we observed that the R and S-enantiomers had distinct binding sites on CB1R, which led to their distinct behavior both in vitro and in vivo. The R-enantiomers (GAT1665 and GAT1667) produced ago-PAM effects in vitro, and PAM effects in the in vivo behavioral triad, indicating that the in vivo activity of these ligands may occur via PAM rather than agonist-based mechanisms. Overall, this study provides mechanistic insight into enantiospecific interaction of 2-phenylindole class of CB1R allosteric modulators, which have shown therapeutic potential in the treatment of pain, epilepsy, glaucoma, and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher L. Brandt
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sumanta Garai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ayat Zagzoog
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Dow P. Hurst
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Lesley A. Stevenson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Roger G. Pertwee
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Centre for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Patricia H. Reggio
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Ganesh A. Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert B. Laprairie
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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3
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McElroy DL, Roebuck AJ, Greba Q, Garai S, Brandt AL, Yilmaz O, Cain SM, Snutch TP, Thakur GA, Laprairie RB, Howland JG. The type 1 cannabinoid receptor positive allosteric modulators GAT591 and GAT593 reduce spike-and-wave discharges in Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 12:121-130. [PMID: 35128516 PMCID: PMC8804275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a non-convulsive seizure disorder primarily in children characterized by absence seizures. Absence seizures consist of 2.5–5 Hz spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) detectable using electroencephalography (EEG). Current drug treatments are only partially effective and adverse side effects have spurred research into alternative treatment approaches. Recent research shows that positive allosteric modulation of the type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) reduces the frequency and duration of SWDs in Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS), a model that recapitulates the SWDs in CAE. Here, we tested additional CB1R ago-PAMs, GAT591 and GAT593, for their potential in alleviating SWD activity in GAERS. In vitro experiments confirm that GAT591 and GAT593 exhibit increased potency and selectivity in cell cultures and behave as CB1R allosteric agonists and PAMs. To assess drug effects on SWDs, bilateral electrodes were surgically implanted in the somatosensory cortices of male GAERS and EEGs recorded for 4 h following systemic administration of GAT591 or GAT593 (1.0, 3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg). Both GAT591 and GAT593 dose-dependently reduced total SWD duration during the recording period. The greatest effect on SWD activity was observed at 10.0 mg/kg doses, with GAT591 and GAT593 reducing seizure duration by 36% and 34% respectively. Taken together, these results support the continued investigation of CB1R PAMs as a potential therapeutic to alleviate SWDs in absence epilepsy. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of cannabinoid type 1 receptors may help treat absence epilepsy. Two ago-PAMs for CB1Rs were assessed using in vitro and in vivo assays. The increased efficacy of the CB1R-PAMs GAT591 and GAT593 was confirmed in vitro. Systemic injection of either compound reduced spike-and-wave discharges in a rat genetic model of absence epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan L. McElroy
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Roebuck
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- School of Liberal Arts, Yukon University, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 5K4, Canada
| | - Quentin Greba
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Sumanta Garai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Asher L. Brandt
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Orhan Yilmaz
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Stuart M. Cain
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Terrance P. Snutch
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ganesh A. Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Robert B. Laprairie
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Correspondence to: College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 3B36 - 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - John G. Howland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- Correspondence to: Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, GD30.7, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
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Zagzoog A, Brandt AL, Black T, Kim ED, Burkart R, Patel M, Jin Z, Nikolaeva M, Laprairie RB. Assessment of select synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist bias and selectivity between the type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptor. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10611. [PMID: 34012003 PMCID: PMC8134483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90167-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The first synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) were designed as tool compounds to study the endocannabinoid system's two predominant cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R. Unfortunately, novel SCRAs now represent the most rapidly proliferating novel psychoactive substances (NPS) of abuse globally. Unlike ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the CB1R and CB2R partial agonist and the intoxicating constituent of Cannabis, many SCRAs characterized to date are full agonists of CB1R. Gaining additional insight into the pharmacological activity of these SCRAs is critical to assess and regulate NPSs as they enter the marketplace. The purpose of this study was to assess select SCRAs recently identified by Canadian police, border service agency, private companies and the illicit market as potential CB1R and CB2R agonists. To this end, fifteen SCRAs were screened for in vitro activity and in silico interactions at CB1R and CB2R. Several SCRAs were identified as being highly biased for cAMP inhibition or βarrestin2 recruitment and receptor subtype selectivity between CB1R and CB2R. The indazole ring and halogen-substituted butyl or pentyl moieties were identified as two structural features that may direct βarrestin2 bias. Two highly-biased SCRAs-JWH-018 2'-napthyl-N-(3-methylbutyl) isomer (biased toward cAMP inhibition) and 4-fluoro MDMB-BINACA (biased toward βarrestin2 recruitment) displayed unique and differential in vivo activity in mice. These data provide initial insight into the correlations between structure, signalling bias, and in vivo activity of the SCRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Zagzoog
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 3B36, Health Sciences Building, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Asher L Brandt
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 3B36, Health Sciences Building, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Tallan Black
