[Joint arthrodesis in functionally favorable position : Considerations on measurement of disability in private accident insurance]

If an accident results in a functional disorder that persists and permanently restricts physical and/or mental capacity, this is referred to as a disability. In private accident insurance it is the task of the medical expert to assess this disability by examining the medical findings and produce an assessment taking account of the literature and comparing against generally acknowledged guidance values. The priority dismemberment disability rating schedule initially provides loss values. For the "next lowest" disability levels for arthrodesis of extremity joints, the assessment recommendations are based on a functionally favorable position although this functionally favorable position is not more precisely defined.In this article the authors have defined these functionally favorable positions based on the information available in the literature. In particular, the operatively favorable settings for arthrodesis of the affected joint that are stated in the literature on trauma and orthopedic surgery were consulted. Of course, the functional perspective has been especially emphasized.A difficulty in achieving this was that the literature on arthrodesis is now almost only of historical value due to modern endoprosthetics. The knowledge gained was checked against medical experience and is expounded here.

[Revision surgery after failed (partial-) arthrodesis of the wrist]

(Partial) arthrodeses of the wrist have been proven cornerstones to treat many lesions for decades, especially in the case of revision surgery. Four-corner, scapho-trapezo-trapezoidal (STT), radio-scapho-lunate (RSL) and total wrist fusions are very common techniques in hand surgery. However, even these proven surgical procedures have significant non-fusion rates. Prior to revising a failed arthrodesis, it is essential to analyse the latter failure precisely. A technically adequate revision is only feasible when based on a correct and meticulous analysis. The understanding of the biological processes and technical aspects of the implants are the basis for solving this issue.

[Tenolysis of extensor and flexor tendons of the hand]

BACKGROUND

Unrestricted gliding of extensor and flexor tendons is essential for normal functioning of the hand. If tendon gliding is impaired, a restricted range of motion of finger joints and, finally, joint stiffness result.

OBJECTIVES

To answer the questions about the causes of tenodesis in the hand, which examinations are most informative, how tenolysis is technically performed, and what results can be expected.

METHODS

The reasons, examinations, surgical technique, and results of extensor and flexor tendon tenolysis are presented.

RESULTS

Based on the data in the literature tenolysis of flexor tendons leads to range of motion that is only 50-60% of the preoperative range of motion. In about 20% of patients, deterioration as serious as secondary tendon rupture is observed. Meaningful results of extensor tendon tenolysis have not yet been published.

CONCLUSIONS

Tenolysis of extensor and flexor tendons in the hand is a demanding surgical procedure, and in addition to detailed knowledge of anatomy and biomechanics, it requires sufficient experience-especially following the primary repair of tendon injuries. The earliest indication for tenolysis can occur at about 3 months, usually after 6 months, if continuous intensive hand therapy and splinting have not been successful. General and individual benefits and risks must be carefully weighed. The key to successful tenolysis is the patient's access to and unrestricted participation in competent postoperative treatment, ideally performed by a specialist in hand therapy, which may last for weeks or months.

[Anatomy of the trapeziometacarpal joint in the context of arthroplasty]

The thumb has a crucial role in the hand due to its position with regard to the fingers. The CMC-1 joint enables an extraordinary range of motion, since its geometry allows for opposition. The former joint may often succumb to osteoarthritis because a great range of motion in combination with large forces, small contact areas, and thorough usage are always present. Joint replacement is challenged by the great range of motion based on the necessary joint stability and the demand for sufficient pain reduction. This review highlights the anatomy of the CMC-1 joint with regard to joint preplacement solutions.

[Anatomy of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal finger joint with respect to arthroplasty]

BACKGROUND

Precise knowledge of the anatomy and biomechanics of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joint is the basis for both indication and implantation of a finger joint prosthesis. Currently available finger joint prostheses inadequately take into account individual, ethnological, gender, age, and side differences. They can remain compromised despite the possible combination of their components.

OBJECTIVES

To elucidate which problems of finger joint arthroplasty exist due to the anatomy and biomechanics of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints.

METHODS

The anatomy and biomechanics of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joint are described, and the problems and solutions of finger joint arthroplasty are presented.

RESULTS

Despite precise knowledge of the anatomy and biomechanics of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joint, not all problems of finger joint arthroplasty have been solved. However, a modular surface replacement appears promising for the proximal interphalangeal joint.

CONCLUSIONS

Artificial joint replacement of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joint is difficult with regard to morphology, small bone dimensions, complex biomechanics, and the strain of the hand. Further improvements, especially in design, should be achieved by exact anatomical imitation.

[Metacarpophalangeal joint replacement]

BACKGROUND

Arthroplasty of metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints is crucial for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Motion preserving therapies are mandatory for this joint, since loss of function of the MCP joint is detrimental. Many protheses or spacers have been introduced over the last 80 years, but most of them have been dismissed due to major complications.

