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Duque-Chica GL, Gracitelli CPB, Moura ALA, Nagy BV, Vidal KS, de Melo G, Paranhos A, Cahali MB, Ventura DF. Contributions of the Melanopsin-Expressing Ganglion Cells, Cones, and Rods to the Pupillary Light Response in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:3002-3012. [PMID: 31310657 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-26944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the impact of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on the contribution of inner and outer retinal photoreceptors to the pupillary light response (PLR). Methods Ninety-three eyes from 27 patients with OSA and 25 healthy controls were tested. OSA severity was graded according to the apnea-hypopnea index. PLR was measured monocularly with an eye tracker in a Ganzfeld in response to 1-second blue (470 nm) and red (640 nm) flashes at -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, and 2.4 log cd/m2. Peak pupil constriction amplitude, peak latency, and the postillumination pupil response were measured. The Cambridge Colour Test, standard automatic perimetry, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, polysomnography, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were used. Results OSA patients have a significantly decreased peak pupil constriction amplitude for blue stimuli at -3, -2, -1, 1 log cd/m2 and at all red flash luminances (P < 0.050), revealing reduction of outer retina contributions to PLR. OSA patients showed reduced peak latency for blue (-2, 0, 2, 2.4 log cd/m2) and red stimuli (-2, 0 log cd/m2; P < 0.040). No significant difference was found in the melanopsin-mediated PLR. Conclusions This study is the first to evaluate the inner and outer retinal contributions to PLR in OSA patients. The results showed that the outer retinal photoreceptor contributions to PLR were affected in moderate and severe OSA patients. In contrast, the inner retina contributions to PLR are preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria L Duque-Chica
- Experimental Psychology Department, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, University of Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Carolina P B Gracitelli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana L A Moura
- Experimental Psychology Department, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Balázs V Nagy
- Experimental Psychology Department, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Mechatronics, Optics and Engineering Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kallene S Vidal
- Experimental Psychology Department, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Prevent Senior institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geraldine de Melo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Augusto Paranhos
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michel B Cahali
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital das Clínicas, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dora F Ventura
- Experimental Psychology Department, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Milioni ALV, Nagy BV, Moura ALA, Zachi EC, Barboni MT, Ventura DF. Neurotoxic impact of mercury on the central nervous system evaluated by neuropsychological tests and on the autonomic nervous system evaluated by dynamic pupillometry. Neurotoxicology 2017; 59:263-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Costa TL, Costa MF, Magalhães A, Rêgo GG, Nagy BV, Boggio PS, Ventura DF. The role of early stages of cortical visual processing in size and distance judgment: a transcranial direct current stimulation study. Neurosci Lett 2014; 588:78-82. [PMID: 25556682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that V1 plays an active role in the judgment of size and distance. Nevertheless, no research has been performed using direct brain stimulation to address this issue. We used transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) to directly modulate the early stages of cortical visual processing while measuring size and distance perception with a psychophysical scaling method of magnitude estimation in a repeated-measures design. The subjects randomly received anodal, cathodal, and sham tDCS in separate sessions starting with size or distance judgment tasks. Power functions were fit to the size judgment data, whereas logarithmic functions were fit to distance judgment data. Slopes and R(2) were compared with separate repeated-measures analyses of variance with two factors: task (size vs. distance) and tDCS (anodal vs. cathodal vs. sham). Anodal tDCS significantly decreased slopes, apparently interfering with size perception. No effects were found for distance perception. Consistent with previous studies, the results of the size task appeared to reflect a prothetic continuum, whereas the results of the distance task seemed to reflect a metathetic continuum. The differential effects of tDCS on these tasks may support the hypothesis that different physiological mechanisms underlie judgments on these two continua. The results further suggest the complex involvement of the early visual cortex in size judgment tasks that go beyond the simple representation of low-level stimulus properties. This supports predictive coding models and experimental findings that suggest that higher-order visual areas may inhibit incoming information from the early visual cortex through feedback connections when complex tasks are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago L Costa
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo F Costa
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Núcleo de Neurociências e Comportamento e Neurociências Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adsson Magalhães
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Núcleo de Neurociências e Comportamento e Neurociências Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel G Rêgo
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Balázs V Nagy
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Núcleo de Neurociências e Comportamento e Neurociências Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dora F Ventura
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Núcleo de Neurociências e Comportamento e Neurociências Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Smet KAG, Lin Y, Nagy BV, Németh Z, Duque-Chica GL, Quintero JM, Chen HS, Luo RM, Safi M, Hanselaer P. Cross-cultural variation of memory colors of familiar objects. Opt Express 2014; 22:32308-32328. [PMID: 25607196 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.032308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of cross-regional or cross-cultural differences on color appearance ratings and memory colors of familiar objects was investigated in seven different countries/regions - Belgium, Hungary, Brazil, Colombia, Taiwan, China and Iran. In each region the familiar objects were presented on a calibrated monitor in over 100 different colors to a test panel of observers that were asked to rate the similarity of the presented object color with respect to what they thought the object looks like in reality (memory color). For each object and region the mean observer ratings were modeled by a bivariate Gaussian function. A statistical analysis showed significant (p < 0.001) differences between the region average observers and the global average observer obtained by pooling the data from all regions. However, the effect size of geographical region or culture was found to be small. In fact, the differences between the region average observers and the global average observer were found to of the same magnitude or smaller than the typical within region inter-observer variability. Thus, although statistical differences in color appearance ratings and memory between regions were found, regional impact is not likely to be of practical importance.
