1
|
Damone L, Barbagallo M, Mastromarco M, Mengoni A, Cosentino L, Maugeri E, Heinitz S, Schumann D, Dressler R, Käppeler F, Colonna N, Finocchiaro P, Andrzejewski J, Perkowski J, Gawlik A, Aberle O, Altstadt S, Ayranov M, Audouin L, Bacak M, Balibrea-Correa J, Ballof J, Bécares V, Bečvář F, Beinrucker C, Bellia G, Bernardes AP, Berthoumieux E, Billowes J, Borge MJG, Bosnar D, Brown A, Brugger M, Busso M, Caamaño M, Calviño F, Calviani M, Cano-Ott D, Cardella R, Casanovas A, Castelluccio DM, Catherall R, Cerutti F, Chen YH, Chiaveri E, Correia JGM, Cortés G, Cortés-Giraldo MA, Cristallo S, Diakaki M, Dietz M, Domingo-Pardo C, Dorsival A, Dupont E, Duran I, Fernandez-Dominguez B, Ferrari A, Ferreira P, Furman W, Ganesan S, García-Rios A, Gilardoni S, Glodariu T, Göbel K, Gonçalves IF, González-Romero E, Goodacre TD, Griesmayer E, Guerrero C, Gunsing F, Harada H, Heftrich T, Heyse J, Jenkins DG, Jericha E, Johnston K, Kadi Y, Kalamara A, Katabuchi T, Kavrigin P, Kimura A, Kivel N, Köster U, Kokkoris M, Krtička M, Kurtulgil D, Leal-Cidoncha E, Lederer-Woods C, Leeb H, Lerendegui-Marco J, Lo Meo S, Lonsdale SJ, Losito R, Macina D, Marganiec J, Marsh B, Martínez T, Masi A, Massimi C, Mastinu P, Matteucci F, Mazzone A, Mendoza E, Milazzo PM, Mingrone F, Mirea M, Musumarra A, Negret A, Nolte R, Oprea A, Patronis N, Pavlik A, Piersanti L, Piscopo M, Plompen A, Porras I, Praena J, Quesada JM, Radeck D, Rajeev K, Rauscher T, Reifarth R, Riego-Perez A, Rothe S, Rout P, Rubbia C, Ryan J, Sabaté-Gilarte M, Saxena A, Schell J, Schillebeeckx P, Schmidt S, Sedyshev P, Seiffert C, Smith AG, Sosnin NV, Stamatopoulos A, Stora T, Tagliente G, Tain JL, Tarifeño-Saldivia A, Tassan-Got L, Tsinganis A, Valenta S, Vannini G, Variale V, Vaz P, Ventura A, Vlachoudis V, Vlastou R, Wallner A, Warren S, Weigand M, Weiß C, Wolf C, Woods PJ, Wright T, Žugec P. ^{7}Be(n,p)^{7}Li Reaction and the Cosmological Lithium Problem: Measurement of the Cross Section in a Wide Energy Range at n_TOF at CERN. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:042701. [PMID: 30095928 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.042701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the measurement of the ^{7}Be(n,p)^{7}Li cross section from thermal to approximately 325 keV neutron energy, performed in the high-flux experimental area (EAR2) of the n_TOF facility at CERN. This reaction plays a key role in the lithium yield of the big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) for standard cosmology. The only two previous time-of-flight measurements performed on this reaction did not cover the energy window of interest for BBN, and they showed a large discrepancy between each other. The measurement was performed with a Si telescope and a high-purity sample produced by implantation of a ^{7}Be ion beam at the ISOLDE facility at CERN. While a significantly higher cross section is found at low energy, relative to current evaluations, in the region of BBN interest, the present results are consistent with the values inferred from the time-reversal ^{7}Li(p,n)^{7}Be reaction, thus yielding only a relatively minor improvement on the so-called cosmological lithium problem. The relevance of these results on the near-threshold neutron production in the p+^{7}Li reaction is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Damone
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari, Italy
| | - M Barbagallo
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, Italy
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - M Mastromarco
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, Italy
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - A Mengoni
- ENEA, Bologna, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Italy
| | - L Cosentino
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
| | - E Maugeri
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S Heinitz
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - D Schumann
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - R Dressler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - F Käppeler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - A Gawlik
- Uniwersytet Łódzki, Lodz, Poland
| | - O Aberle
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - S Altstadt
- Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Ayranov
- European Commission, DG-Energy, Luxembourg
| | - L Audouin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/IN2P3, IPN, Orsay, France
| | - M Bacak
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
- Atominstitut der Österreichischen Universitäten, Technische Universität Wien, Austria
| | - J Balibrea-Correa
- Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Ballof
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - V Bécares
- Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - F Bečvář
- Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C Beinrucker
- Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - G Bellia
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Italy
| | - A P Bernardes
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | | | - J Billowes
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - M J G Borge
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - D Bosnar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A Brown
- University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - M Brugger
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - M Busso
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università di Perugia, Italy
| | - M Caamaño
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - F Calviño
- Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Calviani
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - D Cano-Ott
- Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - R Cardella
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
| | - A Casanovas
- Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - R Catherall
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - F Cerutti
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - Y H Chen
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/IN2P3, IPN, Orsay, France
| | - E Chiaveri
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - J G M Correia
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
- C2TN, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - G Cortés
- Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - S Cristallo
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo, Italy
| | - M Diakaki
- National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece
| | - M Dietz
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - C Domingo-Pardo
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - A Dorsival
