1
|
Katumanyane A, Slippers B, Wondafrash M, Malan AP, Hurley BP. Natural infection of white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) with entomopathogenic nematodes in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e54. [PMID: 37427436 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
White grubs are root feeding larvae of beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) that are sporadic pests in agriculture and can lead to economic damage. The grubs feed on the roots of plants, while the adult beetle can bore into underground stems, as well as cause defoliation of plants. Sporadic incidence of larvae with symptoms of nematode infections were detected in wattle and sugarcane plantations in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. The larvae with infection symptoms were isolated, washed, and put on water traps to collect infective juveniles of possible nematode infections. Three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) were isolated from the white grub larvae. These included Steinernema bertusi isolated from Maladera sp. 4., Oscheius myriophila from Maladera sp. 4 and Schizonchya affinis, and Steinernema fabii isolated from Maladera sp. 4., Pegylis sommeri, and S. affinis. Of these S. fabii was the most common species in the sample (87%). This is the first report of such a high diversity of locally occurring EPNs found naturally associated with white grub species in this region of South Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Katumanyane
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - B Slippers
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Wondafrash
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A P Malan
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - B P Hurley
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Several key tree genera are used in planted forests worldwide, and these represent valuable global resources. Planted forests are increasingly threatened by insects and microbial pathogens, which are introduced accidentally and/or have adapted to new host trees. Globalization has hastened tree pest emergence, despite a growing awareness of the problem, improved understanding of the costs, and an increased focus on the importance of quarantine. To protect the value and potential of planted forests, innovative solutions and a better-coordinated global approach are needed. Mitigation strategies that are effective only in wealthy countries fail to contain invasions elsewhere in the world, ultimately leading to global impacts. Solutions to forest pest problems in the future should mainly focus on integrating management approaches globally, rather than single-country strategies. A global strategy to manage pest issues is vitally important and urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | - E G Brockerhoff
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), Post Office Box 23297, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - B D Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - B Slippers
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Slippers B, Roux J, Wingfield M, van der Walt F, Jami F, Mehl J, Marais G. Confronting the constraints of morphological taxonomy in the Botryosphaeriales. Persoonia 2014; 33:155-68. [PMID: 25737598 PMCID: PMC4312931 DOI: 10.3767/003158514x684780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Identification of fungi and the International Code of Nomenclature underpinning this process, rests strongly on the characterisation of morphological structures. Yet, the value of these characters to define species in many groups has become questionable or even superfluous. This has emerged as DNA-based techniques have increasingly revealed cryptic species and species complexes. This problem is vividly illustrated in the present study where 105 isolates of the Botryosphaeriales were recovered from both healthy and diseased woody tissues of native Acacia spp. in Namibia and South Africa. Thirteen phylogenetically distinct groups were identified based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rDNA PCR-RFLP and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α) sequence data, two loci that are known to be reliable markers to distinguish species in the Botryosphaeriales. Four of these groups could be linked reliably to sequence data for formerly described species, including Botryosphaeria dothidea, Dothiorella dulcispinae, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae and Spencermartinsia viticola. Nine groups, however, could not be linked to any other species known from culture and for which sequence data are available. These groups are, therefore, described as Aplosporella africana, A. papillata, Botryosphaeria auasmontanum, Dothiorella capri-amissi, Do. oblonga, Lasiodiplodia pyriformis, Spencermartinsia rosulata, Sphaeropsis variabilis and an undescribed Neofusicoccum sp. The species described here could not be reliably compared with the thousands of taxa described in these genera from other hosts and regions, where only morphological data are available. Such comparison would be possible only if all previously described taxa are epitypified, which is not a viable objective for the two families, Botryosphaeriaceae and Aplosporellaceae, in the Botryosphaeriales identified here. The extent of diversity of the Botryosphaeriales revealed in this and other recent studies is expected to reflect that of other undersampled regions and hosts, and illustrates the urgency to find more effective ways to describe species in this, and indeed other, groups of fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Slippers