CURRENT PROCEDURES

Since the 1960s the Swanson spacer has been established as the reference standard for motion preserving procedures of the finger MCP joints. High fracture rates of the spacer do not seem to limit function and patient satisfaction after all. Current long-term studies show at least promising results for pyrolytic carbon protheses with respect to range of motion, survival, and revision rates in comparison to the Swanson spacer.

[Surgical approaches to the hand]

OBJECTIVE

Accessibility of any anatomical structure of the hand via surgical approach.

INDICATIONS

Any surgical treatment of the hand.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Any contraindication to surgical treatment of the hand.

SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

Skin incision at the hand with access to any anatomical structure.

POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT

Postoperative treatment depends on the disease and hand surgery performed.

[Distal radius fracture of the adult : Diagnostics and therapy]

Fractures of the distal radius are very common. The majority of patients are elderly females. High impact trauma are often responsible for fractures in young men. Clinical and radiological diagnostics, including computer-assisted tomography (CAT) scan, are generally sufficient. The indication for conservative treatment is still recommended for specific fracture patterns. Application of palmar locking plates after open reduction proved to be efficacious for the majority of fracture patterns. Furthermore, precise detection and treatment of concomitant lesions are mandatory in order to prevent complications.

[Cubital tunnel syndrome : Diagnostics and therapy]

Cubital tunnel syndrome is the second most common nerve compression syndrome observed in the upper extremity. Mechanical irritation of the ulnar nerve is also found in the upper and the lower arm even though cubital tunnel syndrome is documented most of the time. Apart from clinical examination electrophysiological testing is the most important contributor to the therapy decision. Depending on the clinical manifestation conservative treatment with elbow splinting may be appropriate. In the event of persistent or advanced nerve irritation surgical decompression may be the sensible intervention. Open or endoscopically assisted in situ decompression is currently recommended as the primary intervention while anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve is recommended for revision surgery.

[Joint infections of the hand]

Joint infections of the hand may lead to irreversible lesions and impairment of hand function due to early cartilage damage. Furthermore, persistent infections which are not treated immediately can cause osteitis and/or spread systemically. Finger joints are prone to infection due to bite wounds or crush and sharp injuries. Whereas the wrist is often affected in patients with immunosuppression or chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. If diagnosis and therapy are delayed, joint damage may be inevitable. Therefore, urgent treatment of the infected joint is imperative to preserve the function of the hand. This article reviews the current diagnostics and treatment of joint infections of the hand.

[Operative treatment of Dupuytren's contracture : Arthrolysis of the proximal interphalangeal finger joint]

BACKGROUND

In the operative treatment of Dupuytren's disease, in certain cases proximal interphalangeal joint flexion contracture remains after fasciectomy due to shrinkage, shortening, and/or adhesion of the periarticular structures.

OBJECTIVES

How can a residual flexion contracture of the proximal interphalangeal joint after partial fasciectomy in Dupuytren's disease be treated surgically and what follow-up results can be expected?

METHODS

Description of anatomy, indication, surgical technique of arthrolysis of the proximal interphalangeal joint, postoperative treatment, and critical analysis of the results reported in the literature.

RESULTS

Arthrolysis of the proximal interphalangeal joint is performed in up to six consecutive steps. An improvement of only about 50% compared to preoperative flexion contracture can be expected.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite alleged unsatisfactory results arthrolysis of the proximal interphalangeal joint can be recommended in surgery of Dupuytren's disease. In certain cases, patient cooperation during lengthy postoperative treatment is necessary.

[Arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint of fingers with tension band wire]

OBJECTIVE

Arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint of fingers in a functional and pain-free position.

INDICATIONS

Primary and secondary osteoarthritis, traumatic joint destruction, posttraumatic malposition, instability, joint destruction due to infection, irreparable extensor and/or flexor tendon lesion, recurrent flexion deformity in Dupuytren's disease, arthritis (e. g., rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis), failed resection arthroplasty, failed prosthesis, congenital disorder (e. g., camptodactyly).

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Persistent joint infection.

SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

Resection of the proximal phalanx head and the middle phalanx base, arthrodesis with figure-of-eight tension band wire in a functional position.

POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT

Plaster of Paris cast with arthrodesis position of the affected finger and intrinsic plus position of at least one adjacent finger for 2 weeks, custom-made finger splint for 4 weeks.

RESULTS

A total of 15 of 16 patients with an arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal finger joint of the dominant hand by tension band wire were followed up after an average of 31 months. None was affected by the arthrodesis in everyday live. All patients were very satisfied with the result. Nine of 15 patients were free of pain both at rest and with activity. The average DASH score was 48 points. Grip strength averaged 29 kg, 7 % stronger than the contralateral hand.

[Proximal carpal row carpectomy]

OBJECTIVE

Resection of the proximal carpal row, termed proximal row carpectomy (PRC), is performed in order to treat pathologies of the proximal carpal row or radiocarpal joint between the scaphoid and scaphoid facet. It entails the articulation of the capitate and the lunate facet.

