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Karagianni A, Kapetanovic R, Summers K, McGorum B, Hume D, Pirie R. Comparative transcriptome analysis of equine alveolar macrophages. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:375-382. [PMID: 27096353 PMCID: PMC5412682 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the first line of defence against pathogens in the lungs of all mammalian species and thus may constitute appropriate therapeutic target cells in the treatment and prevention of opportunistic airway infections. Therefore, acquiring a better understanding of equine macrophage biology is of paramount importance in addressing this issue in relation to the horse. OBJECTIVES To compare the transcriptome of equine AMs with that of equine peritoneal macrophages (PMs) and to investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on equine AM. STUDY DESIGN Gene expression study of equine AMs. METHODS Cells from both bronchoalveolar and peritoneal lavage fluid were isolated from systemically healthy horses that had been submitted to euthanasia. Cells were cryopreserved. RNA was extracted and comparative microarray analyses were performed in AMs and PMs, and in AMs treated and untreated with LPS. Comparisons with published data derived from human AM studies were made, with particular focus on LPS-induced inflammatory status. RESULTS The comparison between AMs and PMs revealed the differential basal expression of 451 genes. Gene expression analysis revealed an alternative (M2) macrophage polarisation profile in AMs and a hybrid macrophage activation profile in PMs, a phenomenon potentially attributable to a degree of induced endotoxin tolerance. The gene expression profile of equine AMs following LPS stimulation revealed significant changes in the expression of 240 genes, including well-known upregulated inflammatory genes. This LPS-induced gene expression profile of equine AMs more closely resembles that of human rather than murine macrophages. CONCLUSIONS This study improves current understanding of equine macrophage biology. These data suggest that the horse may represent a suitable animal model for the study of human macrophage-associated lung inflammation and data derived from human macrophage studies may have significant relevance to the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.E. Karagianni
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghUK
- Present address: Moredun Research InstitutePentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, PenicuikMidlothianEH26 0PZUK
| | - R. Kapetanovic
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghUK
- Present address: Institute for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of QueenslandSt LuciaQueensland4072Australia
| | - K.M. Summers
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghUK
| | - B.C. McGorum
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghUK
| | - D.A. Hume
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghUK
| | - R.S. Pirie
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghUK
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Ireland J, Rash N, Rice J, Hennessy K, McGorum B, Proudman C, Poxton I, Paillot R. Randomised controlled safety study of a Clostridium botulinum type C vaccine for the prevention of Equine Grass Sickness: evidence of vaccine immunogenicity and safety in the horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Nölkes D, Böhnel H, Gessler F, Krüger M, Pirie R, McGorum B, Wernery U. Analysis of the large intestinal and faecal microbiota of horses with grass sickness using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Nölkes D, Böhnel H, Gessler F, Krüger M, Pirie R, McGorum B, Wernery U. Analysis of the large intestinal and faecal microbiota of horses with grass sickness using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ireland J, McGorum B, Proudman C, Rash N, Paillot R, Rice J, Newton J. Vaccination against Equine Grass Sickness: piloting a clinical field trial of Clostridium botulinum type C toxoid in the United Kingdom. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tomlinson JE, Byrne E, Pusterla N, Magdesian KG, Hilton HG, McGorum B, Davis E, Schoster A, Arroyo L, Dunkel B, Carslake H, Boston RC, Johnson AL. The Use of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (rTPA) in The Treatment of Fibrinous Pleuropneumonia in Horses: 25 Cases (2007-2012). J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1403-9. [PMID: 26256909 PMCID: PMC4858032 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Information about treatment protocols, adverse effects and outcomes with intrapleural recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) use in horses with fibrinous pleuropneumonia is limited. Hypothesis/Objectives Describe factors that contribute to clinical response and survival of horses treated with rTPA intrapleurally. Animals Horses with bacterial pneumonia and fibrinous pleural effusion diagnosed by ultrasonography, that were treated with rTPA intrapleurally. Methods Retrospective multicenter case series from 2007–2012. Signalment, history, clinical and laboratory evaluation, treatment, and outcome obtained from medical records. Regression analysis used to identify associations between treatments and outcomes. Results Thirty three hemithoraces were treated in 25 horses, with 55 separate treatments. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (375–20,000 μg/hemithorax) was administered 1–4 times. Sonographically visible reduction in fibrin mat thickness, loculations, fluid depth, or some combination of these was seen in 32/49 (65%) treatments. Response to at least 1 treatment was seen in 17/20 (85%) horses with sonographic follow‐up evaluation after every treatment. Earlier onset of rTPA treatment associated with increased survival odds. No association was found between cumulative rTPA dose or number of rTPA doses and survival, development of complications, duration of hospitalization or total charges. Clinical evidence of hypocoagulability or bleeding was not observed. Eighteen horses (72%) survived to discharge. Conclusions and clinical importance Treatment with rTPA appeared safe and resulted in variable changes in fibrin quantity and organization within the pleural space. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator could be a useful adjunct to standard treatment of fibrinous pleuropneumonia, but optimal case selection and dosing regimen remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Tomlinson