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 3B36, Health Sciences Building, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Eunhyun D Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 3B36, Health Sciences Building, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Riley Burkart
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 3B36, Health Sciences Building, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Robert B Laprairie
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 3B36, Health Sciences Building, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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5
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Pottie E, Kupriyanova OV, Brandt AL, Laprairie RB, Shevyrin VA, Stove CP. Serotonin 2A Receptor (5-HT 2AR) Activation by 25H-NBOMe Positional Isomers: In Vitro Functional Evaluation and Molecular Docking. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:479-487. [PMID: 33860178 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Serotonergic psychedelics are defined as compounds having serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) activation as an important pharmacological mechanism. These compounds include the phenylalkylamine class, containing substances with e.g. 2C-X structures (phenethylamines) or their N-methoxybenzyl analogues (NBOMes). Besides their abuse potential, psychedelics are increasingly recognized for having therapeutic benefits. However, many psychedelics remain incompletely characterized, even concerning their structure-activity relationships. Here, five positional isomers of 25H-NBOMe, with two methoxy groups on the different positions of the phenyl ring of the phenethylamine moiety, were subjected to split-nanoluciferase assays assessing the in vitro recruitment of cytosolic proteins to the 5-HT2AR. Furthermore, molecular docking at the 5-HT2AR allowed estimation of which residues interact with the specific isomers' methoxy groups. Although the optimal substitution pattern of N-unsubstituted phenylalkylamines has been extensively studied, this is the first comparative evaluation of the functional effects of the positioning of the methoxy groups in the phenethylamine moiety of NBOMes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Pottie
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olga V Kupriyanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation.,Kazan State Medical University, Kazan 420012, Russian Federation
| | - Asher L Brandt
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Robert B Laprairie
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Vadim A Shevyrin
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation
| | - Christophe P Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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6
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Garai S, Kulkarni PM, Schaffer PC, Leo LM, Brandt AL, Zagzoog A, Black T, Lin X, Hurst DP, Janero DR, Abood ME, Zimmowitch A, Straiker A, Pertwee RG, Kelly M, Szczesniak AM, Denovan-Wright EM, Mackie K, Hohmann AG, Reggio PH, Laprairie RB, Thakur GA. Application of Fluorine- and Nitrogen-Walk Approaches: Defining the Structural and Functional Diversity of 2-Phenylindole Class of Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators. J Med Chem 2020; 63:542-568. [PMID: 31756109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) allosteric ligands hold a far-reaching therapeutic promise. We report the application of fluoro- and nitrogen-walk approaches to enhance the drug-like properties of GAT211, a prototype CB1R allosteric agonist-positive allosteric modulator (ago-PAM). Several analogs exhibited improved functional potency (cAMP, β-arrestin 2), metabolic stability, and aqueous solubility. Two key analogs, GAT591 (6r) and GAT593 (6s), exhibited augmented allosteric-agonist and PAM activities in neuronal cultures, improved metabolic stability, and enhanced orthosteric agonist binding (CP55,940). Both analogs also exhibited good analgesic potency in the CFA inflammatory-pain model with longer duration of action over GAT211 while being devoid of adverse cannabimimetic effects. Another analog, GAT592 (9j), exhibited moderate ago-PAM potency and improved aqueous solubility with therapeutic reduction of intraocular pressure in murine glaucoma models. The SAR findings and the enhanced allosteric activity in this class of allosteric modulators were accounted for in our recently developed computational model for CB1R allosteric activation and positive allosteric modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Garai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Pushkar M Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Peter C Schaffer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Luciana M Leo
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19140 , United States
| | - Asher L Brandt
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Saskatchewan , 104 Clinic Pl , Saskatoon , SK S7N2Z4 , Canada
| | - Ayat Zagzoog
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Saskatchewan , 104 Clinic Pl , Saskatoon , SK S7N2Z4 , Canada
| | - Tallan Black
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Saskatchewan , 104 Clinic Pl , Saskatoon , SK S7N2Z4 , Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Lin
- Program in Neuroscience, Psychological and Brain Sciences, and Gill Center for Biomolecular Science , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Dow P Hurst
- Center for Drug Discovery , University of North Carolina Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - David R Janero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science, and Health Sciences Entrepreneurs , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Mary E Abood
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19140 , United States
| | - Anaelle Zimmowitch
- Program in Neuroscience, Psychological and Brain Sciences, and Gill Center for Biomolecular Science , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Alex Straiker
- Program in Neuroscience, Psychological and Brain Sciences, and Gill Center for Biomolecular Science , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Roger G Pertwee
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen AB25 2ZD , Scotland, U.K
| | - Melanie Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Dalhousie University , 5850 College St , Halifax , NS , B3H4R2 , Canada
| | - Anna-Maria Szczesniak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Dalhousie University , 5850 College St , Halifax , NS , B3H4R2 , Canada
| | - Eileen M Denovan-Wright
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Dalhousie University , 5850 College St , Halifax , NS , B3H4R2 , Canada
| | - Ken Mackie
- Program in Neuroscience, Psychological and Brain Sciences, and Gill Center for Biomolecular Science , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Andrea G Hohmann
- Program in Neuroscience, Psychological and Brain Sciences, and Gill Center for Biomolecular Science , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Patricia H Reggio
- Center for Drug Discovery , University of North Carolina Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Robert B Laprairie
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Saskatchewan , 104 Clinic Pl , Saskatoon , SK S7N2Z4 , Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Dalhousie University , 5850 College St , Halifax , NS , B3H4R2 , Canada
| | - Ganesh A Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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