INDICATIONS

Lunate necrosis, carpal collapse, joint infection with concomitant intercarpal ligament lesions.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Severe cartilage lesions of the lunate facet and the capitate, wrist capsule laxity, rheumatoid arthritis, neuromuscular dysbalance of the wrist-covering soft tissue structures.

SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

Dorsal approach to the wrist, incision of the third and fourth extensor compartments, resection and coagulation of the dorsal interosseous nerve, usage of a ligament-sparing capsule incision, identification of the proximal carpal row and inspection of cartilage of the lunate facet and capitate, mobilization and excision of the lunate, scaphoid and triquetrum, articulation of lunate facet and capitate is controlled clinically and fluoroscopically, wound closure, application of plaster slabs.

POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT

Immobilization of the wrist on plaster slabs for 2 weeks, removal of sutures after 14 days.

RESULTS

PRC is a surgical procedure with few complications. Satisfactory range of motion and grip strength could be preserved without limiting function of the upper extremity. Postoperative osteoarthritis of capitate and lunate facet did not correlate with the good clinical outcome.

[Supplementary arthrolysis of the proximal interphalangeal joint of fingers in surgical treatment of Dupuytren's contracture]

OBJECTIVE

Correction of residual flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint after excision of diseased connective tissue in Dupuytren's contracture by stepwise arthrolysis.

INDICATIONS

Flexion deformity of the PIP joint of 20° or more after excision of the diseased connective tissue in Dupuytren's contracture.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Joint deformities, osteoarthrosis, intrinsic muscle contracture, instability of the PIP joint.

SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

Arthrolysis of the PIP joint is performed by six consecutive steps: dissection of the remaining skin ligaments, opening the flexor tendon sheath by transverse incision at the distal end of the A2 pulley, dissection of the checkrein ligaments, dissection of the accessory collateral ligaments, releasing the palmar plate proximally, releasing the palmar plate up to its insertion at the middle phalanx base.

POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT

Dorsal plaster of Paris with extended fingers and compressive dressing in the palm for 2 days, occupational/physical therapy, static and possible dynamic extension splint several weeks/months.

RESULTS

A total of 31 fingers in 28 patients with Dupuytren's contracture were evaluated an average of 22 months after arthrolysis of the PIP joint. In all, 26 joints with an average recurrent flexion contracture of 29° were improved compared to the preoperative flexion contracture of 81°; 4 PIP joints with a recurrent flexion contracture averaging 60° were worse. In one patient, PIP flexion contracture of 90° was unchanged at follow-up although the joint could be extended intraoperatively to 10° of flexion.

[Simultaneous bilateral humeral head disclocation and acetabular fracture. A rare manifestation after hypoglycemia-induced seizures]

Seizures can cause severe musculoskeletal injuries and posterior shoulder dislocation is a typical result of a seizure. Bilateral posterior shoulder dislocation is rare and acetabular fractures caused by a seizure are also a rarity. We present the case of a 48-year-old man with simultaneous bilateral posterior shoulder fracture dislocations and bilateral acetabular fractures as a result of hypoglycemia-induced seizures.

[Analysis of Fit of the Ascension® PyroCarbon PIP Total Joint Component Heads]

BACKGROUND

The Ascension pyroCarbon proximal interphalangeal (PIP) total joint is available in 4 different sizes, and ideally, the prosthesis head will be flush with the bone. Fit of the Ascension pyrocarbon PIP joint prosthesis has not yet been investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The components of the Ascension pyrocarbon PIP total joint were inserted in 287 phalanges of human cadaver specimens. The distances from the edge of the component head to the edge of the bone were electronically measured radially, ulnarly, dorsally and palmarly on radiographs in posterior-anterior and lateral views.

RESULTS

Only one finger had a precise fit of the heads of both, the proximal and corresponding distal component in relation to the bone. Only in 17 (5 proximal, 12 distal) prosthesis components the head did the bone fit on all sides. Overall, the proximal component head tends to be too large, while the distal component head tends to be too small.

CONCLUSION

With occasional exceptions, the proximal and distal component heads of the Ascension pyrocarbon PIP total joint do not accomodate the dimensions of finger phalanges.

[Analysis of the Design of the Ascension® PyroCarbon PIP Total Joint Proximal Component in Relation to the Proximal Phalanx Morphology]

BACKGROUND

There are many indications that long-term stability of the Ascension(®) pyrocarbon proximal interphalangeal (PIP) total joint is not attained by osseointegration but by appositional bone formation. Accordingly, good locking by cortical bone for sufficient primary stability is necessary in order to avoid prosthesis loosening before enough new bone has been formed. The size of the proximal component of the Ascension(®) PyroCarbon PIP total joint and thus cortical anchorage and primary stability depend on the morphology of the proximal finger phalanx and, especially, on the isthmus of the distal medullary canal.

