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Vörös D, Kiss O, Taigiszer M, László BR, Ollmann T, Péczely L, Zagorácz O, Kertes E, Kállai V, Berta B, Kovács A, Karádi Z, Lénárd L, László K. The role of intraamygdaloid oxytocin in spatial learning and avoidance learning. Peptides 2024; 175:171169. [PMID: 38340898 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The goal of the present study is to investigate the role of intraamygdaloid oxytocin in learning-related mechanisms. Oxytocin is a neuropeptide which is involved in social bonding, trust, emotional responses and various social behaviors. By conducting passive avoidance and Morris water maze tests on male Wistar rats, the role of intraamygdaloid oxytocin in memory performance and learning was investigated. Oxytocin doses of 10 ng and 100 ng were injected into the central nucleus of the amygdala. Our results showed that 10 ng oxytocin significantly reduced the time required to locate the platform during the Morris water maze test while significantly increasing the latency time in the passive avoidance test. However, the 100 ng oxytocin experiment failed to produce a significant effect in either of the tests. Wistar rats pretreated with 20 ng oxytocin receptor antagonist (L-2540) were administered 10 ng of oxytocin into the central nucleus of the amygdala and were also subjected to the aforementioned tests to highlight the role of oxytocin receptors in spatial- and avoidance learning. Results suggest that oxytocin supports memory processing during both the passive avoidance and the Morris water maze tests. Oxytocin antagonists can however block the effects of oxytocin in both tests. The results substantiate that oxytocin uses oxytocin receptors to enhance memory and learning performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Vörös
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, P.O. Box 99, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kiss
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, P.O. Box 99, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Márton Taigiszer
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, P.O. Box 99, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bettina Réka László
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, P.O. Box 99, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Ollmann
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, P.O. Box 99, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Learning in Biological and Artificial Systems Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Péczely
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, P.O. Box 99, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Learning in Biological and Artificial Systems Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Olga Zagorácz
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, P.O. Box 99, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Learning in Biological and Artificial Systems Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Kertes
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, P.O. Box 99, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Learning in Biological and Artificial Systems Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Veronika Kállai
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, P.O. Box 99, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Learning in Biological and Artificial Systems Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Beáta Berta
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, P.O. Box 99, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Learning in Biological and Artificial Systems Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anita Kovács
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, P.O. Box 99, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Karádi
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, P.O. Box 99, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Cellular Bioimpedance Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Endocrinology and Neurophysiology Research Group, Szentágothai Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Lénárd
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, P.O. Box 99, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Endocrinology and Neurophysiology Research Group, Szentágothai Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kristóf László
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, P.O. Box 99, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary.
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Vörös D, Kiss O, Ollmann T, Mintál K, Péczely L, Zagoracz O, Kertes E, Kállai V, László BR, Berta B, Toth A, Lénárd L, László K. Intraamygdaloid Oxytocin Increases Time Spent on Social Interaction in Valproate-Induced Autism Animal Model. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1802. [PMID: 37509444 PMCID: PMC10376246 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder that affects about 1.5% of children worldwide. One of the core symptoms is impaired social interaction. Since proper treatment has not been found yet, an investigation of the exact pathophysiology of autism is essential. The valproate (VPA)-induced rat model can be an appropriate way to study autism. Oxytocin (OT) may amend some symptoms of ASD since it plays a key role in developing social relationships. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the intraamygdaloid OT on sham and intrauterine VPA-treated rats' social interaction using Crawley's social interaction test. Bilateral guide cannulae were implanted above the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), and intraamygdaloid microinjections were carried out before the test. Our results show that male Wistar rats prenatally exposed to VPA spent significantly less time on social interaction. Bilateral OT microinjection increased the time spent in the social zone; it also reached the level of sham-control animals. OT receptor antagonist blocked this effect of the OT but in itself did not significantly influence the behavior of the rats. Based on our results, we can establish that intraamygdaloid OT has significantly increased time spent on social interaction in the VPA-induced autism model, and its effect is receptor-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Vörös
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kiss
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Ollmann
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Learning in Biological and Artificial Systems Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kitti Mintál
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Cellular Bioimpedance Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Péczely
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Learning in Biological and Artificial Systems Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Olga Zagoracz
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Learning in Biological and Artificial Systems Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Kertes
