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Yoshikawa AL, Omura T, Takahashi-Kanemitsu A, Susaki EA. Blueprints from plane to space: outlook of next-generation three-dimensional histopathology. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:1029-1038. [PMID: 38316137 PMCID: PMC11006986 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we summarize the literature relevant to recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) histopathology in relation to clinical oncology, highlighting serial sectioning, tissue clearing, light-sheet microscopy, and digital image analysis with artificial intelligence. We look forward to a future where 3D histopathology expands our understanding of human pathophysiology and improves patient care through cross-disciplinary collaboration and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Leon Yoshikawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pathology Informatics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takaki Omura
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi-Kanemitsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuo A Susaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kikuchi I, Iwashita Y, Takahashi-Kanemitsu A, Koebis M, Aiba A, Hatakeyama M. Coevolution of the ileum with Brk/Ptk6 family kinases confers robustness to ileal homeostasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 676:190-197. [PMID: 37523817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Brk/Ptk6, Srms, and Frk constitute a Src-related but distinct family of tyrosine kinases called Brk family kinases (BFKs) in higher vertebrates. To date, however, their biological roles have remained largely unknown. In this study, we generated BFK triple-knockout (BFK/TKO) mice lacking all BFK members using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. BFK/TKO mice exhibited impaired intestinal homeostasis, represented by a reduced stem/progenitor cell population and defective recovery from radiation-induced severe mucosal damage, specifically in the ileum, which is the most distal segment of the small intestine. RNA-seq analysis revealed that BFK/TKO ileal epithelium showed markedly elevated IL-22/STAT3 signaling, resulting in the aberrant activation of mucosal immune response and altered composition of the ileal microbiota. Since single- or double-knockout of BFK genes did not elicit such abnormalities, BFKs may redundantly confer robust homeostasis to the ileum, the most recently added intestinal segment that plays crucial roles in nutrient absorption and mucosal immunity. Given that BFK diversification preceded the appearance of the ileum in vertebrate phylogeny, the present study highlights the coevolution of genes and organs, the former of which shapes up the latter in higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan; Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iwashita
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi-Kanemitsu
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Michinori Koebis
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsu Aiba
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Laboratory of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan; Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Center of Infection-associated Cancer, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan.
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Takahashi-Kanemitsu A, Lu M, Knight CT, Yamamoto T, Hayashi T, Mii Y, Ooki T, Kikuchi I, Kikuchi A, Barker N, Susaki EA, Taira M, Hatakeyama M. The Helicobacter pylori CagA oncoprotein disrupts Wnt/PCP signaling and promotes hyperproliferation of pyloric gland base cells. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eabp9020. [PMID: 37463245 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abp9020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori strains that deliver the oncoprotein CagA into gastric epithelial cells are the major etiologic agents of upper gastric diseases including gastric cancer. CagA promotes gastric carcinogenesis through interactions with multiple host proteins. Here, we show that CagA also disrupts Wnt-dependent planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP), which orients cells within the plane of an epithelium and coordinates collective cell behaviors such as convergent extension to enable epithelial elongation during development. Ectopic expression of CagA in Xenopus laevis embryos impaired gastrulation, neural tube formation, and axis elongation, processes driven by convergent extension movements that depend on the Wnt/PCP pathway. Mice specifically expressing CagA in the stomach epithelium had longer pyloric glands and mislocalization of the tetraspanin proteins VANGL1 and VANGL2 (VANGL1/2), which are critical components of Wnt/PCP signaling. The increased pyloric gland length was due to hyperproliferation of cells at the gland base, where Lgr5+ stem and progenitor cells reside, and was associated with fewer differentiated enteroendocrine cells. In cultured human gastric epithelial cells, the N terminus of CagA interacted with the C-terminal cytoplasmic tails of VANGL1/2, which impaired Wnt/PCP signaling by inducing the mislocalization of VANGL1/2 from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. Thus, CagA may contribute to the development of gastric cancer by subverting a Wnt/PCP-dependent mechanism that restrains pyloric gland stem cell proliferation and promotes enteroendocrine differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takahashi-Kanemitsu