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - E Dupont
- CEA/Saclay, IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - I Duran
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - A Ferrari
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - P Ferreira
- C2TN, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - W Furman
- Joint Institute of Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
| | - S Ganesan
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
| | - A García-Rios
- Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Gilardoni
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - T Glodariu
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - K Göbel
- Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - I F Gonçalves
- C2TN, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - E González-Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - T D Goodacre
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - E Griesmayer
- Atominstitut der Österreichischen Universitäten, Technische Universität Wien, Austria
| | | | - F Gunsing
- CEA/Saclay, IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - H Harada
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai-mura, Japan
| | - T Heftrich
- Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J Heyse
- European Commission JRC, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Geel, Belgium
| | - D G Jenkins
- University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - E Jericha
- Atominstitut der Österreichischen Universitäten, Technische Universität Wien, Austria
| | - K Johnston
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - Y Kadi
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - A Kalamara
- National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece
| | | | - P Kavrigin
- Atominstitut der Österreichischen Universitäten, Technische Universität Wien, Austria
| | - A Kimura
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai-mura, Japan
| | - N Kivel
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - U Köster
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), Grenoble, France
| | - M Kokkoris
- National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece
| | - M Krtička
- Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Kurtulgil
- Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - C Lederer-Woods
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - H Leeb
- Atominstitut der Österreichischen Universitäten, Technische Universität Wien, Austria
| | | | - S Lo Meo
- ENEA, Bologna, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Italy
| | - S J Lonsdale
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R Losito
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - D Macina
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | | | - B Marsh
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Masi
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - C Massimi
- INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - P Mastinu
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Italy
| | - F Matteucci
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Italy
| | - A Mazzone
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, Italy
- CNR, IC, Bari, Italy
| | - E Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - F Mingrone
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - M Mirea
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - A Musumarra
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Italy
| | - A Negret
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - R Nolte
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A Oprea
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | | | - A Pavlik
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Austria
| | - L Piersanti
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo, Italy
| | - M Piscopo
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
| | - A Plompen
- European Commission JRC, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Geel, Belgium
| | | | - J Praena
- Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
- Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | | | - D Radeck
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - K Rajeev
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
| | - T Rauscher
- Centre for Astrophysics Research, School of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - R Reifarth
- Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - A Riego-Perez
- Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Rothe
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - P Rout
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
| | - C Rubbia
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - J Ryan
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - M Sabaté-Gilarte
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
- Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Saxena
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
| | - J Schell
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
- Institute for Materials Science and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - P Schillebeeckx
- European Commission JRC, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Geel, Belgium
| | - S Schmidt
- Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - P Sedyshev
- Joint Institute of Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
| | - C Seiffert
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - A G Smith
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - N V Sosnin
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - T Stora
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | | | - J L Tain
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - A Tarifeño-Saldivia
- Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - L Tassan-Got
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/IN2P3, IPN, Orsay, France
| | - A Tsinganis
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - S Valenta
- Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - G Vannini
- INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Italy
| | | | - P Vaz
- C2TN, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - V Vlachoudis
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - R Vlastou
- National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece
| | - A Wallner
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Austria
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - S Warren
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - M Weigand
- Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Weiß
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland
| | - C Wolf
- Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - P J Woods
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - T Wright
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - P Žugec
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barbagallo M, Musumarra A, Cosentino L, Maugeri E, Heinitz S, Mengoni A, Dressler R, Schumann D, Käppeler F, Colonna N, Finocchiaro P, Ayranov M, Damone L, Kivel N, Aberle O, Altstadt S, Andrzejewski J, Audouin L, Bacak M, Balibrea-Correa J, Barros S, Bécares V, Bečvář F, Beinrucker C, Berthoumieux E, Billowes J, Bosnar D, Brugger M, Caamaño M, Calviani M, Calviño F, Cano-Ott D, Cardella R, Casanovas A, Castelluccio DM, Cerutti F, Chen YH, Chiaveri E, Cortés G, Cortés-Giraldo MA, Cristallo S, Diakaki M, Domingo-Pardo C, Dupont E, Duran I, Fernandez-Dominguez B, Ferrari A, Ferreira P, Furman W, Ganesan S, García-Rios A, Gawlik A, Glodariu T, Göbel K, Gonçalves IF, González-Romero E, Griesmayer E, Guerrero C, Gunsing F, Harada H, Heftrich T, Heyse J, Jenkins DG, Jericha E, Katabuchi T, Kavrigin P, Kimura A, Kokkoris M, Krtička M, Leal-Cidoncha E, Lerendegui J, Lederer C, Leeb H, Lo Meo S, Lonsdale SJ, Losito R, Macina D, Marganiec J, Martínez T, Massimi C, Mastinu P, Mastromarco M, Mazzone A, Mendoza E, Milazzo PM, Mingrone F, Mirea M, Montesano S, Nolte R, Oprea A, Pappalardo A, Patronis N, Pavlik A, Perkowski J, Piscopo M, Plompen A, Porras I, Praena J, Quesada J, Rajeev K, Rauscher T, Reifarth R, Riego-Perez A, Rout P, Rubbia C, Ryan J, Sabate-Gilarte M, Saxena A, Schillebeeckx P, Schmidt S, Sedyshev P, Smith AG, Stamatopoulos A, Tagliente G, Tain JL, Tarifeño-Saldivia A, Tassan-Got L, Tsinganis A, Valenta S, Vannini G, Variale V, Vaz P, Ventura A, Vlachoudis V, Vlastou R, Vollaire J, Wallner A, Warren S, Weigand M, Weiß C, Wolf C, Woods PJ, Wright T, Žugec P. ^{7}Be(n,α)^{4}He Reaction and the Cosmological Lithium Problem: Measurement of the Cross Section in a Wide Energy Range at n_TOF at CERN. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:152701. [PMID: 27768364 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.152701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The energy-dependent cross section of the ^{7}Be(n,α)^{4}He reaction, of interest for the so-called cosmological lithium problem in big bang nucleosynthesis, has been measured for the first time from 10 meV to 10 keV neutron energy. The challenges posed by the short half-life of ^{7}Be and by the low reaction cross section have been overcome at n_TOF thanks to an unprecedented combination of the extremely high luminosity and good resolution of the neutron beam in the new experimental area (EAR2) of the n_TOF facility at CERN, the availability of a sufficient amount of chemically pure ^{7}Be, and a specifically designed experimental setup. Coincidences between the two alpha particles have been recorded in two Si-^{7}Be-Si arrays placed directly in the neutron beam. The present results are consistent, at thermal neutron energy, with the only previous measurement performed in the 1960s at a nuclear reactor. The energy dependence reported here clearly indicates the inadequacy of the cross section estimates currently used in BBN calculations. Although new measurements at higher neutron energy may still be needed, the n_TOF results hint at a minor role of this reaction in BBN, leaving the long-standing cosmological lithium problem unsolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - A Musumarra
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia DFA, Università di Catania, Italy
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
| | - L Cosentino
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
| | - E Maugeri
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S Heinitz
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - R Dressler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - D Schumann
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - F Käppeler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | - M Ayranov
- European Commission, DG-Energy, Luxembourg
| | | | - N Kivel
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - S Altstadt
- Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - L Audouin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/IN2P3-IPN, Orsay, France
| | - M Bacak
- Atominstitut der Österreichischen Universitäten, Technische Universität Wien, Austria
| | - J Balibrea-Correa
- Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Barros
- C2TN-Instituto Superior Tecníco, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - V Bécares
- Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - F Bečvář
- Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C Beinrucker
- Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - J Billowes
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - D Bosnar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - M Caamaño
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - F Calviño
- Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Cano-Ott
- Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - R Cardella
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Casanovas
- Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Y H Chen
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/IN2P3-IPN, Orsay, France
| | | | - G Cortés
- Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - S Cristallo
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Collurania, Teramo, Italy
| | - M Diakaki
- National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece
| | - C Domingo-Pardo
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC-Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - E Dupont
- CEA/Saclay-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - I Duran
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | - P Ferreira
- C2TN-Instituto Superior Tecníco, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - W Furman
- Joint Institute of Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
| | - S Ganesan
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
| | - A García-Rios
- Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Gawlik
- Uniwersytet Łódzki, Lodz, Poland
| | - T Glodariu
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering-IFIN HH, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - K Göbel
- Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - I F Gonçalves
- C2TN-Instituto Superior Tecníco, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - E González-Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Griesmayer
- Atominstitut der Österreichischen Universitäten, Technische Universität Wien, Austria
| | | | - F Gunsing
- CEA/Saclay-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - H Harada