OBJECTIVE

To clarify whether the medullary canal of the proximal finger phalanx can be enlarged using the Ascension(®) pyrocarbon PIP total joint instruments so that cortical contact of the proximal prosthesis component is guaranteed in the region of the isthmus in both sagittal and frontal planes.

MATERIAL UND METHODEN

Before insertion of the Ascension(®) pyrocarbon PIP total joint prosthesis, the isthmus widths of the proximal phalanx of 138 cadaver fingers were measured on radiographs by fluoroscopy in both the frontal and sagittal plane. The measured dimensions were compared to the dimensions of the inserted proximal component stems (manufacturer's instructions) after preparation of the medullary canal. The largest prosthesis possible was always used.

RESULTS

The mean isthmus width of the index fingers on PA view was 3.4 mm (2.4-4.2), of the middle fingers 3.3 mm (1.8-4.6), of the ring fingers 3.2 mm (2.2-4.7), and of the small fingers 2.9 mm (1.4-4.3). The mean isthmus width of the index fingers on lateral view was 2.6 mm (1.6-3.7), of the middle fingers 2.5 mm (1.8-3.8), of the ring fingers 2.3 mm (1.5-3.6), and of the small fingers 2.0 mm (1.4-2.8). There were statistically significant differences between the isthmus widths measured before insertion and the stem dimensions of the inserted proximal components. While the average width of the isthmus in the index, middle, ring, and little fingers was significantly larger than the stem width of the inserted proximal components, the average isthmus height was significantly smaller than the stem height of the inserted proximal components.

CONCLUSION

Ideal cortical contact between the isthmus of the proximal phalanx and the largest proximal component of the Ascension(®) pyrocarbon PIP total joint prosthesis that can be inserted, and thus good primary stability, is not possible due to a mismatch in the frontal plane between the morphology of the proximal phalanx and the prosthesis. But good contact can be achieved in the sagittal plane by broaching the medullary canal.

Trapeziectomy and ligament reconstruction tendon interposition for isolated scaphotrapeziotrapezoid osteoarthritis of the wrist

Isolated osteoarthritis of the scaphotrapeziotrapezoid joint is rather rare compared with thumb trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the outcome of 15 consecutive patients treated with trapeziectomy/ligament reconstruction tendon interposition for isolated scaphotrapeziotrapezoid osteoarthritis of the wrist. After a mean follow-up of 54 months, 14 patients (15 wrists) were available for clinical and radiological examination. The median pain intensity was 0 on a 0-10 visual analogue scale, both at rest and with activity, mean grip strength averaged 24 kg, pinch strength 5 kg. The disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score was 16, and a modified Mayo Wrist Score 84. Correlation between the degree of scaphotrapezoid osteoarthritis and pain at rest, pain with activity, and DASH score was not significant. The findings from our study suggest that trapeziectomy/ligament reconstruction tendon interposition is an effective procedure for treating isolated scaphotrapeziotrapezoid osteoarthritis, and that additional partial trapezoid excision is not necessary.

Morphology of the proximal and middle phalanx of fingers with regard to the Ascension PyroCarbon PIP total joint

The Ascension PyroCarbon prosthesis has been used in proximal interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis. The dimensions of the intramedullary distal metadiaphyseal canal (isthmus) of the proximal phalanx and the base of the middle phalanx of cadaver fingers were investigated radiographically (n = 304) and macroscopically (n = 152). In up to 30% of the phalanges, the isthmus was smaller than the stem of the smallest proximal component size. The distal component head was always smaller than the middle phalanx base. Insertion and success of the Ascension PyroCarbon prosthesis is strongly dependent on bone morphology. A critical examination of the isthmus in radiographs is recommended in planning. If the isthmus is clearly smaller than the smallest proximal component, insertion of the prosthesis could be inadvisable. A clear mismatch between the distal component and the middle phalanx base should be avoided due to the potential risk for late subsidence and failure of the prosthesis.

[Fused little finger in the palm after operation for recurrent Dupuytren's contracture]

A 72-year-old woman suffered from Dupuytren's contracture of her right little finger, which was treated operatively 3 times in 4 years. However, the finger bent back into the palm. Over time she hid her little finger in the fist. In 2010, she presented with the hand in our office. Surprisingly a fused finger in the palm was observed. The woman reported that she had ignored her little finger and that it was no longer present in her conscious mind.

[Anatomic relationship between the pronator quadratus and brachioradialis muscle insertion: implications for repair of the muscle after volar plate fixation of distal radius fractures]

BACKGROUND

In open reduction and volar plate fixation of distal radius fractures, the pronator quadratus (PQ) muscle is usually detached at the radial edge of the distal radius. Repair of the muscle is reasonable for coverage of the plate and to maintain normal pronation of the forearm. However, repair of the muscle is not always satisfactory. In this study, the topographic relationship of both the PQ and the brachioradialis muscle (BR) insertions are investigated with regard to optimising the repair of the PQ in open reduction and volar plate fixation of distal radius fractures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twelve forearm pairs fixed in formalin were examined. The muscular boundaries of the PQ and the insertion of the BR were dissected, photographs were taken and measured digitally.