- Department of Genetics, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - J. Roux
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - M.J. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - F.J.J. van der Walt
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - F Jami
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - J.W.M. Mehl
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - G.J. Marais
- Department of Plant Science, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Slippers B, Boissin E, Phillips AJL, Groenewald JZ, Lombard L, Wingfield MJ, Postma A, Burgess T, Crous PW. Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriales: a systematic and evolutionary framework. Stud Mycol 2013; 76:31-49. [PMID: 24302789 PMCID: PMC3825231 DOI: 10.3114/sim0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The order Botryosphaeriales represents several ecologically diverse fungal families that are commonly isolated as endophytes or pathogens from various woody hosts. The taxonomy of members of this order has been strongly influenced by sequence-based phylogenetics, and the abandonment of dual nomenclature. In this study, the phylogenetic relationships of the genera known from culture are evaluated based on DNA sequence data for six loci (SSU, LSU, ITS, EF1, BT, mtSSU). The results make it possible to recognise a total of six families. Other than the Botryosphaeriaceae (17 genera), Phyllostictaceae (Phyllosticta) and Planistromellaceae (Kellermania), newly introduced families include Aplosporellaceae (Aplosporella and Bagnisiella), Melanopsaceae (Melanops), and Saccharataceae (Saccharata). Furthermore, the evolution of morphological characters in the Botryosphaeriaceae were investigated via analysis of phylogeny-trait association. None of the traits presented a significant phylogenetic signal, suggesting that conidial and ascospore pigmentation, septation and appendages evolved more than once in the family. Molecular clock dating on radiations within the Botryosphaeriales based on estimated mutation rates of the rDNA SSU locus, suggests that the order originated in the Cretaceous period around 103 (45-188) mya, with most of the diversification in the Tertiary period. This coincides with important periods of radiation and spread of the main group of plants that these fungi infect, namely woody Angiosperms. The resulting host-associations and distribution could have influenced the diversification of these fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Slippers
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Crous P, Wingfield M, Guarro J, Cheewangkoon R, van der Bank M, Swart W, Stchigel A, Cano-Lira J, Roux J, Madrid H, Damm U, Wood A, Shuttleworth L, Hodges C, Munster M, de Jesús Yáñez-Morales M, Zúñiga-Estrada L, Cruywagen E, de Hoog G, Silvera C, Najafzadeh J, Davison E, Davison P, Barrett M, Barrett R, Manamgoda D, Minnis A, Kleczewski N, Flory S, Castlebury L, Clay K, Hyde K, Maússe-Sitoe S, Chen S, Lechat C, Hairaud M, Lesage-Meessen L, Pawłowska J, Wilk M, Śliwińska-Wyrzychowska A, Mętrak M, Wrzosek M, Pavlic-Zupanc D, Maleme H, Slippers B, Mac Cormack W, Archuby D, Grünwald N, Tellería M, Dueñas M, Martín M, Marincowitz S, de Beer Z, Perez C, Gené J, Marin-Felix Y, Groenewald J. Fungal Planet description sheets: 154-213. Persoonia 2013; 31:188-296. [PMID: 24761043 PMCID: PMC3904050 DOI: 10.3767/003158513x675925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Novel species of microfungi described in the present study include the following from South Africa: Camarosporium aloes, Phaeococcomyces aloes and Phoma aloes from Aloe, C. psoraleae, Diaporthe psoraleae and D. psoraleae-pinnatae from Psoralea, Colletotrichum euphorbiae from Euphorbia, Coniothyrium prosopidis and Peyronellaea prosopidis from Prosopis, Diaporthe cassines from Cassine, D. diospyricola from Diospyros, Diaporthe maytenicola from Maytenus, Harknessia proteae from Protea, Neofusicoccum ursorum and N. cryptoaustrale from Eucalyptus, Ochrocladosporium adansoniae from Adansonia, Pilidium pseudoconcavum from Greyia radlkoferi, Stagonospora pseudopaludosa from Phragmites and Toxicocladosporium ficiniae from Ficinia. Several species were also described from Thailand, namely: Chaetopsina pini and C. pinicola from Pinus spp., Myrmecridium thailandicum from reed litter, Passalora pseudotithoniae