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Kaveripakam S, Chinthaginjala R, Anbazhagan R, Alibakhshikenari M, Virdee B, Khan S, Pau G, Hwang See C, Dayoub I, Livreri P, Abd‐Alhameed R. Enhancement of Precise Underwater Object Localization. Radio Science 2023; 58. [DOI: 10.1029/2023rs007782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractUnderwater communication applications extensively use localization services for object identification. Because of their significant impact on ocean exploration and monitoring, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN) are becoming increasingly popular, and acoustic communications have largely overtaken radio frequency broadcasts as the dominant means of communication. The two localization methods that are most frequently employed are those that estimate the angle of arrival and the time difference of arrival. The military and civilian sectors rely heavily on UWSN for object identification in the underwater environment. As a result, there is a need in UWSN for an accurate localization technique that accounts for dynamic nature of the underwater environment. Time and position data are the two key parameters to accurately define the position of an object. Moreover, due to climate change there is now a need to constrain energy consumption by UWSN to limit carbon emission to meet net‐zero target by 2050. To meet these challenges, we have developed an efficient localization algorithm for determining an object position based on the angle and distance of arrival of beacon signals. We have considered the factors like sensor nodes not being in time sync with each other and the fact that the speed of sound varies in water. Our simulation results show that the proposed approach can achieve great localization accuracy while accounting for temporal synchronization inaccuracies. When compared to existing localization approaches, the mean estimation error (MEE) (MEE) and energy consumption figures, the proposed approach outperforms them. The MEEs is shown to vary between 84.2154 and 93.8275 m for four trials, 61.2256 and 92.7956 m for eight trials, and 42.6584 and 119.5228 m for 12 trials. Comparatively, the distance‐based measurements show higher accuracy than the angle‐based measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Kaveripakam
- School of Electronics Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore India
| | | | - Rajesh Anbazhagan
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering SASTRA University Thanjavur India
| | | | - Bal Virdee
- Center for Communications Technology London Metropolitan University London UK
| | - Salahuddin Khan
- College of Engineering King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Giovanni Pau
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Kore University of Enna Enna Italy
| | - Chan Hwang See
- School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment Edinburgh Napier University Edinburgh UK
| | - Iyad Dayoub
- Université Polytechnique Hauts‐de‐France Institut d’Électronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN) CNRS UMR 8520 ISEN Centrale Lille University of Lille Valenciennes France
- INSA Hauts‐de‐France Valenciennes France
| | - Patrizia Livreri
- Department of Engineering University of Palermo Palermo Sicily Italy
| | - Raed Abd‐Alhameed
- Faculty of Engineering and Informatics University of Bradford Bradford UK
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Sehrai DA, Khan J, Abdullah M, Asif M, Alibakhshikenari M, Virdee B, Shah WA, Khan S, Ibrar M, Jan S, Ullah A, Falcone F. Design of high gain base station antenna array for mm-wave cellular communication systems. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4907. [PMID: 36966201 PMCID: PMC10039908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Millimeter wave (mm-Wave) wireless communication systems require high gain antennas to overcome path loss effects and thereby enhance system coverage. This paper presents the design and analysis of an antenna array for high gain performance of future mm-wave 5G communication systems. The proposed antenna is based on planar microstrip technology and fabricated on 0.254 mm thick dielectric substrate (Rogers-5880) having a relative permittivity of 2.2 and loss tangent of 0.0009. The single radiating element used to construct the antenna array is a microstrip patch that has a configuration resembling a two-pronged fork. The single radiator has a realized gain of 7.6 dBi. To achieve the gain required by 5G base stations, a 64-element array antenna design is proposed which has a bore side gain of 21.2 dBi at 37.2 GHz. The 8 × 8, 8 × 16, and 8 × 32 antenna array designs described here were simulated and optimized using CST Microwave Studio, which is a 3D full-wave electromagnetic solver. The overall characteristics of the array in terms of reflection-coefficient and radiation patterns makes the proposed design suitable for mm-Wave 5G and other communication systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyal Ali Sehrai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33203, Gijon, Spain
| | - Jalal Khan
- Telecommunication Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Mujeeb Abdullah
- College of Aeronautical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Risalpur (Campus), Nowshera, 24100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Mohammad Alibakhshikenari
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911, Leganes, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bal Virdee
- Center for Communications Technology, London Metropolitan University, London, UK
| | - Wahab Ali Shah
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Namal University, Mianwali, 42250, Pakistan
| | - Salahuddin Khan
- College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O.Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ibrar
- Department of Physics, Islamia College, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Saeedullah Jan
- Department of Physics, Islamia College, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ullah
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Francisco Falcone
- Department of Electric, Electronic and Communication Engineering and the Institute of Smart Cities, Public University of Navarre, 31006, Pamplona, Spain.
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, Mexico.
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