RESULTS

The average distance of the PQ insertion was 4.75 cm. Distally, a close topographic relationship exists between the insertions of both the PQ and BR. A fascial connection of both muscles was detected in all specimens. The average distance of the common insertion was 1.75 cm. After removal of the PQ fascia, 0.85 cm of common insertion remained. In 25 % a muscular connection between both the PQ and BR was detected after removal of the PQ fascia.

CONCLUSION

Both the PQ and BR have a common connective tissue and partially a common muscular insertion. Detaching the PQ insertion with a part of the BR insertion in open reduction and volar plate fixation of distal radius fractures can presumably lead to a more stable repair of the PQ in contrast to a repair within the muscle.

[Face injury from jamming in a power-operated window of a motor vehicle: a case report]

INTRODUCTION

Automatic power-operated windows of modern motor vehicles present a risk of injury due to jam events.

CASE REPORT

A 41-year-old man suffered an injury of his gingiva upon jamming of his face between the window and seal entry. The motor vehicle window that led to the injury had no closing force restriction.

DISCUSSION

Equipping power-operated windows with closing force restriction should be required.

[Long-term results following denervation of the wrist]

BACKGROUND

This retrospective study examines long-term follow-up results after complete denervation of the wrist.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between 1994 and 2000 a total of 61 complete wrist denervations of 59 patients (median age at operation 46 years) were performed. In 2009 29 patients with 30 complete wrist denervations took part in a follow-up examination after an average of 10 years. The mobility of the wrist and the grip force were examined. Pain and satisfaction with the operation were determined by means of a visual analogue scale (VAS) (0-100). The patients were asked about pain reduction and how long it lasted. Further the DASH and the Mayo Wrist Score were evaluated. Radiographs of the denervated wrist were performed and the degree of the degenerative osteoarthritis was determined according to Knirk and Jupiter.

RESULTS

In 7 of the 36 patients examined, a partial or total wrist arthrodesis was performed. These patients were excluded from the study. Pain was improved in 28 of the 30 denervated wrists examined, in 22 the improvement lasted until the follow-up examination, whereas in 6 the pain increased after a median of 90 months. The median pain intensity was 10 at rest and 50 with activity; the satisfaction was 90. The median of the extension/flexion was 81% and the grip force 82% in comparison to the opposite hand. The DASH Score was 25 and the Mayo Wrist Score 73.

CONCLUSION

Complete denervation of the wrist according to Wilhelm is a treatment option for the chronically painful wrist and can lead to good grip force, mobility, sufficient pain reduction and satisfaction in the long term.

Traction radiography for the diagnosis of scapholunate ligament tears: an experimental cadaver study

The aim of this experimental cadaver study was to verify that thumb traction radiography can be used to diagnose scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) injury. Eight cadaver forearms were positioned vertically so that the thumb could be held in a Chinese finger trap and traction force applied using a 5 kg weight. Fluoroscopy was performed with the thumb unloaded and under traction, and then unloaded and under traction after division of the SLIL. The scapholunate joint gaps were measured electronically. The difference between the unloaded and loaded wrists with sectioned SLIL was not statistically significant. These results suggest that thumb traction radiography might not reliably detect acute, complete SLIL tears.

Finger injuries caused by power-operated windows of motor vehicles: an experimental cadaver study

The aim of this experimental cadaver study was to investigate which kinds of lesions could occur in jam events between the glass and seal entry of power-operated motor vehicle side door windows at two different closing forces. Ten hands of fresh cadaver specimens were used. Three different hand positions chosen to simulate real events in which a finger is jammed between the glass and seal entry of the window of a current motor vehicle were examined. The index, middle, ring, and little finger of each hand were separately jammed both at the proximal and distal interphalangeal joint at closing forces of 300 and 500 N with a constant window glass closing speed of 10 cm/s. Macroscopically visible injuries were documented and radiographs of all fingers were obtained in two standard planes. At a closing force of 300 N, contusion marks of the skin, palmar joint instabilities and superficial skin lesions occurred, whilst at 500 N superficial skin lesions, superficial and deep open crush injuries, and fractures were observed. The results of this study experimentally demonstrate the kinds of finger injuries that could be expected in real jam events between the glass and seal entry in automatic power-operated windows.

[Patients with periprosthetic femur fractures and consecutive stem replacement. Analysis of survival, complications, and quality of life]

BACKGROUND

The goal of treating proximal periprosthetic femur fractures in geriatric patients is a timely postoperative mobilization. The purpose of this study is to analyze the results after treating our patients by femoral stem exchange irrespective of fixation status. The study included 32 patients (2001-2009; mean age 82 years; Vancouver classification: 12 type B1, 16 type B2, and 4 type C).