from Tithonia, Pallidocercospora ventilago from Ventilago, Pyricularia bothriochloae from Bothriochloa and Sphaerulina rhododendricola from Rhododendron. Novelties from Spain include Cladophialophora multiseptata, Knufia tsunedae and Pleuroascus rectipilus from soil and Cyphellophora catalaunica from river sediments. Species from the USA include Bipolaris drechsleri from Microstegium, Calonectria blephiliae from Blephilia, Kellermania macrospora (epitype) and K. pseudoyuccigena from Yucca. Three new species are described from Mexico, namely Neophaeosphaeria agaves and K. agaves from Agave and Phytophthora ipomoeae from Ipomoea. Other African species include Calonectria mossambicensis from Eucalyptus (Mozambique), Harzia cameroonensis from an unknown creeper (Cameroon), Mastigosporella anisophylleae from Anisophyllea (Zambia) and Teratosphaeria terminaliae from Terminalia (Zimbabwe). Species from Europe include Auxarthron longisporum from forest soil (Portugal), Discosia pseudoartocreas from Tilia (Austria), Paraconiothyrium polonense and P. lycopodinum from Lycopodium (Poland) and Stachybotrys oleronensis from Iris (France). Two species of Chrysosporium are described from Antarctica, namely C. magnasporum and C. oceanitesii. Finally, Licea xanthospora is described from Australia, Hypochnicium huinayensis from Chile and Custingophora blanchettei from Uruguay. Novel genera of Ascomycetes include Neomycosphaerella from Pseudopentameris macrantha (South Africa), and Paramycosphaerella from Brachystegia sp. (Zimbabwe). Novel hyphomycete genera include Pseudocatenomycopsis from Rothmannia (Zambia), Neopseudocercospora from Terminalia (Zambia) and Neodeightoniella from Phragmites (South Africa), while Dimorphiopsis from Brachystegia (Zambia) represents a novel coelomycetous genus. Furthermore, Alanphillipsia is introduced as a new genus in the Botryosphaeriaceae with four species, A. aloes, A. aloeigena and A. aloetica from Aloe spp. and A. euphorbiae from Euphorbia sp. (South Africa). A new combination is also proposed for Brachysporium torulosum (Deightoniella black tip of banana) as Corynespora torulosa. Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P.W. Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M.J. Wingfield
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - J. Guarro
- Mycology Unit, University Rovira i Virgili and IISPV, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - R. Cheewangkoon
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - M. van der Bank
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - W.J. Swart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - A.M. Stchigel
- Mycology Unit, University Rovira i Virgili and IISPV, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - J.F. Cano-Lira
- Mycology Unit, University Rovira i Virgili and IISPV, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - J. Roux
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - H. Madrid
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - U. Damm
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A.R. Wood
- ARC – Plant Protection Research Institute, P. Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - L.A. Shuttleworth
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - C.S. Hodges
- Plant Disease and Insect Clinic, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7211, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, 919-515-3619, USA
| | - M. Munster
- Plant Disease and Insect Clinic, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7211, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, 919-515-3619, USA
| | - M. de Jesús Yáñez-Morales
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Km. 36.5 Carr. Mexico-Texcoco, Montecillo, Mpio. de Texcoco, Edo. de Mexico 56230, Mexico
| | - L. Zúñiga-Estrada
- Campo Experimental Las Huastecas-INIFAP, Km 55 Carretera Tampico-Mante, C.P. 89610, Mexico
| | - E.M. Cruywagen
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - G.S. de Hoog
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C. Silvera
- Mycology Unit, University Rovira i Virgili and IISPV, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - J. Najafzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, and Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - E.M. Davison
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia; Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983
| | | | - M.D. Barrett
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth, Western Australia 6005; School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009; Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983
| | - R.L. Barrett
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth, Western Australia 6005; School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009; Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983
| | - D.S. Manamgoda
- Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - A.M. Minnis