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Nagy BV, Németh Z, Samu K, Ábrahám G. Variability and systematic differences in normal, protan, and deutan color naming. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1416. [PMID: 25538665 PMCID: PMC4260480 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The congenital color vision deficient (CVD) generally demonstrates difficulties in color naming tasks. In our study we investigated color naming properties and uncertainties of a relatively large group of red-green CVDs using quasi monochromatic stimuli and seven basic color terms. The results show a large variability in color naming for the CVD when contrasted to normal color vision and similar alterations when comparing protans to deutans. Statistically significant differences were found in specific wavelength ranges between the tested groups. In general, protans and deutans have shown better color naming ability than expected, which suggests the use of non-chromatic visual cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs V Nagy
- Vision Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil ; Department of Mechatronics, Optics and Engineering Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Németh
- Department of Mechatronics, Optics and Engineering Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Samu
- Department of Mechatronics, Optics and Engineering Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Ábrahám
- Department of Mechatronics, Optics and Engineering Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest, Hungary
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Moura ALA, Nagy BV, La Morgia C, Barboni P, Oliveira AGF, Salomão SR, Berezovsky A, de Moraes-Filho MN, Chicani CF, Belfort R, Carelli V, Sadun AA, Hood DC, Ventura DF. The pupil light reflex in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy: evidence for preservation of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:4471-7. [PMID: 23737476 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the pupillary light reflex (PLR) of patients with severe loss of vision due to Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) in the context of a proposed preservation of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs). METHODS Ten LHON patients (7 males; 51.6 ± 14.1 years), with visual acuities ranging from 20/400 to hand motion perception and severe visual field losses, were tested and compared with 16 healthy subjects (7 males; 42.15 ± 15.4 years) tested as controls. PLR was measured with an eye tracker and the stimuli were controlled with a Ganzfeld system. Pupil responses were measured monocularly, to 1 second of blue (470 nm) and red (640 nm) flashes with 1, 10, 100, and 250 cd/m² luminances. The normalized amplitude of peak of the transient PLR and the amplitude of the sustained PLR at 6 seconds after the flash offset were measured. In addition, optical coherence topography (OCT) scans of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer were obtained. RESULTS The patient's peak PLR responses were on average 15% smaller than controls (P < 0.05), but 5 out of 10 patients had amplitudes within the range of controls. The patients' sustained PLRs were comparable with controls at lower flash intensities, but on average, 27% smaller to the 250 cd/m² blue light, although there was considerable overlap with the PLR amplitudes of control. All patients had severe visual field losses and the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was reduced to a minimum around the optic disc in 8 of the 10 patients. CONCLUSIONS The PLR is maintained overall in LHON patients despite the severity of optic atrophy. These results are consistent with previous evidence of selective preservation of mRGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura A Moura
- Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Costa TL, Nagy BV, Barboni MTS, Boggio PS, Ventura DF. Transcranial direct current stimulation modulates human color discrimination in a pathway-specific manner. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:78. [PMID: 22988446 PMCID: PMC3439847 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research showed that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can modulate visual cortex excitability. However, there is no experiment on the effects of tDCS on color perception to date. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of tDCS on color discrimination tasks. Fifteen healthy subjects (mean age of 25.6 ± 4.4 years) were tested with Cambridge Color Test 2.0 (Trivector and ellipses protocols) and a Forced-choice Spatial Color Contrast Sensitivity task (vertical red-green sinusoidal grating) while receiving tDCS. Anodal, cathodal, and sham tDCS were delivered at Oz for 22 min using two square electrodes (25 cm(2) with a current of 1.5 mA) in sessions separated by 7 days. Anodal tDCS significantly increased tritan sensitivity (p < 0.01) and had no significant effect on protan, deutan, or red-green grating discrimination. The effects on the tritan discrimination returned to baseline after 15 min (p < 0.01). Cathodal tDCS reduced the sensitivity in the deutan axis and increased sensitivity in the tritan axis (p < 0.05). The lack of anodal tDCS effects in the protan, deutan, and red-green grating sensitivities could be explained by a "ceiling effect" since adults in this age range tend to have optimal color discrimination performance for these hues. The differential effects of cathodal tDCS on tritan and deutan sensitivities and the absence of the proposed ceiling effects for the tritan axes might be explained by Parvocellular (P) and Koniocellular (K) systems with regard to their functional, physiological, and anatomical differences. The results also support the existence of a systematic segregation of P and K color-coding cells in V1. Future research and possible clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago L Costa
- Laboratório da Visão, Experimental Psychology Department, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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