METHOD

Ambulatory status and activities of daily living pre- and postoperatively were compared. Retrospective data collection was performed by reviewing patients' charts. By interviewing patients, family members, and family physicians missing information was collected.

RESULTS

A total of 22 patients (69%) achieved their pre-traumatic mobilization level; 22 of 26 patients (85%) were reintegrated into their pre-traumatic environment. A 16% (n=5) complication rate and an 87% 12-month survival rate were calculated.

CONCLUSION

The concept of primary stable periprosthetic fracture care by using a revision prosthetic device potentially reduces complications related to postoperative non-weight-bearing without increasing the complication rate related to a more complex surgical procedure.

[Focal myositis as a side effect of antilipidemics - 2 patients with involvement of the forearm]

Antilipidemics are widely applied to reduce the risk of cardio- and cerebrovascular events. The purpose of this case report is to illustrate the clinical and radiological findings of focal myositis as a side effect of statins and fibrates in 2 patients with forearm involvement. These 2 cases demonstrate that a targeted medical history taking and use of MRI to support the suspected diagnosis, can efficiently facilitate the route to an appropriate therapy.

[Amputation of the hand as last resort in severe complex regional pain syndrome]

In very rare cases, a complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I) of the hand can take a serious, chronic, incurable course. We describe the case of a 36-year-old patient who after reconstruction of a scaphoid fracture developed such a condition. 9 years after the operation an amputation of the hand was performed at the request of the patient after various expert opinions had been obtained and legal action against the insurance provider was successfully concluded. Amputation of the hand can be discussed as a last resort for relief of suffering in cases of severe CRPS I.

Entrapment of adult fingers between window glass and seal entry of a motor vehicle side door: an experimental study for investigation of the force at the subjective pain threshold

In modern motor vehicles with automatic power windows, a potential hazard exists for jam events of fingers between the window glass and seal entry. This study determined entrapment forces acting on adult fingers at the subjective maximum pain threshold during entrapment in such windows. The length and the girth of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of the triphalangeal fingers of the right hands of 109 participants (60 men, 49 women) were measured; the diameter was calculated from girth, which was assumed to be circular. The automatic power window system of a motor vehicle side door was changed to a mechanical system. During entrapment the force distributed across the four proximal interphalangeal joints (PIPs), and separately on the proximal interphalangeal (iPIP) and then the distal interphalangeal (iDIP) joints of the index finger was measured using a customized force sensor. The maximum bearable entrapment force was 97.2 ± 51.8 N for the PIPs, 43.4 ± 19.9 N for the iPIP, and 36.9 ± 17.8 N for the iDIP. The positive correlation between finger diameter and maximum entrapment force was significant. Particularly with regard to the risk to children's fingers, the 100 N statutory boundary value for closing force of electronic power windows should be reduced.

[Coronal fracture dislocation of the hamate and the base of the fourth metacarpal bone: a rare form of carpometacarpal injury]

Fractures of the hamate body and the base of the fourth metacarpal bone in the coronal plane with or without a dislocation of the base of the fifth metacarpal bone are rare. Clenched fist punches are considered to be the main cause. The diagnosis of the fracture dislocation is often missed on routine radiographs. Posterior-anterior, lateral, and oblique views are required for native radiological evaluation. A CT scan can help in the assessment of severity and for preoperative planning. Unless minimal displacement is present, non-surgical treatment does not lead to satisfying outcome. Displaced fractures of the hamate body and the base of the fourth metacarpal bone with or without subluxation of the hamatometacarpal joint should be stabilised by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Controversy exists about the surgical treatment of choice. Screw or K-wire fixation with postoperative cast immobilisation for 6 weeks and consecutive hardware removal has been found to result in excellent clinical and radiological outcomes. This study presents 2 cases of coronal fractures of the body of the hamate and the base of the fourth metacarpal bone with subluxation of the hamatometacarpal V joint. Anatomy, epidemiology, classification, mechanism, clinical symptoms, diagnostic features, and therapy options for these injuries are discussed.

Lengths, girths, and diameters of children's fingers from 3 to 10 years of age

We obtained data on the lengths, girths, and diameters of the fingers of children from 3 to 10 years of age. A total of 160 children (78 girls, 82 boys) were examined in a cross-sectional investigation. The length of each finger of the right hand of every child was measured, as were the girths of the proximal, middle, and distal phalanges, and of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joint. The average length of the thumb was 49 (35-65) mm. The index and ring fingers both averaged 69 (index, 50-88; ring, 42-96) mm in length, while the middle and little fingers averaged 72 (57-100) and 56 (40-74) mm, respectively. Average diameter, calculated from the girth measurement, was 16 (11-22) mm for the thumb, 15 mm for both the index (9-22) and middle (10-21) fingers, 14 (10-20) and 13 (8-19) mm for the ring and little fingers, respectively. The average length of each finger increased by 37% from 3 to 10 years of age, average girth by 24%, and diameter increased by 20%. We observed no differences in length, girth, and diameter between the sexes. The dimensions of children's fingers are relevant to injuries from automatic, power-operated window lifters of motor vehicles because risk of injury to a finger jammed between an ascending window and the seal entry depends upon the diameter of the finger. Additionally, short fingers of young children can be jammed over almost their entire length in the oblique design of a car window seal entry.

