Role of reactive oxygen species in cupric 8-quinolinoxide-induced genotoxic effect

This study demonstrates that cupric 8-quinolinoxide (CuQ) has induced genetic toxicity in bacteria and mammalian cells through a mechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In the Ames test with rat liver S9, CuQ dose-dependently caused a point mutation in Salmonella typhimurium TA100. The effect of CuQ on DNA damage in HL60 and V79 cells identified in the comet assay is direct and enhanced by the addition of S9. Meanwhile, the tailing length of comet DNA is related to the increasing dosage of CuQ. The genotoxic effect of CuQ on either gene mutation in bacteria or DNA damage in culture cells can be generally blocked by several antioxidants, e.g. pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, N-acetylcysteine, Vitamins C and E. Supportive of this observation, ROS generation induced by CuQ can be demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo by using the DCFH-DA fluoroprobe. The CuQ-induced intracellular ROS level is also dramatically inhibited by the above antioxidants. Above results imply that the CuQ-induced genotoxicity could be mediated by ROS generation. The nature of ferrous-dependent and S9-enhancing in CuQ-induced ROS generation hints a Fenton-like reaction or some specific enzymes activation could be involved in this process. Furthermore, a DNA damage- and oxidative stress-dependent protein, P53, could also been induced by CuQ treatments in a time-course and dose-dependent manners. Its expression level is recoverable by antioxidants too. In conclusion, our current study strongly suggests that CuQ induces gene mutation, global DNA damage, and P53 expression through a ROS-dependent mechanism.

The adsorption protein genes of Xanthomonas campestris filamentous phages determining host specificity

Gene III (gIII) of phiLf, a filamentous phage specifically infecting Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, was previously shown to encode a virion-associated protein (pIII) required for phage adsorption. In this study, the transcription start site for the gene and the N-terminal sequence of the protein were determined, resulting in the revision of the translation initiation site from the one previously predicted for this gene. For comparative study, the gIII of phiXv, a filamentous phage specifically infecting X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, was cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequences of these two pIIIs exhibit a high degree of identity in their C-terminal halves and possess the structural features typical of the adsorption proteins of filamentous phages: a signal sequence in the N terminus, a long glycine-rich region near the center, and a hydrophobic membrane anchorage domain in the C terminus. The regions between gIII and the upstream gVIII, 128 nucleotides in both phages, are larger than those of other filamentous phages. A hybrid phage of phiXv, consisting of the phiLf pIII and all the other components derived from phiXv, was able to infect X. campestris pv. campestris but not X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, indicating that gIII is the gene specifying host specificity and demonstrating the interchangeability of the pIIIs.

Purification and expression of the gene III protein from filamentous phage phi Lf

The gene III protein (pIII) from phi Lf, a filamentous phage of Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris, was purified by gel filtration with FPLC. The gIII coding region was amplified by PCR, which was then cloned into pUC18 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The size of both pIII, purified from phage particle and expressed in E. coli, is similar to the value deduced from the nucleotide sequence as shown by Western blot analysis. This is different from the case in Ff phages (f1, fd, and M13), in which the size of pIII observed in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is substantially larger than the deduced value. Upon infection of X. c. pv. vesicatoria carrying cloned phi Lf gIII with phi Xv, a filamentous phage of pv. vesicatoria, the progeny particles in supernatant were able to infect both pv. campestris carrying cloned phi Lf gIII and pv. vesicatoria, indicating that a mixture of authentic phi Xv and chimeric phage consisting of phi Xv DNA and phi Lf pIII was produced. These results suggest pIII to be the adsorption protein required for host recognition.

Characterization of two novel filamentous phages of Xanthomonas

Two filamentous phages of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae were isolated and designated phi Xv and phi Xo, respectively. They were similar to other filamentous phages of Xanthomonas in (i) shape, (ii) restrictive host specificity, (iii) high stability, (iv) an ssDNA genome, (v) a dsDNA as the replicative form (RF), (vi) propagation without lysis of host cells and (vii) ability to integrate into the host chromosome. These phages showed sequence homology to filamentous phage phi Lf of X. c. pv. campestris. phi Xv was inactivated by antisera against phi Xv, phi Xo and phi Lf, whereas phi Xo and phi Lf were inactivated only by their respective antisera and the anti-phi Xv serum. Both the single-stranded phage DNAs and the RF DNAs of phi Xv, phi Xo and phi Lf were able to transfect X. c. pv. vesicatoria, X. o. pv. oryzae and X. c. pv. campestris. Physical maps of phi Xv and phi Xo were constructed for the RF DNAs. Genome sizes were estimated, based on mapping data, to be 6.8 kb for phi Xv and 7.6 kb for phi Xo, larger than that of the phi Lf genome (6.0 kb). The difference in genome sizes appeared to result from insertions of large DNA fragments. These fragments and the regions mediating integration were localized in the physical maps.

[An analysis of the cephalometric investigation of the Chinese craniofacical pattern in neolithic]

Craniofacial morphology provides valuable data for determining races and ethnic groups and evolutionary adaptedness of prehistoric human population.Craniofacial investiation yield reliable clues to the ethnic of skeletal series,because craniofacial traits can be evaluated in different ethnic groups.The neolithic human skull of Chinese in this study are about 6000 years ago (B.C.4750-3700).Authors studied the neolithic human skull of Chinese with cephalometric radiography.

[Study of the location of mandibular mental foremen in modern and neolithic adult]

37 cases of mandible of Neolithic adult that both sexes without missing teeth,alveolar bone were studied.The result showed that the location of the mental foramen below the apex of the lower second premolar was the most common(67.97%) in the modern adult,and the location of the mental foramen below between the apex of the lower second premolar and the first molar was the most common (64.86%) in the neolithic adult.