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
| | - E Byrne
- Alamo Pintado Equine Medical Center, Los Olivos, CA
| | - N Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - K Gary Magdesian
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - H G Hilton
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - B McGorum
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - E Davis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - A Schoster
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - L Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - B Dunkel
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Herts, UK
| | - H Carslake
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Wirral, UK
| | - R C Boston
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
| | - A L Johnson
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
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Wylie C, Shaw D, Fordyce F, Lilly A, McGorum B. Equine Grass Sickness in Scotland: A Case-Control Study of Environmental Geochemical Risk Factors. Equine Vet J 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12323_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.E. Wylie
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; The University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | - D.J. Shaw
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; The University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | - F.M. Fordyce
- British Geological Survey; West Mains Road Edinburgh EH9 3LA UK
| | - A. Lilly
- James Hutton Institute; Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH UK
| | - B.C. McGorum
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; The University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
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Ireland J, Newton J, Proudman C, Thomson K, McGorum B. Vaccination Against Equine Grass Sickness: Piloting a Clinical Field Trial of a Clostridium botulinumType-C Toxoid in Scotland in 2012-13. Equine Vet J 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12145_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.L. Ireland
- Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park, Kentford; Newmarket; Suffolk; CB8 7UU; UK
| | - J.R. Newton
- Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park, Kentford; Newmarket; Suffolk; CB8 7UU; UK
| | - C.J. Proudman
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus; Neston; Wirral; CH64 7TE; UK
| | - K. Thomson
- Equine Grass Sickness Fund; Moredun Foundation; Penicuik; Midlothian; EH26 0PZ; UK
| | - B.C. McGorum
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush; Roslin; Midlothian; EH25 9RG; UK
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McGorum B, Nicholas D, Foster A, Shaw D, Pirie R. Bronchodilator activity of the selective muscarinic antagonist revatropate in horses with heaves. Vet J 2013; 195:80-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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van Galen G, Marcillaud Pitel C, Saegerman C, Patarin F, Amory H, Baily JD, Cassart D, Gerber V, Hahn C, Harris P, Keen JA, Kirschvink N, Lefere L, McGorum B, Muller JMV, Picavet MTJE, Piercy RJ, Roscher K, Serteyn D, Unger L, van der Kolk JH, van Loon G, Verwilghen D, Westermann CM, Votion DM. European outbreaks of atypical myopathy in grazing equids (2006-2009): spatiotemporal distribution, history and clinical features. Equine Vet J 2012; 44:614-20. [PMID: 22448904 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Improved understanding of the epidemiology of atypical myopathy (AM) will help to define the environmental factors that permit or support the causal agent(s) to exert toxicity. OBJECTIVES This European survey of AM aimed to describe spatiotemporal distribution, survival, clinical signs, circumstances in which AM develops and its different expressions between countries and over time. METHODS The spatiotemporal distribution, history and clinical features of AM cases reported to the Atypical Myopathy Alert Group from 2006 to 2009 were described. Comparisons of data from the most severely affected countries and from the large outbreaks were made with Fisher's exact and Welch's tests with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS Of 600 suspected cases, 354 met the diagnostic criteria for confirmed or highly probable AM. The largest outbreaks occurred during the autumns of 2006 and 2009 in Belgium, France and Germany. For the first time, donkeys, zebras and old horses were affected, and clinical signs such as gastrointestinal impaction, diarrhoea, penile prolapse, buccal ulceration and renal dysfunction were observed. Affected horses spent >6 h/day on pastures that almost always contained or were surrounded by trees. The latency period was estimated at up to 4 days. Overall survival rate was 26%. Although differences between countries in affected breeds, body condition, horse management and pasture characteristics were recognised, the common presenting clinical signs and mortality were similar between countries. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE This study describes new data on case details, history and clinical course of AM that is of preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic value. However, the true impact of the findings of this study on the development of or severity of AM should be tested with case-control studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G van Galen
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium.
