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Mattorre B, Tedeschi V, Paldino G, Fiorillo MT, Paladini F, Sorrentino R. The emerging multifunctional roles of ERAP1, ERAP2 and IRAP between antigen processing and renin-angiotensin system modulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1002375. [PMID: 36203608 PMCID: PMC9531115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1002375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1 and 2 (ERAP1 and ERAP2) and Insulin Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) are three M1 zinc metalloproteases whose role in antigen processing is the refining of peptidome either in the Endoplasmic reticulum (ERAP1 and ERAP2), or in the endosomes (IRAP). However, other novel and distinct functions are emerging. Here, we focus specifically on ERAP2. This gene has a peculiar evolutionary history, being absent in rodents and undergoing in humans to a balanced selection of two haplotypes, one of which not expressing the full length ERAP2. These observations suggest that its role in antigen presentation is not essential. An additional, less investigated role is in the regulation of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS). ERAP1 and ERAP2 cleave Angiotensin II (Ang II) into Ang III and IV, which counteract the action of Ang II whereas IRAP is itself the receptor for Ang IV. We have recently reported that macrophages, independently from the haplotype, express and release a N-terminus ERAP2 “short” form which directly binds IRAP and the two molecules are co-expressed in the endosomes and on the cell membrane. This new evidence suggests that the maintenance of the ERAP2 gene in humans could be due to its activity in the regulation of the RAS system, possibly as an Ang IV agonist. Its role in the immune-mediated diseases as well as in disorders more specifically related to an imbalance of the RAS system, including hypertension, pre-eclampsia but also viral infections such as COVID-19, is discussed here.
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Mattorre B, Caristi S, Donato S, Volpe E, Faiella M, Paiardini A, Sorrentino R, Paladini F. A Short ERAP2 That Binds IRAP Is Expressed in Macrophages Independently of Gene Variation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094961. [PMID: 35563348 PMCID: PMC9101739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The M1 zinc metalloproteases ERAP1, ERAP2, and IRAP play a role in HLA-I antigen presentation by refining the peptidome either in the ER (ERAP1 and ERAP2) or in the endosomes (IRAP). They have also been entrusted with other, although less defined, functions such as the regulation of the angiotensin system and blood pressure. In humans, ERAP1 and IRAP are commonly expressed. ERAP2 instead has evolved under balancing selection that maintains two haplotypes, one of which undergoing RNA splicing leading to nonsense-mediated decay and loss of protein. Hence, likewise in rodents, wherein the ERAP2 gene is missing, about a quarter of the human population does not express ERAP2. We report here that macrophages, but not monocytes or other mononuclear blood cells, express and secrete an ERAP2 shorter form independent of the haplotype. The generation of this "short" ERAP2 is due to an autocatalytic cleavage within a distinctive structural motif and requires an acidic micro-environment. Remarkably, ERAP2 "short" binds IRAP and the two molecules are co-expressed in the endosomes as well as in the cell membrane. Of note, the same phenomenon could be observed in some cancer cells. These data prompt us to reconsider the role of ERAP2, which might have been maintained in humans due to fulfilling a relevant function in its "short" form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Mattorre
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (B.M.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (E.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Silvana Caristi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (B.M.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (E.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Simona Donato
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (B.M.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (E.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Emilia Volpe
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (B.M.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (E.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Marika Faiella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (B.M.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (E.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Alessandro Paiardini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rosa Sorrentino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (B.M.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (E.V.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Fabiana Paladini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (B.M.); (S.C.); (S.D.); (E.V.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (F.P.)
