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Kivrak E, Pauzaite T, Copeland NA, Hardy JG, Kara P, Firlak M, Yardimci AI, Yilmaz S, Palaz F, Ozsoz M. Detection of CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Mutations Using a Carbon Nanotube-Modified Electrochemical Genosensor. Biosensors (Basel) 2021; 11:bios11010017. [PMID: 33429883 PMCID: PMC7827051 DOI: 10.3390/bios11010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas9 system has facilitated the genetic modification of various model organisms and cell lines. The outcomes of any CRISPR-Cas9 assay should be investigated to ensure/improve the precision of genome engineering. In this study, carbon nanotube-modified disposable pencil graphite electrodes (CNT/PGEs) were used to develop a label-free electrochemical nanogenosensor for the detection of point mutations generated in the genome by using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Carbodiimide chemistry was used to immobilize the 5'-aminohexyl-linked inosine-substituted probe on the surface of the sensor. After hybridization between the target sequence and probe at the sensor surface, guanine oxidation signals were monitored using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Optimization of the sensitivity of the nanogenoassay resulted in a lower detection limit of 213.7 nM. The nanogenosensor was highly specific for the detection of the precisely edited DNA sequence. This method allows for a rapid and easy investigation of the products of CRISPR-based gene editing and can be further developed to an array system for multiplex detection of different-gene editing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Kivrak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey;
| | - Tekle Pauzaite
- Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK; (T.P.); (N.A.C.)
| | - Nikki A. Copeland
- Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK; (T.P.); (N.A.C.)
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK; (J.G.H.); (M.F.)
- Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Pinar Kara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Melike Firlak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK; (J.G.H.); (M.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400, Turkey
| | - Atike I. Yardimci
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir 35430, Turkey; (A.I.Y.); (S.Y.)
| | - Selahattin Yilmaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir 35430, Turkey; (A.I.Y.); (S.Y.)
| | - Fahreddin Palaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey;
| | - Mehmet Ozsoz
- Faculty of Engineering, Near East University, Lefkoşa 99138, Turkey
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (M.O.)
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