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van Galen G, Saegerman C, Marcillaud Pitel C, Patarin F, Amory H, Baily JD, Cassart D, Gerber V, Hahn C, Harris P, Keen JA, Kirschvink N, Lefere L, McGorum B, Muller JMV, Picavet MTJE, Piercy RJ, Roscher K, Serteyn D, Unger L, van der Kolk JH, van Loon G, Verwilghen D, Westermann CM, Votion DM. European outbreaks of atypical myopathy in grazing horses (2006-2009): determination of indicators for risk and prognostic factors. Equine Vet J 2012; 44:621-5. [PMID: 22413891 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Appropriate management of atypical myopathy (AM) requires the establishment of an accurate diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, preventive measures to avoid AM need to be refined. OBJECTIVES The aims of the study were as follows: 1) to improve the diagnosis of AM; 2) to identify prognostic predictors; and 3) to refine recommended preventive measures based on indicators of risk factors. METHODS An exploratory analysis of cases in Europe between 2006 and 2009 reported to the Atypical Myopathy Alert Group was conducted. Based on clinical data, reported cases were allocated into 2 groups: confirmed or highly probable AM (AM group; further divided into survivors and nonsurvivors); and cases with a low probability of having AM or with another final diagnosis (non-AM group). Using Welch's test and odds ratios corrected for multiple comparisons, the AM vs. non-AM groups were compared to identify indicators for diagnosis and risk factors, and survivors vs. nonsurvivors in the AM group were compared to identify prognostic factors. Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were calculated for specific clinical signs related to final diagnosis and outcome. RESULTS From 600 reported cases, 354 AM cases (survival rate of 26%) and 69 non-AM cases were identified, while there were insufficient data to categorise the remainder. Variables valuable for diagnosing AM compared with similar diseases were as follows: presence of dead leaves and wood and/or trees on pastures; sloping pastures; full-time pasture access; no food supplementation; normal body condition; pigmenturia; normothermia; and congested mucous membranes. Nonsurvival was associated with recumbency, sweating, anorexia, dyspnoea, tachypnoea and/or tachycardia. Survival was associated with remaining standing most of the time, normothermia, normal mucous membranes, defaecation and vitamin and antioxidant therapy. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE This study refines the list of risk factors for AM. Clinical signs valuable for diagnosis and prognosis have been identified, enabling clinicians to improve management of AM cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G van Galen
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium.
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Abstract
A pelvic limb paresis of 6 weeks duration in a yearling sheep resulted from protozoan encephalomyelitis involving the spinal cord at the thoracolumbar junction. An elevated lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration but normal cisternal cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration indicated the presence of a thoracolumbar inflammatory lesion resulting in cord compression which obstructed the rostral flow of the cerebrospinal fluid. Under general anaesthesia, myelography at the lumbo-sacral site demonstrated blockage to the rostral flow of contrast medium at T13/L1. At necropsy, there were no gross pathological changes at T13/L1, but histopathology revealed non-tract specific lymphocytic perivascular cuffing, axonal swelling and oedema in the spinal cord, characteristic of a protozoal encephalomyelitis. No parasites were detected in the multiple spinal cord sections examined but immunocytochemistry identified antigens cross-reactive with Sarcocystis spp. antigens in glial cells in these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Scott
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, R(D)SVS, Veterinary Field Station, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
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Lyle C, Turley G, Blissitt K, Pirie R, Mayhew I, McGorum B, Keen J. Retrospective Evaluation of Episodic Collapse in the Horse in a Referred Population: 25 Cases (1995-2009). J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:1498-502. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Newton J, Wylie C, Proudman C, McGorum B, Poxton I. Equine grass sickness: Are we any nearer to answers on cause and prevention after a century of research? Equine Vet J 2010; 42:477-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Waggett B, McGorum B, Shaw D, Pirie R, MacIntyre N, Wernery U, Milne E. Evaluation of Synaptophysin as an Immunohistochemical Marker for Equine Grass Sickness. J Comp Pathol 2010; 142:284-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Nunn FG, Pirie RS, McGorum B, Wernery U, Poxton IR. Preliminary study of mucosal IgA in the equine small intestine: specific IgA in cases of acute grass sickness and controls. Equine Vet J 2010; 39:457-60. [PMID: 17910272 DOI: 10.2746/042516407x193189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY There is much evidence to suggest that group III Clostridium botulinum (types C and D) are involved in the aetiology of equine grass sickness (EGS). Antibodies have been detected previously in the blood and high levels associated with resistance to disease. Specific mucosal antibodies in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are likely to be important in protection, and this study was performed to ascertain if such antibodies could be detected and if their levels were related to disease state. OBJECTIVES To develop a method for quantifying IgA antibodies to C. botulinum types C and D in the GI tract of horses and to relate antibody levels to disease status. METHODS Samples of tissue (n = 25: 6 duodenum, 7 jejunum and 12 ileum) were taken