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Learning in Biological and Artificial Systems Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Veronika Kállai
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Learning in Biological and Artificial Systems Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bettina Réka László
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Beáta Berta
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Learning in Biological and Artificial Systems Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Toth
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Cellular Bioimpedance Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Lénárd
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Molecular Endocrinology and Neurophysiology Research Group, Szentágothai Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kristóf László
- Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
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László BR, Kertes E, Ollmann T, Péczely L, Kovács A, Karádi Z, Lénárd L, László K. The Role of Intra-Amygdaloid Neurotensin and Dopamine Interaction in Spatial Learning and Memory. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123138. [PMID: 36551894 PMCID: PMC9775557 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitter and neuromodulator neurotensin (NT) has been proved to facilitate spatial and passive avoidance learning after microinjected into the rat central nucleus of amygdala (CeA). These previous studies of our laboratory also revealed that neurotensin-1 receptor (NTS1) is involved in the mentioned actions of NT. Extensive literature confirms the interaction between neurotensinergic and dopaminergic systems, and our research group also suppose that the mesolimbic dopaminergic system (MLDS) is involved in the spatial learning and memory-facilitating effect of NT in the CeA. In the present work, NT and dopamine (DA) interaction has been examined in the Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests. Rats received 100 ng NT, 5 µg dopamine D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride in itself, sulpiride as a pretreatment before NT or vehicle solution into the CeA. NT microinjection significantly decreased target-finding latency in the Morris water maze test and significantly increased entrance latency in the passive avoidance test, as was expected based on our previous findings. The DA D2 receptor antagonist pretreatment was able to inhibit both effects of NT. The results confirm the facilitatory effect of NT on spatial learning and memory and let us conclude that these actions can be exerted via the DA D2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Réka László
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Kertes
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Learning in Biological and Artificial Systems Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Ollmann
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Learning in Biological and Artificial Systems Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Péczely
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Learning in Biological and Artificial Systems Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anita Kovács
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Karádi
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, Cellular Bioimpedance Research Group, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Center, Molecular Endocrinology and Neurophysiology Research Group, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Lénárd
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, Cellular Bioimpedance Research Group, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Center, Molecular Endocrinology and Neurophysiology Research Group, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kristóf László
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Neuropeptides, Cognition, Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7602 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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László BR, Hormay E, Szabó I, Mintál K, Nagy B, László K, Péczely L, Ollmann T, Lénárd L, Karádi Z. Disturbance of taste reactivity and other behavioral alterations after bilateral interleukin-1β microinjection into the cingulate cortex of the rat. Behav Brain Res 2020; 383:112537. [PMID: 32032742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), is known to be intimately involved in food-related motivational processes and their behavioral organization, primarily by evaluating hedonic properties of the relevant stimuli. In the present study, the involvement of cingulate cortical interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mediated mechanisms in a) gustation associated facial and somato-motor behavioral patterns of Wistar rats were examined in taste reactivity test (TR). In addition, b) conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm was performed to investigate the role of these cytokine mechanisms in taste sensation associated learning processes, c) the general locomotor activity of the animals was observed in open field test (OPF), and d) the potentially negative reinforcing effect of IL-1β was examined in conditioned place preference test (CPP). During the TR test, species specific behavioral patterns in response to the five basic tastes were analyzed. Response rates of ingestive and aversive patterns of the cytokine treated and the control groups differed significantly in case of the weaker bitter (QHCl, 0.03 mM), and the stronger umami (MSG, 0.5 M) tastes. IL-1β itself did not elicit CTA, it did not interfere with the acquisition of LiCl induced CTA, and it also failed to cause place preference or aversion in the CPP test. In the OPF paradigm, however, significant differences were found between the cytokine treated and the control groups in the rearing and grooming, the number of crossings, and in the distance moved. Our results indicate the involvement of cingulate cortical IL-1β mechanisms in the control of taste perception and other relevant behavioral processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Réka László
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Edina Hormay
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Szabó
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kitti Mintál
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Nagy
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kristóf László
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Péczely
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Ollmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Lénárd
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Neuroendocrinology and Neurophysiology Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Karádi
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Neuroendocrinology and Neurophysiology Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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