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Brevi A, Cogrossi LL, Lorenzoni M, Mattorre B, Bellone M. The Insider: Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Cancer Immunity and Response to Therapies in Multiple Myeloma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:845422. [PMID: 35371048 PMCID: PMC8968065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.845422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota is a unique set of microorganisms colonizing the human body and evolving within it from the very beginning. Acting as an insider, the microbiota provides nutrients, and mutualistically interacts with the host’s immune system, thus contributing to the generation of barriers against pathogens. While a strong link has been documented between intestinal dysbiosis (i.e., disruption to the microbiota homeostasis) and diseases, the mechanisms by which commensal bacteria impact a wide spectrum of mucosal and extramucosal human disorders have only partially been deciphered. This is particularly puzzling for multiple myeloma (MM), a treatable but incurable neoplasia of plasma cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and lead to end-organ damage. Here we revise the most recent literature on data from both the bench and the bedside that show how the gut microbiota modulates cancer immunity, potentially impacting the progression of asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering MM (SMM) to full blown MM. We also explore the effect of the gut microbiome on hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, chemotherapy, immunomodulating therapy and cancer immunotherapy in MM patients. Additionally, we identify the most cogent area of investigation that have the highest chance to delineate microbiota-related and pathobiology-based parameters for patient risk stratification. Lastly, we highlight microbiota-modulating strategies (i.e., diet, prebiotics, probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation and postbiotics) that may reduce treatment-related toxicity in patients affected by MM as well as the rates of undertreatment of SMM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Brevi
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Lucia Cogrossi
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Lorenzoni
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mattorre
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Bellone
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Matteo Bellone,
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Tedeschi V, Paldino G, Paladini F, Mattorre B, Tuosto L, Sorrentino R, Fiorillo MT. The Impact of the 'Mis-Peptidome' on HLA Class I-Mediated Diseases: Contribution of ERAP1 and ERAP2 and Effects on the Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249608. [PMID: 33348540 PMCID: PMC7765998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The strong association with the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I genes represents a shared trait for a group of autoimmune/autoinflammatory disorders having in common immunopathogenetic basis as well as clinical features. Accordingly, the main risk factors for Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), prototype of the Spondyloarthropathies (SpA), the Behçet's disease (BD), the Psoriasis (Ps) and the Birdshot Chorioretinopathy (BSCR) are HLA-B*27, HLA-B*51, HLA-C*06:02 and HLA-A*29:02, respectively. Despite the strength of the association, the HLA pathogenetic role in these diseases is far from being thoroughly understood. Furthermore, Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have highlighted other important susceptibility factors such as Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase (ERAP) 1 and, less frequently, ERAP2 that refine the peptidome presented by HLA class I molecules to CD8+ T cells. Mass spectrometry analysis provided considerable knowledge of HLA-B*27, HLA-B*51, HLA-C*06:02 and HLA-A*29:02 immunopeptidome. However, the combined effect of several ERAP1 and ERAP2 allelic variants could generate an altered pool of peptides accounting for the "mis-immunopeptidome" that ranges from suboptimal to pathogenetic/harmful peptides able to induce non-canonical or autoreactive CD8+ T responses, activation of NK cells and/or garbling the classical functions of the HLA class I molecules. This review will focus on this class of epitopes as possible elicitors of atypical/harmful immune responses which can contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Tedeschi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Charles Darwin’, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (F.P.); (B.M.); (L.T.); (R.S.); (M.T.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giorgia Paldino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Charles Darwin’, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (F.P.); (B.M.); (L.T.); (R.S.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Fabiana Paladini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Charles Darwin’, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (F.P.); (B.M.); (L.T.); (R.S.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Benedetta Mattorre
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Charles Darwin’, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (F.P.); (B.M.); (L.T.); (R.S.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Charles Darwin’, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (F.P.); (B.M.); (L.T.); (R.S.); (M.T.F.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Sorrentino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Charles Darwin’, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (F.P.); (B.M.); (L.T.); (R.S.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorillo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Charles Darwin’, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (F.P.); (B.M.); (L.T.); (R.S.); (M.T.F.)