- Center for Forest Mycology Research, Northern Research Station, USDA-Forest Service, One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - N.M. Kleczewski
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, The University of Delaware,145 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19719, USA
| | - S.L. Flory
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - L.A. Castlebury
- Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - K. Clay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - K.D. Hyde
- Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - S.N.D. Maússe-Sitoe
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Shuaifei Chen
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - C. Lechat
- Ascofrance, 64 route de Chizé, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - M. Hairaud
- Impasse des Marronniers, 79360 Poivendre de Marigny, France
| | - L. Lesage-Meessen
- INRA Aix-Marseille Université, UMR-BCF, CP925, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - J. Pawłowska
- Department of Systematics and Plant Geography, University of Warsaw, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Wilk
- College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A. Śliwińska-Wyrzychowska
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, Jan Długosz University, Al. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - M. Mętrak
- Department of Plant Ecology and Environmental Protection, The University of Warsaw, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Wrzosek
- Department of Systematics and Plant Geography, University of Warsaw, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
| | - D. Pavlic-Zupanc
- Biosystematics Programme-Mycology Unit, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Councile (ARC-PPRI), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - H.M. Maleme
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - B. Slippers
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - W.P. Mac Cormack
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Ecofisiología, Instituto Antartico Argentino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D.I. Archuby
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Aves, Instituto Antartico Argentino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N.J. Grünwald
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis OR 97330, USA
| | - M.T. Tellería
- Real Jardín Botánico RJB-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Dueñas
- Real Jardín Botánico RJB-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - M.P. Martín
- Real Jardín Botánico RJB-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Marincowitz
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Z.W. de Beer
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - C.A. Perez
- Fitopatología, EEMAC, Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Ruta 3 km 363, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - J. Gené
- Mycology Unit, University Rovira i Virgili and IISPV, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Y. Marin-Felix
- Mycology Unit, University Rovira i Virgili and IISPV, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
In this paper we give an account of the genera and species in the Botryosphaeriaceae. We consider morphological characters alone as inadequate to define genera or identify species, given the confusion it has repeatedly introduced in the past, their variation during development, and inevitable overlap as representation grows. Thus it seems likely that all of the older taxa linked to the Botryosphaeriaceae, and for which cultures or DNA sequence data are not available, cannot be linked to the species in this family that are known from culture. Such older taxa will have to be disregarded for future use unless they are epitypified. We therefore focus this paper on the 17 genera that can now be recognised phylogenetically, which concentrates on the species that are presently known from culture. Included is a historical overview of the family, the morphological features that define the genera and species and detailed descriptions of the 17 genera and 110 species. Keys to the genera and species are also provided. Phylogenetic relationships of the genera are given in a multi-locus tree based on combined SSU, ITS, LSU, EF1-α and β-tubulin sequences. The morphological descriptions are supplemented by phylogenetic trees (ITS alone or ITS + EF1-α) for the species in each genus. TAXONOMIC NOVELTIES New species - Neofusicoccum batangarum Begoude, Jol. Roux & Slippers. New combinations - Botryosphaeria fabicerciana (S.F. Chen, D. Pavlic, M.J. Wingf. & X.D. Zhou) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Botryosphaeria ramosa (Pavlic, T.I. Burgess, M.J. Wingf.) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Cophinforma atrovirens (Mehl & Slippers) A. Alves & A.J.L. Phillips, Cophinforma mamane (D.E. Gardner) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Dothiorella pretoriensis (Jami, Gryzenh., Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Abdollahz. & A.J.L. Phillips, Dothiorella thailandica (D.Q. Dai., J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) Abdollahz., A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Dothiorella uruguayensis (C.A. Pérez, Blanchette, Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Abdollahz. & A.J.L. Phillips, Lasiodiplodia lignicola (Ariyawansa, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Abdollahz., Neoscytalidium hyalinum (C.K. Campb. & J.L. Mulder) A.J.L. Phillips, Groenewald & Crous, Sphaeropsis citrigena (A.J.L. Phillips, P.R. Johnst. & Pennycook) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Sphaeropsis eucalypticola (Doilom, J.K. Liu, & K.D. Hyde) A.J.L. Phillips, Sphaeropsis porosa (Van Niekerk & Crous) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves. Epitypification (basionym) - Sphaeria sapinea Fries. Neotypifications (basionyms) - Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat., Physalospora agaves Henn, Sphaeria atrovirens var. visci Alb. & Schwein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A.J.L. Phillips
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - A. Alves
- Departamento de Biologia, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J. Abdollahzadeh
- Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - B. Slippers
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002
| | - M.J. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P.W. Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sakalidis ML, Slippers B, Wingfield BD, Hardy GESJ, Burgess TI. The challenge of understanding the origin, pathways and extent of fungal invasions: global populations of theNeofusicoccum parvum-N. ribisspecies complex. DIVERS DISTRIB 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - B. Slippers
- Department of Genetics; University of Pretoria; Pretoria; 0002; South Africa
| | - B. D. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics; University of Pretoria; Pretoria; 0002; South Africa
| | - G. E. St. J. Hardy
- Centre of Excellence in Climate Change; Woodland and Forest Health; School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology; Murdoch University; Perth; WA; 6150; Australia
| | - T. I. Burgess
- Centre of Excellence in Climate Change; Woodland and Forest Health; School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology; Murdoch University; Perth; WA; 6150; Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Boissin E, Hurley B, Wingfield MJ, Vasaitis R, Stenlid J, Davis C, de Groot P, Ahumada R, Carnegie A, Goldarazena A, Klasmer P, Wermelinger B, Slippers B. Retracing the routes of introduction of invasive species: the case of the Sirex noctilio woodwasp. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:5728-44. [PMID: 23106425 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the evolutionary histories of invasive species is critical to adopt appropriate management strategies, but this process can be exceedingly complex to unravel. As illustrated in this study of the worldwide invasion of the woodwasp Sirex noctilio, population genetic analyses using coalescent-based scenario testing together with Bayesian clustering and historical records provide opportunities to address this problem. The pest spread from its native Eurasian range to the Southern Hemisphere in the 1900s and recently to Northern America, where it poses economic and potentially ecological threats to planted and native Pinus spp. To investigate the origins and pathways of invasion, samples from five continents were analysed using microsatellite and sequence data. The results of clustering analysis and scenario testing suggest that the invasion history is much more complex than previously believed, with most of the populations being admixtures resulting from independent introductions from Europe and subsequent spread among the invaded areas. Clustering analyses revealed two major source gene pools, one of which the scenario testing suggests is an as yet unsampled source. Results also shed light on the microevolutionary processes occurring during introductions, and showed that only few specimens gave rise to some of the populations. Analyses of microsatellites using clustering and scenario testing considered against historical data drastically altered our understanding of the invasion history of S. noctilio and will have important implications for the strategies employed to fight its spread. This study illustrates the value of combining clustering and ABC methods in a comprehensive framework to dissect the complex patterns of spread of global invaders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Boissin
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
