Added sugar intake among the saudi population

Diet is a contributor to the pathogenesis of many non-communicable diseases. Among contributors to poor diet is high added sugar consumption, which is unfortunately on the rise nowadays. The recommended sugar intake by The American Heart Association (AHA) is 24g/day and 36g/day for women and men, respectively. The study's aim is to assess added sugar intake among adults in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study design was used via an online survey among adults in Saudi Arabia using convenience sampling, and social media platforms were used to collect the data. The authors conducted descriptive statistics to present demographic variables using Chi-square χ2 tests for categorical and t-tests for continuous variables. All statistical tests used a 95% confidence interval with a two-sided P-value <0.05 as significance level. A total of 1163 respondents were included in the study. The study has shown an overall added sugar intake average of 73 g/day. There was a significant difference in means of overall added sugar intake across genders for the age group 18-30 and the age group >60. Equivalently, there was a statistically significant difference in means of added sugar intake food across gender (P-value 0.008). Females tended to consume more added sugar in their food than males. The highest consumption was in the Northern region (123.71 g/day), followed by the Southern region (98.52 g/day), the Western region (86.14 g/day), and lastly, the Central and Eastern regions (66.95 and 62.02 g/day, respectively). The total added sugar intake of added sugar is extremely high in Saudi Arabia. Poor dietary habits lead to many adverse health consequences, including obesity and diabetes. Healthcare providers and public health officials are highly encouraged to shed light on added sugar consumption and create opportunities to promote healthy dietary patterns. The Saudi population is recommended to abide by the added sugar dietary recommendations to avoid future chronic medical conditions.

Distribution of gonadrotropin releasing hormone agonist binding sites in the rat central nervous system

Specific binding sites for gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in the central nervous system of the rat were studied with in vitro autoradiography and with radioligand assays. The results show that GnRH binding sites are present in the lamina glomerulosa and plexiformis externa, the nucleus olfactorius anterior pars externa, and the frontal cortex at the sulcus rhinalis. In the septum, only a few GnRH binding sites are detected in the lateral and dorsal portions of the nucleus septi lateralis. In addition, a small number of GnRH receptors are seen in the mediobasal hypothalamus and amygdala while substantial binding is apparent in the interpeduncular nucleus, central gray and superior collicle. In the hippocampal formation the GnRH agonists bind to the dorsal and ventral subiculum as well as to receptors in the areas CA1 through CA4. The highest concentration of GnRH receptors is found in the parasubiculum. Competitive binding assays with membrane preparations from the hippocampus and interpeduncular nucleus indicate that the binding of the GnRH agonists is reversible and has a binding affinity of 1 X 10(9) M-1. Injections of radioactive GnRH agonist Buserelin into the lateral ventricle results in selective and reversible labeling of the hippocampal areas CA1 through CA4 as well as the interpeduncular nucleus, central gray and the parasubiculum. The results of the present study indicate that GnRH binds to specific receptors in select areas of the central nervous system of the rat where the peptide may regulate sensory, behavioral and endocrine events.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)