[Sensory nerve function after unilateral digital vascular-nerve injury: nerve repair with and without arterial repair]

PURPOSE

This study compares the clinical results of microsurgical nerve repairs in unilateral digital arterial-nerve-injuries with and without repair of the finger artery.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between January 2000 and May 2007 a total of 81 patients with unilateral digital vascular nerve bundle lesions, including concomitant soft-tissue tendon lesions, were operated on the emergency day. Forty of the 56 patients treated with a nerve repair alone took part in a follow-up after an average of 47 (7-87) months. Twenty of the 25 patients treated with a microsurgical arterial and nerve repair took part in a follow-up after an average of 12 (6-66) months; 3 patients were excluded due to a negative digital Allen-test. In addition to anamnestic data, peripheral nerve function was evaluated by the static and the moving two-point discrimination test, and by Semmes-Weinstein pressure aesthesiometer in the autonomous zone of the affected side of the injured finger. Stereognosis also was examined. The patency of the reconstructed digital artery was tested by a digital Allen-test.

RESULTS

No statistically significantly worse results were found in patients with a nerve repair alone compared to patients with additional repair of the finger artery.

CONCLUSION

Repair of the finger artery therefore appears to offer no improvement of the clinical outcome following nerve repair in unilateral injury of a digital arterial-nerve bundle.

[Palmar wrist arthroscopy for evaluation of concomitant carpal lesions in operative treatment of distal intraarticular radius fractures]

Fractures of the distal radius, which currently are treated with palmar locking plates, are often accompanied by carpal lesions. Tears of the scapholunate interosseus ligament (SL) can affect the outcome. Between January 2007 and May 2008, 28 patients with distal intraarticular fractures of the radius were included in a prospective study. Preoperative CT-arthrography was performed. SL tears were found in 11 patients, with 10 partial and one complete rupture observed. A tear of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) was detected in 16 patients. Every patient was operated with a palmar locking plate through a palmar approach between the flexor carpi radialis tendon and the radial artery. Then, a palmar wrist arthroscopy using a palmar portal was performed. Eleven SL tears with 9 partial and two total ruptures were diagnosed by arthroscopy. Ten lesions were associated with a C1-fracture with a fracture line projected onto the scapholunate interval. The TFCC was appraisable by palmar wrist arthroscopy only in 4 patients. Three of the SL tears detected by CT-arthrography could not be confirmed by palmar wrist arthroscopy. One complete rupture and one partial lesion confirmed by palmar wrist arthroscopy were found by CT-arthrography to be intact. Palmar wrist arthroscopy affords certainty when assessing the SL ligament. In this study, an assessment of ulnocarpal structures was not possible. For assessment of the ulnocarpal structures, CT-arthrography was superior to palmar wrist arthroscopy. However, the latter is an alternative during emergency treatment or when CT-arthrography is not available.

[Thenar hammer syndrome]

Chronic traumatic aneurysm of the distal radial artery is rare. The literature offers only 20 cases of chronic traumatic vascular lesions of the thenar region. We present the case of a 58-year-old cheese maker who had done manual work for years and who experienced swelling at the thenar eminence, pain, cold and warm paresthesia and circulatory disturbance in his index finger. Duplex ultrasound and CT angiography revealed an aneurysm of the superficial branch of the radial artery indicating a thenar hammer syndrome. He was subjected to a microsurgical end-to-end repair after resection of the aneurysm. This is the first closely documented case of a true aneurysm of the superficial branch of the radial artery. We also present a comprehensive survey of published studies of chronic vascular lesions of the thenar region related to thenar hammer syndrome and patient occupation, symptoms, diagnostis and therapy.

[Working ability after tendon interposition arthroplasty for degenerative arthritis of the thumb trapeziometacarpal joint]

Trapeziometacarpal arthrosis is the second most common disorder in the field of degenerative joint diseases of the hand, appearing ten to fifteen times more often in females older than 50 than in men of the same age group. Thus, an age group is afflicted where the hands are needed for occupational activity in addition to the physical strain of constant housework. However, no systematic data concerning the postoperative ability to perform household and or occupational activities have been reported. The aim of this study is to give better advice to future patients during office visits prior to the operation. For this, we evaluated different professions, postoperative working ability, occupational rehabilitation (housework or occupational activity), remaining discomfort and complications. We used a list of questions including the DASH questionnaire and sent it to patients after performing a tendon interposition arthroplasty. Forty-seven of the 52 patients of working age and under the age of 60 years returned the questionnaire. Patients were, according to their profession, classified into 4 different groups: manually heavy work, manually light work, office work and housework. Judging from the recorded data, we conclude that approximately 90% of the patients regained their preoperative working ability. Patients were unable to work for an average period of 8 weeks postoperatively and could only work part-time (50%) for another 8 weeks. There is a positive correlation between incapacity and the kind of work to be performed. Housewives/-men returned approximately to their preoperative status of working ability after a period of three months. Light pain is possible. The risk of disability pension due to persistent painful inability to use the hand is rather low despite the operation. Manually light working people evaluate the outcome of the operation as less good than manually heavy working people, office workers or housewives/-men.