van der Nest MA, Steenkamp ET, Slippers B, Mongae A, van Zyl K, Stenlid J, Wingfield MJ, Wingfield BD. Gene expression associated with vegetative incompatibility in Amylostereum areolatum. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:1034-43. [PMID: 21889597 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, vegetative compatibility among individuals of the same species is determined by the genes encoded at the heterokaryon incompatibility (het) loci. The hyphae of genetically similar individuals that share the same allelic specificities at their het loci are able to fuse and intermingle, while different allelic specificities at the het loci result in cell death of the interacting hyphae. In this study, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) followed by pyrosequencing and quantitative reverse transcription PCR were used to identify genes that are selectively expressed when vegetatively incompatible individuals of Amylostereum areolatum interact. The SSH library contained genes associated with various cellular processes, including cell-cell adhesion, stress and defence responses, as well as cell death. Some of the transcripts encoded proteins that were previously implicated in the stress and defence responses associated with vegetative incompatibility. Other transcripts encoded proteins known to be associated with programmed cell death, but have not previously been linked with vegetative incompatibility. Results of this study have considerably increased our knowledge of the processes underlying vegetative incompatibility in Basidiomycetes in general and A. areolatum in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A van der Nest
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schoch CL, Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Boehm EWA, Burgess TI, de Gruyter J, de Hoog GS, Dixon LJ, Grube M, Gueidan C, Harada Y, Hatakeyama S, Hirayama K, Hosoya T, Huhndorf SM, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Kohlmeyer J, Kruys A, Li YM, Lücking R, Lumbsch HT, Marvanová L, Mbatchou JS, McVay AH, Miller AN, Mugambi GK, Muggia L, Nelsen MP, Nelson P, Owensby CA, Phillips AJL, Phongpaichit S, Pointing SB, Pujade-Renaud V, Raja HA, Plata ER, Robbertse B, Ruibal C, Sakayaroj J, Sano T, Selbmann L, Shearer CA, Shirouzu T, Slippers B, Suetrong S, Tanaka K, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B, Wingfield MJ, Wood AR, Woudenberg JHC, Yonezawa H, Zhang Y, Spatafora JW. A class-wide phylogenetic assessment of Dothideomycetes. Stud Mycol 2011; 64:1-15S10. [PMID: 20169021 PMCID: PMC2816964 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2009.64.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a comprehensive phylogeny derived from 5 genes, nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2, for 356 isolates and 41 families (six newly described in this volume) in Dothideomycetes. All currently accepted orders in the class are represented for the first time in addition to numerous previously unplaced lineages. Subclass Pleosporomycetidae is expanded to include the aquatic order Jahnulales. An ancestral reconstruction of basic nutritional modes supports numerous transitions from saprobic life histories to plant associated and lichenised modes and a transition from terrestrial to aquatic habitats are confirmed. Finally, a genomic comparison of 6 dothideomycete genomes with other fungi finds a high level of unique protein associated with the class, supporting its delineation as a separate taxon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Schoch
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 45 Center Drive, MSC 6510, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-6510, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hurley BP, Slippers B, Coutinho TA, Wingfield BD, Govender P, Wingfield MJ. Molecular detection of fungi carried by Bradysia difformis (Sciaridae: Diptera) in South African forestry nurseries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2989/shfj.2007.69.2.5.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
12
|
van der Nest MA, Slippers B, Steenkamp ET, De Vos L, Van Zyl K, Stenlid J, Wingfield MJ, Wingfield BD. Genetic linkage map for Amylostereum areolatum reveals an association between vegetative growth and sexual and self-recognition. Fungal Genet Biol 2009; 46:632-41. [PMID: 19523529 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Amylostereum areolatum is a filamentous fungus that grows through tip extension, branching and hyphal fusion. In the homokaryotic phase, the hyphae of different individuals are capable of fusing followed by heterokaryon formation, only if they have dissimilar allelic specificities at their mating-type (mat) loci. In turn, hyphal fusion between heterokaryons persists only when they share the same alleles at all of their heterokaryon incompatibility (het) loci. In this study we present the first genetic linkage map for A. areolatum, onto which the mat and het loci, as well as quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for mycelial growth rate are mapped. The recognition loci (mat-A and het-A) are positioned near QTLs associated with mycelial growth, suggesting that the genetic determinants influencing recognition and growth rate in A. areolatum are closely associated. This was confirmed when isolates associated with specific mat and het loci displayed significantly different mycelial growth rates. Although the link between growth and sexual recognition has previously been observed in other fungi, this is the first time that an association between growth and self-recognition has been shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A van der Nest