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai-mura, Japan
| | - T Heftrich
- Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J Heyse
- European Commission JRC, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - D G Jenkins
- University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - E Jericha
- Atominstitut der Österreichischen Universitäten, Technische Universität Wien, Austria
| | | | - P Kavrigin
- Atominstitut der Österreichischen Universitäten, Technische Universität Wien, Austria
| | - A Kimura
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai-mura, Japan
| | - M Kokkoris
- National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece
| | - M Krtička
- Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - C Lederer
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - H Leeb
- Atominstitut der Österreichischen Universitäten, Technis che Universität Wien, Austria
| | - S Lo Meo
- ENEA, Bologna, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Italy
| | - S J Lonsdale
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Massimi
- INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna
| | - P Mastinu
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - A Mazzone
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, Italy
- CNR-IC, Bari, Italy
| | - E Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - F Mingrone
- INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna
| | - M Mirea
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering-IFIN HH, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | | | - R Nolte
- Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A Oprea
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering-IFIN HH, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - A Pappalardo
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
| | | | - A Pavlik
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Austria
| | | | - M Piscopo
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
| | - A Plompen
- European Commission JRC, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium
| | | | - J Praena
- Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
- Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | | | - K Rajeev
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
| | - T Rauscher
- Centre for Astrophysics Research, School of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Reifarth
- Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - A Riego-Perez
- Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Rout
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
| | | | - J Ryan
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - A Saxena
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
| | - P Schillebeeckx
- European Commission JRC, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - S Schmidt
- Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - P Sedyshev
- Joint Institute of Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
| | - A G Smith
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - J L Tain
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC-Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | | | - L Tassan-Got
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/IN2P3-IPN, Orsay, France
| | | | - S Valenta
- Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - G Vannini
- INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna
| | | | - P Vaz
- C2TN-Instituto Superior Tecníco, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - R Vlastou
- National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece
| | | | - A Wallner
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Austria
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - S Warren
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - M Weigand
- Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Weiß
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Wolf
- Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - P J Woods
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - T Wright
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - P Žugec
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vandebrouck M, Gibelin J, Khan E, Achouri NL, Baba H, Beaumel D, Blumenfeld Y, Caamaño M, Càceres L, Colò G, Delaunay F, Fernandez-Dominguez B, Garg U, Grinyer GF, Harakeh MN, Kalantar-Nayestanaki N, Keeley N, Mittig W, Pancin J, Raabe R, Roger T, Roussel-Chomaz P, Savajols H, Sorlin O, Stodel C, Suzuki D, Thomas JC. Measurement of the isoscalar monopole response in the neutron-rich nucleus 68Ni. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:032504. [PMID: 25083638 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.032504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The isoscalar monopole response has been measured in the unstable nucleus (68)Ni using inelastic alpha scattering at 50A MeV in inverse kinematics with the active target MAYA at GANIL. The isoscalar giant monopole resonance (ISGMR) centroid was determined to be 21.1 ± 1.9 MeV and indications for a soft monopole mode are provided for the first time at 12.9 ± 1.0 MeV. Analysis of the corresponding angular distributions using distorted-wave-born approximation with random-phase approximation transition densities indicates that the L = 0 multipolarity dominates the cross section for the ISGMR and significantly contributes to the low-energy mode. The L=0 part of this low-energy mode, the soft monopole mode, is dominated by neutron excitations. This demonstrates the relevance of inelastic alpha scattering in inverse kinematics in order to probe both the ISGMR and isoscalar soft modes in neutron-rich nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Vandebrouck
- IPN Orsay, Université Paris Sud, IN2P3-CNRS, F-91406 Orsay Cedex, France and LPC Caen, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS/IN2P3, F-14050 CAEN Cedex, France
| | - J Gibelin
- LPC Caen, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS/IN2P3, F-14050 CAEN Cedex, France
| | - E Khan
- IPN Orsay, Université Paris Sud, IN2P3-CNRS, F-91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - N L Achouri
- LPC Caen, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS/IN2P3, F-14050 CAEN Cedex, France
| | - H Baba
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - D Beaumel
- IPN Orsay, Université Paris Sud, IN2P3-CNRS, F-91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Y Blumenfeld
- IPN Orsay, Université Paris Sud, IN2P3-CNRS, F-91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - M Caamaño
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - L Càceres
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, Bvd Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - G Colò
