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Peter J, Huleux M, Spaniol B, Sommer F, Neunzig J, Schroda M, Li-Beisson Y, Philippar K. Fatty acid export (FAX) proteins contribute to oil production in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:939834. [PMID: 36120551 PMCID: PMC9470853 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.939834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In algae and land plants, transport of fatty acids (FAs) from their site of synthesis in the plastid stroma to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for assembly into acyl lipids is crucial for cellular lipid homeostasis, including the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG) for energy storage. In the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, understanding and engineering of these processes is of particular interest for microalga-based biofuel and biomaterial production. Whereas in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, FAX (fatty acid export) proteins have been associated with a function in plastid FA-export and hence TAG synthesis in the ER, the knowledge on the function and subcellular localization of this protein family in Chlamydomonas is still scarce. Among the four FAX proteins encoded in the Chlamydomonas genome, we found Cr-FAX1 and Cr-FAX5 to be involved in TAG production by functioning in chloroplast and ER membranes, respectively. By in situ immunolocalization, we show that Cr-FAX1 inserts into the chloroplast envelope, while Cr-FAX5 is located in ER membranes. Severe reduction of Cr-FAX1 or Cr-FAX5 proteins by an artificial microRNA approach results in a strong decrease of the TAG content in the mutant strains. Further, overexpression of chloroplast Cr-FAX1, but not of ER-intrinsic Cr-FAX5, doubled the content of TAG in Chlamydomonas cells. We therefore propose that Cr-FAX1 in chloroplast envelopes and Cr-FAX5 in ER membranes represent a basic set of FAX proteins to ensure shuttling of FAs from chloroplasts to the ER and are crucial for oil production in Chlamydomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janick Peter
- Plant Biology, Center for Human- and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marie Huleux
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology of Aix Marseille, BIAM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Benjamin Spaniol
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jens Neunzig
- Plant Biology, Center for Human- and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology of Aix Marseille, BIAM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Katrin Philippar
- Plant Biology, Center for Human- and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- *Correspondence: Katrin Philippar,
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Spaniol B, Lang J, Venn B, Schake L, Sommer F, Mustas M, Geimer S, Wollman FA, Choquet Y, Mühlhaus T, Schroda M. Complexome profiling on the Chlamydomonas lpa2 mutant reveals insights into PSII biogenesis and new PSII associated proteins. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:245-262. [PMID: 34436580 PMCID: PMC8730698 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
While the composition and function of the major thylakoid membrane complexes are well understood, comparatively little is known about their biogenesis. The goal of this work was to shed more light on the role of auxiliary factors in the biogenesis of photosystem II (PSII). Here we have identified the homolog of LOW PSII ACCUMULATION 2 (LPA2) in Chlamydomonas. A Chlamydomonas reinhardtii lpa2 mutant grew slower in low light, was hypersensitive to high light, and exhibited aberrant structures in thylakoid membrane stacks. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) was reduced by 38%. Synthesis and stability of newly made PSII core subunits D1, D2, CP43, and CP47 were not impaired. However, complexome profiling revealed that in the mutant CP43 was reduced to ~23% and D1, D2, and CP47 to ~30% of wild type levels. Levels of PSI and the cytochrome b6f complex were unchanged, while levels of the ATP synthase were increased by ~29%. PSII supercomplexes, dimers, and monomers were reduced to ~7%, ~26%, and ~60% of wild type levels, while RC47 was increased ~6-fold and LHCII by ~27%. We propose that LPA2 catalyses a step during PSII assembly without which PSII monomers and further assemblies become unstable and prone to degradation. The LHCI antenna was more disconnected from PSI in the lpa2 mutant, presumably as an adaptive response to reduce excitation of PSI. From the co-migration profiles of 1734 membrane-associated proteins, we identified three novel putative PSII associated proteins with potential roles in regulating PSII complex dynamics, assembly, and chlorophyll breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Spaniol
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Julia Lang
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Benedikt Venn
- Computational Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lara Schake
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Matthieu Mustas
- Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière chez les Microalgues, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR CNRS/UPMC 7141, Paris, France
| | - Stefan Geimer
- Zellbiologie/Elektronenmikroskopie, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Francis-André Wollman
- Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière chez les Microalgues, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR CNRS/UPMC 7141, Paris, France
| | - Yves Choquet
- Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière chez les Microalgues, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR CNRS/UPMC 7141, Paris, France
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Computational Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Gupta TK, Klumpe S, Gries K, Heinz S, Wietrzynski W, Ohnishi N, Niemeyer J, Spaniol B, Schaffer M, Rast A, Ostermeier M, Strauss M, Plitzko JM, Baumeister W, Rudack T, Sakamoto W, Nickelsen J, Schuller JM, Schroda M, Engel BD. Structural basis for VIPP1 oligomerization and maintenance of thylakoid membrane integrity. Cell 2021; 184:3643-3659.e23. [PMID: 34166613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vesicle-inducing protein in plastids 1 (VIPP1) is essential for the biogenesis and maintenance of thylakoid membranes, which transform light into life. However, it is unknown how VIPP1 performs its vital membrane-remodeling functions. Here, we use cryo-electron microscopy to determine structures of cyanobacterial VIPP1 rings, revealing how VIPP1 monomers flex and interweave to form basket-like assemblies of different symmetries. Three VIPP1 monomers together coordinate a non-canonical nucleotide binding pocket on one end of the ring. Inside the ring's lumen, amphipathic helices from each monomer align to form large hydrophobic columns, enabling VIPP1 to bind and curve membranes. In vivo mutations in these hydrophobic surfaces cause extreme thylakoid swelling under high light, indicating an essential role of VIPP1 lipid binding in resisting stress-induced damage. Using cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy (cryo-CLEM), we observe oligomeric VIPP1 coats encapsulating membrane tubules within the Chlamydomonas chloroplast. Our work provides a structural foundation for understanding how VIPP1 directs thylakoid biogenesis and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilak Kumar Gupta
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sven Klumpe
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Karin Gries
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Steffen Heinz
- Department of Molecular Plant Sciences, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wojciech Wietrzynski
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Norikazu Ohnishi
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Justus Niemeyer
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Benjamin Spaniol