Beugesehnenrupturen nach palmarer Osteosynthese mit einer multidirektional winkelstabilen Platte

Six months after the internal fixation of a distal intra-articular fracture of the radius with a fixed-angle plate (APTUS by Medartis), a 79 year old woman sustained chronic tears in flexor digitorum profundus tendons II, III and the flexor pollicis longus tendon.

[Treatment results and complications after PFN osteosynthesis]

Intramedullary implants, such as the proximal femur nails (PFN), are inserted for the treatment of per-, inter- and subtrochanteric fractures. The initial experiences with these PFN, carried out by AO/ASIF in 1996, have been published.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This study makes a systematic examination of the complications and clinical treatment results from 133 patients treated at our clinic from December 1997-2001 with 139 PFN in per-, inter- and subtrochanteric femur fractures. The mean age at the time of surgery was 78.4 years. All fractures were classified according to the AO system. The most frequent injuries were 31 A2.3 fractures (61.2%). All intraoperative image-converter images and all radiographs from the total period of treatment were evaluated retrospectively in accordance with 28 criteria. The degree of osteoporosis was estimated using the Singh classification.

RESULTS

A total of 44 (31.7%) complications arose in 31 (23.3%) patients. On 11 occasions, hip screw cut-out was observed. Of these, two cases involved a Z-effect and one an inverted Z-effect. Two patients suffered a femoral neck fracture following removal of the hip screws. There were 38 (27.3%) reoperations required with 13 changes in procedure. In autumn 2002, clinical follow-up examinations were carried out on 65 (48.9%) patients who were assessed according to the Merle d'Aubigné score. A total of 51 (38.3%) patients had died at the time of follow-up. Normal ambulation was achieved by 33.8% of patients, while 64.6% were free of pain.

CONCLUSIONS

The PFN is an appropriate implant in cases of per-, inter- and subtrochanteric femur fractures. Anatomical resetting and correct implant positioning are the keys to successful osteosynthesis. The risk of implant failure is highest in the case of multi-fragmentary per- and intertrochanteric fractures in which medial strengthening has been degraded in patients aged over 80 years. The clinical results in elderly patients are unsatisfactory.

[Prevention of thromboembolism in conservative ambulatory fracture treatment. Verification of an out-of-court FMH (Federation Mediation Helvetica) expert assessment]

In an extra judicial assessment for the Medical Assessment Centre of the FMH (Federation Mediation Helvetica) a clinical case of a female patient who had suffered from deep vein thrombosis was reviewed. The patient had been treated conservatively for a malleolar fracture and had not received any pharmaceutical thrombosis prophylaxis. The question of false treatment had to be discussed. The final conclusion of the judicial assessment is that the medical treatment with a physical thrombosis prophylaxis of the patient was correct. Due to the various controversial judgements found in the literature concerning the thrombosis prophylaxis, a certain insecurity remains for the treating physician. Taking into account the different risk factors, the indication for a prophylaxis must therefore still be decided on an individual basis.

[The CT of calcaneal fractures: 3-D reconstructions with electronic disarticulation]

PURPOSE

To evaluate the clinical value of 3-D-reformations with and without electronic disarticulation of calcaneal fractures compared to axial CT and sagittal reformations.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

25 patients with intra-articular calcaneal fractures underwent diagnostic CT-examinations. Axial slices, sagittal and 3-D-reformations with and without electronic disarticulation were performed. The sagittal and both types of 3-D-reformations were compared to the axial slices with regard to the diagnostic criteria: involvement of articular facets, number of fragments, and traumatic changes of the hindfoot.

RESULTS

The best proof of involvement of articular facets is found in axial slices and 3-D-reconstructions after disarticulation followed by sagittal reconstructions. Usually on 3-D-reconstructions without disarticulation articular facets cannot be identified because of overlapping bones. The number of fragments is clearly demonstrated by axial slices and sagittal reconstructions followed by 3-D-reconstructions after disarticulation. Traumatic changes of the hindfoot can be diagnosed in all four forms of visualisation.

CONCLUSION

The decisive diagnosis for treatment planning is made based on the axial slices supported by sagittal reformations. In unclarified cases 3-D-reformations after electronic disarticulation may provide further information. 3-D-reformations without disarticulation are useless.