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mengxue Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Christopher Takaya Knight
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takuo Hayashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mii
- National Institute for Basic Biology and Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takuya Ooki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Ippei Kikuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Akira Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nick Barker
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- Division of Epithelial Stem Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 924-1192, Japan
| | - Etsuo A Susaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masanori Taira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
- Research Center of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
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Tahmina K, Hikawa N, Takahashi-Kanemitsu A, Knight CT, Sato K, Itoh F, Hatakeyama M. Transgenically expressed Helicobacter pylori CagA in vascular endothelial cells accelerates arteriosclerosis in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 618:79-85. [PMID: 35716599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Arteriosclerosis is intimately associated with cardiovascular diseases. Recently, evidence accumulated that infection with Helicobacter pylori cagA-positive strains, which causes gastritis, peptic ulceration, and gastric cancer, is also involved in the development of arteriosclerosis. The cagA-encoded CagA protein is injected into the attached gastric epithelial cells via the type IV secretion system. We previously showed that CagA-containing exosomes are secreted from CagA-injected gastric epithelial cells and enter the systemic blood circulation, delivering CagA into endothelial cells. In the present study, transgenic mice were established in which CagA was selectively expressed in endothelial cells by Cre-loxP system. Treatment of the mice with a high-fat diet revealed that atherogenic lesions were induced in mice expressing CagA in vascular endothelial cells but not in CagA-nonexpressing mice. To investigate the effects of CagA on endothelial cells, we also established conditional CagA-expressing human vascular endothelial cells using the Tet-on system. Upon induction of CagA, a dramatic change in cell morphology was observed that was concomitantly associated with the loss of the endothelial cells to form tube-like structures. Induction of CagA also activated the pro-inflammatory transcription factor STAT3. Thus, exosome-delivered CagA deregulates signals that activates STAT3 in endothelial cells, which accelerates inflammation that promotes arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrunnesa Tahmina
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Narumi Hikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | | | - Christopher Takaya Knight
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kengo Sato
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Fumiko Itoh
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan; Center for Indfectious Cancer, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan.
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Imai S, Ooki T, Murata-Kamiya N, Komura D, Tahmina K, Wu W, Takahashi-Kanemitsu A, Knight CT, Kunita A, Suzuki N, Del Valle AA, Tsuboi M, Hata M, Hayakawa Y, Ohnishi N, Ueda K, Fukayama M, Ushiku T, Ishikawa S, Hatakeyama M. Helicobacter pylori CagA elicits BRCAness to induce genome instability that may underlie bacterial gastric carcinogenesis. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:941-958.e10. [PMID: 33989515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infection with CagA-producing Helicobacter pylori plays a causative role in the development of gastric cancer. Upon delivery into gastric epithelial cells, CagA deregulates prooncogenic phosphatase SHP2 while inhibiting polarity-regulating kinase PAR1b through complex formation. Here, we show that CagA/PAR1b interaction subverts nuclear translocation of BRCA1 by inhibiting PAR1b-mediated BRCA1 phosphorylation. It hereby induces BRCAness that promotes DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) while disabling error-free homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair. The CagA/PAR1b interaction also stimulates Hippo signaling that circumvents apoptosis of DNA-damaged cells, giving cells time to repair DSBs through error-prone mechanisms. The DSB-activated p53-p21Cip1 axis inhibits proliferation of CagA-delivered cells, but the inhibition can be overcome by p53 inactivation. Indeed, sequential pulses of CagA in TP53-mutant cells drove somatic mutation with BRCAness-associated genetic signatures. Expansion of CagA-delivered cells with BRCAness-mediated genome instability, from which CagA-independent cancer-predisposing cells arise, provides a plausible "hit-and-run mechanism" of H. pylori CagA for gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Imai