- Dipartimento de Fisica Università degli Studi di Milano and INFN, Sezione di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - F Delaunay
- LPC Caen, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS/IN2P3, F-14050 CAEN Cedex, France
| | | | - U Garg
- Physics Department, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - G F Grinyer
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, Bvd Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - M N Harakeh
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, Bvd Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France and KVI-CART, University of Groningen, NL-9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - N Keeley
- National Centre for Nuclear Research ul. Andrzeja Soł tana 7, 05-400 Otwock, Poland
| | - W Mittig
- NSCL, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1321, USA
| | - J Pancin
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, Bvd Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - R Raabe
- Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Roger
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, Bvd Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France and Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - H Savajols
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, Bvd Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - O Sorlin
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, Bvd Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - C Stodel
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, Bvd Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - D Suzuki
- IPN Orsay, Université Paris Sud, IN2P3-CNRS, F-91406 Orsay Cedex, France and NSCL, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1321, USA
| | - J C Thomas
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, Bvd Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Burgunder G, Sorlin O, Nowacki F, Giron S, Hammache F, Moukaddam M, de Séréville N, Beaumel D, Càceres L, Clément E, Duchêne G, Ebran JP, Fernandez-Dominguez B, Flavigny F, Franchoo S, Gibelin J, Gillibert A, Grévy S, Guillot J, Lepailleur A, Matea I, Matta A, Nalpas L, Obertelli A, Otsuka T, Pancin J, Poves A, Raabe R, Scarpaci JA, Stefan I, Stodel C, Suzuki T, Thomas JC. Experimental study of the two-body spin-orbit force in nuclei. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:042502. [PMID: 24580444 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.042502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Energies and spectroscopic factors of the first 7/2-, 3/2-, 1/2-, and 5/2- states in the (35)Si21 nucleus were determined by means of the (d, p) transfer reaction in inverse kinematics at GANIL using the MUST2 and EXOGAM detectors. By comparing the spectroscopic information on the Si35 and S37 isotones, a reduction of the p3/2-p1/2 spin-orbit splitting by about 25% is proposed, while the f7/2-f5/2 spin-orbit splitting seems to remain constant. These features, derived after having unfolded nuclear correlations using shell model calculations, have been attributed to the properties of the two-body spin-orbit interaction, the amplitude of which is derived for the first time in an atomic nucleus. The present results, remarkably well reproduced by using several realistic nucleon-nucleon forces, provide a unique touchstone for the modeling of the spin-orbit interaction in atomic nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Burgunder
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, BP 55027, F-14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - O Sorlin
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, BP 55027, F-14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - F Nowacki
- IPHC, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Strasbourg, F-67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - S Giron
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, F-91406 Orsay, France
| | - F Hammache
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, F-91406 Orsay, France
| | - M Moukaddam
- IPHC, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Strasbourg, F-67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - N de Séréville
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, F-91406 Orsay, France
| | - D Beaumel
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, F-91406 Orsay, France
| | - L Càceres
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, BP 55027, F-14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - E Clément
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, BP 55027, F-14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - G Duchêne
- IPHC, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Strasbourg, F-67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - J P Ebran
- CEA, DAM, DIF, Bruyères-le-Châtel, F-91297 Arpajon Cedex, France
| | - B Fernandez-Dominguez
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, BP 55027, F-14076 Caen Cedex 5, France and Department of Particle Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - F Flavigny
- CEA Saclay, IRFU, Service de Physique Nucléaire, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Franchoo
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, F-91406 Orsay, France
| | - J Gibelin
- LPC Caen, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS/IN2P3, F14050 CAEN Cedex, France
| | - A Gillibert
- CEA Saclay, IRFU, Service de Physique Nucléaire, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Grévy
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, BP 55027, F-14076 Caen Cedex 5, France and Centre d Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan-Université Bordeaux 1-UMR 5797 CNRS/IN2P3, Chemin du Solarium, BP 120, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - J Guillot
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, F-91406 Orsay, France
| | - A Lepailleur
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, BP 55027, F-14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - I Matea
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, F-91406 Orsay, France
| | - A Matta
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, F-91406 Orsay, France and Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, United Kingdom
| | - L Nalpas
- CEA Saclay, IRFU, Service de Physique Nucléaire, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Obertelli
- CEA Saclay, IRFU, Service de Physique Nucléaire, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - T Otsuka
- Department of Physics and Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - J Pancin
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, BP 55027, F-14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - A Poves