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Miroslava Schaffer
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anna Rast
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Department of Molecular Plant Sciences, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Ostermeier
- Department of Molecular Plant Sciences, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mike Strauss
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 17C, Canada
| | - Jürgen M Plitzko
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Till Rudack
- Biospectroscopy, Center for Protein Diagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Jörg Nickelsen
- Department of Molecular Plant Sciences, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan M Schuller
- SYNMIKRO Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Benjamin D Engel
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Theis J, Lang J, Spaniol B, Ferté S, Niemeyer J, Sommer F, Zimmer D, Venn B, Mehr SF, Mühlhaus T, Wollman FA, Schroda M. The Chlamydomonas deg1c Mutant Accumulates Proteins Involved in High Light Acclimation. Plant Physiol 2019; 181:1480-1497. [PMID: 31604811 PMCID: PMC6878023 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of periplasmic proteins (Deg)/high temperature requirement A (HtrA) proteases are ATP-independent Ser endopeptidases that perform key aspects of protein quality control in all domains of life. Here, we characterized Chlamydomonas reinhardtii DEG1C, which together with DEG1A and DEG1B is orthologous to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Deg1 in the thylakoid lumen. We show that DEG1C is localized to the stroma and the periphery of thylakoid membranes. Purified DEG1C exhibited high proteolytic activity against unfolded model substrates and its activity increased with temperature and pH. DEG1C forms monomers, trimers, and hexamers that are in dynamic equilibrium. DEG1C protein levels increased upon nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus starvation; under heat, oxidative, and high light stress; and when Sec-mediated protein translocation was impaired. DEG1C depletion was not associated with any obvious aberrant phenotypes under nonstress conditions, high light exposure, or heat stress. However, quantitative shotgun proteomics revealed differences in the abundance of 307 proteins between a deg1c knock-out mutant and the wild type under nonstress conditions. Among the 115 upregulated proteins are PSII biogenesis factors, FtsH proteases, and proteins normally involved in high light responses, including the carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism, photorespiration, antioxidant defense, and photoprotection. We propose that the lack of DEG1C activity leads to a physiological state of the cells resembling that induced by high light intensities and therefore triggers high light protection responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Theis
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Julia Lang
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Benjamin Spaniol
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Suzanne Ferté
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Membranaire et Moléculaire du Chloroplaste, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR CNRS/UPMC 7141, Paris, France
| | - Justus Niemeyer
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - David Zimmer
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Benedikt Venn
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Shima Farazandeh Mehr
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Francis-André Wollman
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Membranaire et Moléculaire du Chloroplaste, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR CNRS/UPMC 7141, Paris, France
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Crozet P, Navarro FJ, Willmund F, Mehrshahi P, Bakowski K, Lauersen KJ, Pérez-Pérez ME, Auroy P, Gorchs Rovira A, Sauret-Gueto S, Niemeyer J, Spaniol B, Theis J, Trösch R, Westrich LD, Vavitsas K, Baier T, Hübner W, de Carpentier F, Cassarini M, Danon A, Henri J, Marchand CH, de Mia M, Sarkissian K, Baulcombe DC, Peltier G, Crespo JL, Kruse O, Jensen PE, Schroda M, Smith AG, Lemaire SD. Birth of a Photosynthetic Chassis: A MoClo Toolkit Enabling Synthetic Biology in the Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2074-2086. [PMID: 30165733 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are regarded as promising organisms to develop innovative concepts based on their photosynthetic capacity that offers more sustainable production than heterotrophic hosts. However, to realize their potential as green cell factories, a major challenge is to make microalgae easier to engineer. A promising approach for rapid and predictable genetic manipulation is to use standardized synthetic biology tools and workflows. To this end we have developed a Modular Cloning toolkit for the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. It is based on Golden Gate cloning with standard syntax, and comprises 119 openly distributed genetic parts, most of which have been functionally validated in several strains. It contains promoters, UTRs, terminators, tags, reporters, antibiotic resistance genes, and introns cloned in various positions to allow maximum modularity. The toolkit enables rapid building of engineered cells for both fundamental research and algal biotechnology. This work will make Chlamydomonas the next chassis for sustainable synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Crozet
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Felix Willmund
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Payam Mehrshahi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, U.K
| | - Kamil Bakowski
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kyle J. Lauersen
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Maria-Esther Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Pascaline Auroy
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues Cadarache, Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Aleix Gorchs Rovira
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, U.K
| | - Susana Sauret-Gueto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, U.K
| | - Justus Niemeyer
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Benjamin Spaniol
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Jasmine Theis
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Raphael Trösch
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Lisa-Desiree Westrich
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Vavitsas
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Baier
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hübner
- Biomolecular Photonics, Department of Physics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Felix de Carpentier
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Cassarini
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Danon
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Julien Henri
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Christophe H. Marchand
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Marcello de Mia
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Sarkissian
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - David C. Baulcombe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, U.K
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues Cadarache, Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - José-Luis Crespo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Olaf Kruse
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Poul-Erik Jensen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Schroda
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Alison G. Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, U.K
| | - Stéphane D. Lemaire
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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