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takuya Ooki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoko Murata-Kamiya
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Komura
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kamrunnesa Tahmina
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Weida Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | - Christopher Takaya Knight
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akiko Kunita
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Adriana A Del Valle
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mayo Tsuboi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naomi Ohnishi
- Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Koji Ueda
- Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Ben C, Wu X, Takahashi-Kanemitsu A, Knight CT, Hayashi T, Hatakeyama M. Alternative splicing reverses the cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic pro-oncogenic potentials of YAP1. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13965-13980. [PMID: 32763976 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to acting as a transcriptional co-activator, YAP1 directly mediates translocalization of the pro-oncogenic phosphatase SHP2 from the cytoplasm to nucleus. In the cytoplasm, SHP2 potentiates RAS-ERK signaling, which promotes cell proliferation and cell motility, whereas in the nucleus, it mediates gene regulation. As a result, elucidating the details of SHP2 trafficking is important for understanding its biological roles, including in cancer. YAP1 comprises multiple splicing isoforms defined in part by the presence (as in YAP1-2γ) or absence (as in YAP1-2α) of a γ-segment encoded by exon 6 that disrupts a critical leucine zipper. Although the disruptive segment is known to reduce co-activator function, it is unclear how this element impacts the physical and functional relationships between YAP1 and SHP2. To explore this question, we first demonstrated that YAP1-2γ cannot bind SHP2. Nevertheless, YAP1-2γ exhibits stronger mitogenic and motogenic activities than does YAP1-2α because the YAP1-2α-mediated delivery of SHP2 to the nucleus weakens cytoplasmic RAS-ERK signaling. However, YAP1-2γ confers less in vivo tumorigenicity than does YA1-2α by recruiting tumor-inhibitory macrophages. Mechanistically, YAP1-2γ transactivates and the YAP1-2α-SHP2 complex transrepresses the monocyte/macrophage chemoattractant CCL2 Thus, cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic pro-oncogenic YAP1 activities are inversely regulated by alternative splicing of exon 6. Notably, oncogenic KRAS down-regulates the SRSF3 splicing factor that prevents exon 6 skipping, thereby creating a YAP1-2α-dominant situation that supports a "cold" immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ben
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaojing Wu
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takeru Hayashi
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Tang C, Takahashi-Kanemitsu A, Kikuchi I, Ben C, Hatakeyama M. Transcriptional Co-activator Functions of YAP and TAZ Are Inversely Regulated by Tyrosine Phosphorylation Status of Parafibromin. iScience 2018; 2:103. [PMID: 30428368 PMCID: PMC6136901 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Tang C, Takahashi-Kanemitsu A, Kikuchi I, Ben C, Hatakeyama M. Transcriptional Co-activator Functions of YAP and TAZ Are Inversely Regulated by Tyrosine Phosphorylation Status of Parafibromin. iScience 2018; 1:1-15. [PMID: 30227954 PMCID: PMC6135933 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
YAP and TAZ, the Hippo signal-regulated transcriptional co-activators, play crucial roles in morphogenesis and organogenesis. Here we report that the YAP/TAZ activities are stimulated upon complex formation with Parafibromin, which undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation by kinases such as PTK6 and phosphatases such as SHP2, respectively. Furthermore, TAZ and the Wnt effector β-catenin interact cooperatively with tyrosine-dephosphorylated Parafibromin, which synergistically stimulates the co-activator functions of TAZ and β-catenin. On the other hand, YAP is selectively activated through binding with tyrosine-phosphorylated Parafibromin, which does not interact with β-catenin and thus cannot co-activate YAP and β-catenin. These findings indicate that Parafibromin inversely regulates the activities of YAP and TAZ depending on its tyrosine phosphorylation status. They also suggest that YAP and TAZ exert their redundant and non-redundant biological actions through mutually exclusive interaction with Parafibromin, which is regulated by a balance of kinase and phosphatase activities toward Parafibromin. YAP and TAZ co-activators bind to the nuclear tyrosine phosphoprotein Parafibromin TAZ is functionally activated through binding with dephosphorylated Parafibromin YAP activity is stimulated upon binding with tyrosine-phosphorylated Parafibromin Dephosphorylated Parafibromin co-stimulates TAZ and β-catenin via complex formation
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | - Ippei Kikuchi
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chi Ben
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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