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Paladini F, Fiorillo MT, Tedeschi V, Mattorre B, Sorrentino R. The Multifaceted Nature of Aminopeptidases ERAP1, ERAP2, and LNPEP: From Evolution to Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1576. [PMID: 32793222 PMCID: PMC7390905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human genome, the aminopeptidases ERAP1, ERAP2 and LNPEP lie contiguously on chromosome 5. They share sequence homology, functions and associations with immune-mediated diseases. By analyzing their multifaceted activities as well as their expression in the zoological scale, we suggest here that the progenitor of the three aminopeptidases might be LNPEP from which the other two aminopeptidases could have derived by gene duplications. We also propose that their functions are partially redundant. More precisely, the evolutionary story of the three aminopeptidases might have been dictated by their role in regulating the renin–angiotensin system, which requires their controlled and coordinated expression. This hypothesis is supported by the many species that lack one or the other gene as well as by the lack of ERAP2 in rodents and a null expression in 25% of humans. Finally, we speculate that their role in antigen presentation has been acquired later on during evolution. They have therefore been diversified between those residing in the ER, ERAP1 and ERAP2, whose role is to refine the MHC-I peptidomes, and LNPEP, mostly present in the endosomal vesicles where it can contribute to antigen cross-presentation or move to the cell membrane as receptor for angiotensin IV. Their association with autoinflammatory/autoimmune diseases can therefore be two-fold: as “contributors” to the shaping of the immune-peptidomes as well as to the regulation of the vascular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Paladini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorillo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Tedeschi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mattorre
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Sorrentino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Gelabert P, Ferrando-Bernal M, de-Dios T, Mattorre B, Campoy E, Gorostiza A, Patin E, González-Martín A, Lalueza-Fox C. Genome-wide data from the Bubi of Bioko Island clarifies the Atlantic fringe of the Bantu dispersal. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:179. [PMID: 30841922 PMCID: PMC6404284 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bioko is one of the few islands that exist around Africa, the most genetically diverse continent on the planet. The native Bantu-speaking inhabitants of Bioko, the Bubi, are believed to have colonized the island about 2000 years ago. Here, we sequenced the genome of thirteen Bubi individuals at high coverage and analysed their sequences in comparison to mainland populations from the Gulf of Guinea. Results We found that, genetically, the closest mainland population to the Bubi are Bantu-speaking groups from Angola instead the geographically closer groups from Cameroon. The Bubi possess a lower proportion of rainforest hunter-gatherer (RHG) ancestry than most other Bantu-speaking groups. However, their RHG component most likely came from the same source and could have reached them by gene flow from the mainland after island settlement. By studying identity by descent (IBD) genomic blocks and runs of homozygosity (ROHs), we found evidence for a significant level of genetic isolation among the Bubi, isolation that can be attributed to the island effect. Additionally, as this population is known to have one of the highest malaria incidence rates in the world we analysed their genome for malaria-resistant alleles. However, we were unable to detect any specific selective sweeps related to this disease. Conclusions By describing their dispersal to the Atlantic islands, the genomic characterization of the Bubi contributes to the understanding of the margins of the massive Bantu migration that shaped all Sub-Saharan African populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5529-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Gelabert
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Toni de-Dios
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benedetta Mattorre
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Campoy
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaya Gorostiza
- Forensic Genetics Laboratory, GENOMICA S.A.U., Pharma Mar Group, Madrid, Spain
| | - Etienne Patin
- Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Department of Genomics & Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 2000, Paris, France.,Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Antonio González-Martín
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carles Lalueza-Fox
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain.
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Fondi M, Pinatel E, Talà A, Damiano F, Consolandi C, Mattorre B, Fico D, Testini M, De Benedetto GE, Siculella L, De Bellis G, Alifano P, Peano C. Time-Resolved Transcriptomics and Constraint-Based Modeling Identify System-Level Metabolic Features and Overexpression Targets to Increase Spiramycin Production in Streptomyces ambofaciens. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:835. [PMID: 28553270 PMCID: PMC5427115 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have applied an integrated system biology approach to characterize the metabolic landscape of Streptomyces ambofaciens and to identify a list of potential metabolic engineering targets for the overproduction of the secondary metabolites in this microorganism. We focused on an often overlooked growth period (i.e., post-first rapid growth phase) and, by integrating constraint-based metabolic modeling with time resolved RNA-seq data, we depicted the main effects of changes in gene expression on the overall metabolic reprogramming occurring in S. ambofaciens. Moreover, through metabolic modeling, we unraveled a set of candidate overexpression gene targets hypothetically leading to spiramycin overproduction. Model predictions were experimentally validated by genetic manipulation of the recently described ethylmalonyl-CoA metabolic node, providing evidence that spiramycin productivity may be increased by enhancing the carbon flow through this pathway. The goal was achieved by over-expressing the ccr paralog srm4 in an ad hoc engineered plasmid. This work embeds the first metabolic reconstruction of S. ambofaciens and the successful experimental validation of model predictions and demonstrates the validity and the importance of in silico modeling tools for the overproduction of molecules with a biotechnological interest. Finally, the proposed metabolic reconstruction, which includes manually refined pathways for several secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity, represents a solid platform for the future exploitation of S. ambofaciens biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fondi
- Department of Biology, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
| | - Eva Pinatel
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research CouncilSegrate, Italy
| | - Adelfia Talà
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Damiano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Clarissa Consolandi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research CouncilSegrate, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Fico
- Laboratory of Analytical and Isotopic Mass Spectrometry, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Mariangela Testini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe E De Benedetto
- Laboratory of Analytical and Isotopic Mass Spectrometry, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Luisa Siculella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Gianluca De Bellis
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research CouncilSegrate, Italy
| | - Pietro Alifano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research CouncilSegrate, Italy
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