- Departamento de Fisica Teorica e IFT-UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Raabe
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, BP 55027, F-14076 Caen Cedex 5, France and Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J A Scarpaci
- CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - I Stefan
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, F-91406 Orsay, France
| | - C Stodel
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, BP 55027, F-14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - T Suzuki
- Department of Physics, Nihon University, Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - J C Thomas
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, BP 55027, F-14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rossi DM, Adrich P, Aksouh F, Alvarez-Pol H, Aumann T, Benlliure J, Böhmer M, Boretzky K, Casarejos E, Chartier M, Chatillon A, Cortina-Gil D, Datta Pramanik U, Emling H, Ershova O, Fernandez-Dominguez B, Geissel H, Gorska M, Heil M, Johansson HT, Junghans A, Kelic-Heil A, Kiselev O, Klimkiewicz A, Kratz JV, Krücken R, Kurz N, Labiche M, Le Bleis T, Lemmon R, Litvinov YA, Mahata K, Maierbeck P, Movsesyan A, Nilsson T, Nociforo C, Palit R, Paschalis S, Plag R, Reifarth R, Savran D, Scheit H, Simon H, Sümmerer K, Wagner A, Waluś W, Weick H, Winkler M. Measurement of the dipole polarizability of the unstable neutron-rich nucleus 68Ni. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:242503. [PMID: 24483648 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.242503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The E1 strength distribution in 68Ni has been investigated using Coulomb excitation in inverse kinematics at the R3B-LAND setup and by measuring the invariant mass in the one- and two-neutron decay channels. The giant dipole resonance and a low-lying peak (pygmy dipole resonance) have been observed at 17.1(2) and 9.55(17) MeV, respectively. The measured dipole polarizability is compared to relativistic random phase approximation calculations yielding a neutron-skin thickness of 0.17(2) fm. A method and analysis applicable to neutron-rich nuclei has been developed, allowing for a precise determination of neutron skins in nuclei as a function of neutron excess.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Rossi
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany and Institut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Adrich
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - F Aksouh
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - H Alvarez-Pol
- University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - T Aumann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany and Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J Benlliure
- University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Böhmer
- Physik-Department E12, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Boretzky
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - M Chartier
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - A Chatillon
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D Cortina-Gil
- University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - H Emling
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - O Ershova
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Goethe Universität, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - B Fernandez-Dominguez
- University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain and University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - H Geissel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Gorska
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Heil
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - H T Johansson
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany and Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - A Junghans
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - A Kelic-Heil
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - O Kiselev
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany and Institut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Klimkiewicz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany and Jagiellonian University, PL-30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - J V Kratz
- Institut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - R Krücken
- Physik-Department E12, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - N Kurz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Labiche
- University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom and STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - T Le Bleis
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany and Institut für Angewandte Physik, Goethe Universität, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany and Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, F-67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - R Lemmon
- STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - Yu A Litvinov
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Mahata
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400-085, India
| | - P Maierbeck
- Physik-Department E12, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Movsesyan
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T Nilsson
- Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - C Nociforo
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R Palit
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400-005, India
| | - S Paschalis
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany and University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - R Plag
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany and Institut für Angewandte Physik, Goethe Universität, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - R Reifarth
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany and Institut für Angewandte Physik, Goethe Universität, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D Savran
- ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI and Research Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany and Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - H Scheit
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - H Simon
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Sümmerer
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Wagner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - W Waluś
- Jagiellonian University, PL-30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - H Weick
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Winkler
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|