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Visser AA, Ros VID, De Beer ZW, Debets AJM, Hartog E, Kuyper TW, Laessøe T, Slippers B, Aanen DK. Levels of specificity of Xylaria species associated with fungus-growing termites: a phylogenetic approach. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:553-67. [PMID: 19161474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.04036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fungus-growing termites live in obligate mutualistic symbiosis with species of the basidiomycete genus Termitomyces, which are cultivated on a substrate of dead plant material. When the termite colony dies, or when nest material is incubated without termites in the laboratory, fruiting bodies of the ascomycete genus Xylaria appear and rapidly cover the fungus garden. This raises the question whether certain Xylaria species are specialised in occupying termite nests or whether they are just occasional visitors. We tested Xylaria specificity at four levels: (1) fungus-growing termites, (2) termite genera, (3) termite species, and (4) colonies. In South Africa, 108 colonies of eight termite species from three termite genera were sampled for Xylaria. Xylaria was isolated from 69% of the sampled nests and from 57% of the incubated fungus comb samples, confirming high prevalence. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region revealed 16 operational taxonomic units of Xylaria, indicating high levels of Xylaria species richness. Not much of this variation was explained by termite genus, species, or colony; thus, at level 2-4 the specificity is low. Analysis of the large subunit rDNA region, showed that all termite-associated Xylaria belong to a single clade, together with only three of the 26 non-termite-associated strains. Termite-associated Xylaria thus show specificity for fungus-growing termites (level 1). We did not find evidence for geographic or temporal structuring in these Xylaria phylogenies. Based on our results, we conclude that termite-associated Xylaria are specific for fungus-growing termites, without having specificity for lower taxonomic levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Visser
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research-centre (WUR), Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Slippers B, Wingfield BD, Coutinho TA, Wingfield MJ. DNA sequence and RFLP data reflect geographical spread and relationships of Amylostereum areolatum and its insect vectors. Mol Ecol 2002; 11:1845-54. [PMID: 12207733 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The white rot fungus, Amylostereum areolatum (Basidiomycetes), is best known for its symbiotic relationship with various siricid wood wasp species. In this study, the relationship between isolates of A. areolatum associated with two wood wasp species, Sirex noctilio and S. juvencus, are considered to identify possible intraspecific groups. Isolates from the northern (native) and southern (exotic) hemispheres are included to determine patterns of geographical spread and origin of introductions into the southern hemisphere. The phylogenetic relationships of these isolates to authentic isolates of A. chailletii, A. laevigatum and A. ferreum were also investigated. Sequence and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses of the variable nuc-IGS-rDNA region provided markers to distinguish intraspecific groups within A. areolatum. Isolates of A. areolatum associated with S. noctilio and S. juvencus contained four heterogenic sequences in the DNA region analysed. These sequences occurred in one of five combinations in each isolate. Some of these sequences were unique to isolates of A. areolatum from either wasp species, while others were present in both groups. This shows the ancient and specialized evolutionary relationship that exists between these insects and fungi. Isolates from the southern hemisphere all share the same sequence group. This supports previous hypotheses that S. noctilio has spread between countries and continents of this region. At the interspecific level, the IGS-rDNA sequence analysis showed that A. ferreum and A. laevigatum are closely related to each other, and they in turn are related to A. chailletii. Amylostereum areolatum was the most distinctly defined species in the genus. This can be attributed to the obligate relationship between A. areolatum and its insect vectors. Polymerase chain reaction-RFLP analysis was also shown to be an effective tool to distinguish between the different species of Amylostereum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Slippers
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|