from acute grass sickness (AGS) cases and from control horses (n = 12; 4 samples from each site) at post mortem. They were extracted with the detergent saponin in the presence of protease inhibitors and assayed for total IgA, for specific IgA against botulinum neurotoxins types C and D (BoNT/C or BoNT/D), and against surface antigens of a BoNT/C negative strain of C. botulinum type C (SA) and of Clostridium tetani (TetSA), as a control. Specific IgA was expressed as percentage total IgA. RESULTS Compared to controls, significantly higher levels of specific IgA against BoNT/C were detected in the jejunum (P = 0.04) and ileum (P = 0.02) of AGS cases. Similarly, higher specific levels against BoNT/D were demonstrated in duodenum (P = 0.01) and jejunum (P = 0.02). Significantly higher levels of IgA against SA were demonstrated only in duodenal samples (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Levels of IgA antibody to BoNTs in control horses were at near undetectable levels, suggesting no recent exposure to toxins. In AGS cases, significantly higher levels of specific IgA were detected predominantly in jejunum and ileum. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE If specific IgA is protective then any successful vaccine for EGS should induce a mucosal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Nunn
- Medical Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UAE
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Simonen-Jokinen T, Pirie RS, McGorum B, Maisi P. Dose responses to inhalation of endotoxin, hay dust suspension and Aspergillus fumigatus extract in horses as measured by levels and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Equine Vet J 2010; 37:155-60. [PMID: 15779629 DOI: 10.2746/0425164054223796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Airway matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) increase after endotoxin (LPS) exposure, but there are no reports describing dose-dependent increases or activation following exposure. OBJECTIVES To study matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and -2 (MMP-2) responses in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from heaves-susceptible and control horses following inhalation of hay dust suspension (HDS), LPS and Aspergillus fumigatus extract (AFE). METHODS Heaves-susceptible (n = 7) and control (n = 6) horses received inhalation challenges with 3 different doses of HDS and LPS. Heaves-susceptible horses (n = 6) also received 3 different doses of AFE and one dose of AFE depleted of endotoxin (AFE-LPS). BALF collected following inhalation challenges was analysed using gelatin zymography. Gelatinolytic bands were identified as complex, pro-MMP-9, active MMP-9, pro-MMP-2 and active MMP-2 based on molecular weights. RESULTS Each challenge substance induced a dose-dependent elevation in gelatinolytic activity. The dose-dependency was most evident for pro-MMP-9 and total MMP-9 levels in heaves-susceptible horses following LPS challenges. CONCLUSIONS There is a dose-dependent elevation in MMP-9 in BALF of heaves-susceptible and control horses following inhalation challenge with organic dust and some of its components, elevation being more marked in heaves-susceptible horses. Organic dust components vary in their pro-inflammatory potential. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE This study supports the role of MMPs in the pathogenesis of heaves and highlights the potential value of protease inhibitors in attenuating the airway inflammatory response to inhaled organic dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Simonen-Jokinen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Nunn FG, Pirie RS, McGorum B, Wernery U, Poxton IR. Comparison of IgG antibody levels to Clostridium botulinum antigens between euthanased and surviving cases of chronic grass sickness. Res Vet Sci 2007; 83:82-4. [PMID: 17156804 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Serum from 12 horses suffering from chronic grass sickness (CGS) were assayed for IgG antibodies against botulinum neurotoxins C and D (BoNT/C and BoNT/D) and to a surface antigen extract of a neurotoxin negative strain of Clostridium botulinum type C. Collectively, the six surviving CGS cases demonstrated significantly higher initial IgG levels (P=0.05) against surface antigens than the six that were subsequently euthanased. The surviving animals also demonstrated higher initial IgG levels against the BoNT/C but not reaching significance (P=0.06). The two groups demonstrated no difference between IgG levels against BoNT/D. This study supports existing evidence of the involvement of C. botulinum type C in the aetiology of grass sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Nunn
- Medical Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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Swain J, Pirie R, Hudson N, Else R, Evans H, McGorum B. Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Recurrent Hypoglycemia Associated with Renal Cell Carcinoma in a Horse. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Maisi P, Sorsa T, Raulo SM, Prikk K, Sepper R, McGorum B. Increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in the airway after allergen challenge. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:1740; discussion 1740-1. [PMID: 11719319 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.9.correspondence_b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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McGorum B, Milne E. Equine grass sickness website. Vet Rec 2001; 148:608. [PMID: 11386455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Dixon PM, Tremaine WH, Pickles K, Kuhns L, Hawe C, McCann J, McGorum B, Railton DI, Brammer S. Equine dental disease part 1: a long-term study of 400 cases: disorders of incisor, canine and first premolar teeth. Equine Vet J 1999; 31:369-77. [PMID: 10505951 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A review of 400 horses referred because of dental disorders showed 44 cases to suffer from primary disorders of their incisors and 11 from canine or 1st premolar teeth disorders. The remaining 345 horses suffered from primary disorders of the cheek teeth. Disorders of incisors included traumatic damage to teeth and their supporting bones, retained deciduous, displaced and supernumerary incisors; brachygnathia and abnormalities of wear, with most of the latter disorders being secondary to primary disorders of the cheek teeth Only 3 cases of apical infection of incisors were recognised. Most cases of fractured incisors responded well to conservative therapy. Retained deciduous incisors were extracted, but most cases with supernumerary and displaced incisors, or brachygnathia were treated conservatively. Most disorders of the canine and 1st premolar were developmental displacements that caused bitting problems (abnormalities of head movement associated with the bit), and these cases responded well to extraction of the displaced teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Dixon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
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Brazil TJ, Rossi AG, Haslett C, McGorum B, Dixon PM, Chilvers ER. Priming induces functional coupling of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine receptors in equine neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 1998; 63:380-8. [PMID: 9500527 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.63.3.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthetic formylpeptide fMLP is widely used as a model chemoattractant and secretagogue for mammalian neutrophils. Despite possessing fMLP receptors, equine neutrophils do not produce superoxide anions in response to fMLP and there is no inflammatory reaction in the horse when fMLP is injected intradermally. The functional capability of these receptors was investigated after pretreatment with recognized priming agents. Purified neutrophils were pretreated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), platelet-activating factor (PAF), or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and superoxide anion generation and shape change quantified by lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence (LDCL) and flow cytometry, respectively. LPS, TNF-alpha, and PAF pretreatment induced significant LDCL in response to fMLP; similarly LPS pretreatment was a prerequisite for fMLP-stimulated neutrophil polarization in response to fMLP. However, LPS failed to induce fMLP-mediated chemotaxis of equine neutrophils. These data indicate that equine neutrophil fMLP receptors are not vestigial as previously thought but can trigger both respiratory burst activity and cell polarization responses after priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Brazil
- Department of Medicine (RIE), University of Edinburgh Medical School, United Kingdom
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Dixon PM, McGorum B. Oilseed rape and equine respiratory disease. Vet Rec 1990; 126:585. [PMID: 2368312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Dixon PM, McGorum B. Pasture-associated seasonal respiratory disease in two horses. Vet Rec 1990; 126:9-12. [PMID: 2301107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two horses on separate farms developed severe obstructive pulmonary disease in successive years during the early summer months. In both cases clinical remission of the respiratory distress was achieved by moving the animals to different environments. The suggested aetiology for this outdoor chronic respiratory disease is a pulmonary allergy to pollen. Both animals were also shown to suffer from classical chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, i.e., obstructive pulmonary disease in the presence of hay and, or, straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Dixon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Veterinary Field Station, Roslin, Midlothian
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Abstract
Analysis of field data suggested that listerial encephalitis in sheep was most common in winter and early spring in the age groups of sheep which would be cutting, changing and possibly losing teeth. It was hypothesised that under these conditions ingested Listeria monocytogenes could reach the fine dental terminals of the trigeminal nerve causing an ascending neuritis and encephalitis. Experimental inoculation of organisms into the dental pulp demonstrated the feasibility of this route of infection. Histological encephalitis was evident six days after inoculation but the incubation period to clinical neurological disease was at least three weeks.
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Huntley JF, McGorum B, Newlands GF, Miller HR. Granulated intraepithelial lymphocytes: their relationship to mucosal mast cells and globule leucocytes in the rat. Immunol Suppl 1984; 53:525-35. [PMID: 6386676 PMCID: PMC1454926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between mucosal mast cells (MMC) in the intestinal lamina propria, and globule leucocytes (GL) and granulated lymphocytes (GIEL) within the epithelium was compared by analysing the constituents of their granules. Glycosaminoglycan, as well as serine esterase, were present in the granules of all three cell types and the antigenic relationship of these serine esterases to MMC-specific protease (RMCPII) was examined. This enzyme was detected by immunocytochemistry within MMC and GL granules, but not in GIEL. The concentration of RMCPII in preparations of epithelial and lamina propria isolates correlated significantly with the numbers of MMC/GL present within these tissues. RMCPII was detected in epithelial isolates, and in preparations of isolated GIEL, only when MMC and GL were present. These studies add further support to the view that MMC and GL are of a common lineage and strongly suggest that GIEL are unrelated to MMC/GL.
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