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Kaieda A, Takahashi M, Fukuda H, Okamoto R, Morimoto S, Gotoh M, Miyazaki T, Hori Y, Unno S, Kawamoto T, Tanaka T, Itono S, Takagi T, Sugimoto H, Okada K, Lane W, Sang BC, Saikatendu K, Matsunaga S, Miwatashi S. Structure-Based Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Imidazo[4,5-b]Pyridin-2-one-Based p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitors: Part 2. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:2093-2101. [PMID: 31697454 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We identified novel potent inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase using a structure-based design strategy, beginning with lead compound, 3-(butan-2-yl)-6-(2,4-difluoroanilino)-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one (1). To enhance the inhibitory activity of 1 against production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in human whole blood (hWB) cell assays, we designed and synthesized hybrid compounds in which the imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one core was successfully linked with the p-methylbenzamide fragment. Among the compounds evaluated, 3-(3-tert-butyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-6-yl)-4-methyl-N-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)benzamide (25) exhibited potent p38 inhibition, superior suppression of TNF-α production in hWB cells, and also significant in vivo efficacy in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). In this paper, we report the discovery of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one-based p38 MAP kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kaieda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromi Fukuda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shinji Morimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Gotoh
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyazaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yuri Hori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Satoko Unno
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kawamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Tanaka
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Sachiko Itono
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Terufumi Takagi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kengo Okada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Weston Lane
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Kumar Saikatendu
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Shinichiro Matsunaga
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Seiji Miwatashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
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Fujimoto J, Kurasawa O, Takagi T, Liu X, Banno H, Kojima T, Asano Y, Nakamura A, Nambu T, Hata A, Ishii T, Sameshima T, Debori Y, Miyamoto M, Klein MG, Tjhen R, Sang BC, Levin I, Lane SW, Snell GP, Li K, Kefala G, Hoffman ID, Ding SC, Cary DR, Mizojiri R. Identification of Novel, Potent, and Orally Available GCN2 Inhibitors with Type I Half Binding Mode. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1498-1503. [PMID: 31620240 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
General control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) is a master regulator kinase of amino acid homeostasis and important for cancer survival in the tumor microenvironment under amino acid depletion. We initiated studies aiming at the discovery of novel GCN2 inhibitors as first-in-class antitumor agents and conducted modification of the substructure of sulfonamide derivatives with expected type I half binding on GCN2. Our synthetic strategy mainly corresponding to the αC-helix allosteric pocket of GCN2 led to significant enhancement in potency and a good pharmacokinetic profile in mice. In addition, compound 6d, which showed slow dissociation in binding on GCN2, demonstrated antiproliferative activity in combination with the asparagine-depleting agent asparaginase in an acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line, and it also displayed suppression of GCN2 pathway activation with asparaginase treatment in the ALL cell line and mouse xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fujimoto
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Osamu Kurasawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Terufumi Takagi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Xin Liu
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Banno
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takuto Kojima
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasutomi Asano
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akito Nakamura
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Nambu
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akito Hata
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ishii
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sameshima
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Debori
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Maki Miyamoto
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Michael G. Klein
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Richard Tjhen
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Irena Levin
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Scott Weston Lane
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Gyorgy P. Snell
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ke Li
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Georgia Kefala
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Isaac D. Hoffman
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Steve C. Ding
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Douglas R. Cary
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ryo Mizojiri
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Kaieda A, Takahashi M, Fukuda H, Okamoto R, Morimoto S, Gotoh M, Miyazaki T, Hori Y, Unno S, Kawamoto T, Tanaka T, Itono S, Takagi T, Sugimoto H, Okada K, Snell G, Bertsch R, Nguyen J, Sang BC, Miwatashi S. Structure-Based Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one-Based p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitors: Part 1. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1022-1030. [PMID: 30945818 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We identified a lead series of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors using a structure-based design strategy from high-throughput screening of hit compound 1. X-ray crystallography of 1 with the kinase showed an infrequent flip of the peptide bond between Met109 and Gly110, which was considered to lead to high kinase selectivity. Our structure-based design strategy was to conduct scaffold transformation of 1 with maintenance of hydrogen bond interactions with the flipped hinge backbone of the enzyme. In accordance with this strategy, we focused on scaffold transformation to identify imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one derivatives as potent inhibitors of the p38 MAP kinase. Of the compounds evaluated, 21 was found to be a potent inhibitor of the p38 MAP kinase, lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in human monocytic leukemia cells, and TNF-α-induced production of interleukin-8 in human whole blood cells. Herein we describe the discovery of potent and orally bioavailable imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one-based p38 MAP kinase inhibitors that suppressed cytokine production in a human whole blood cell-based assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kaieda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromi Fukuda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shinji Morimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Gotoh
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyazaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yuri Hori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Satoko Unno
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kawamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Tanaka
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Sachiko Itono
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Terufumi Takagi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kengo Okada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Gyorgy Snell
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Ryan Bertsch
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jasmine Nguyen
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Seiji Miwatashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
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4
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Yukawa T, Nara Y, Kono M, Sato A, Oda T, Takagi T, Sato T, Banno Y, Taya N, Imada T, Shiokawa Z, Negoro N, Kawamoto T, Koyama R, Uchiyama N, Skene R, Hoffman I, Chen CH, Sang B, Snell G, Katsuyama R, Yamamoto S, Shirai J. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Retinoic Acid-Related Orphan Receptor γt (RORγt) Agonist Structure-Based Functionality Switching Approach from In House RORγt Inverse Agonist to RORγt Agonist. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1167-1179. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yukawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshi Nara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Kono
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ayumu Sato
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Oda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Terufumi Takagi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sato
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Banno
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naohiro Taya
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Imada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Zenyu Shiokawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Negoro
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Kawamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ryokichi Koyama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Noriko Uchiyama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Robert Skene
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Isaac Hoffman
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - BiChing Sang
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Gyorgy Snell
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ryosuke Katsuyama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Junya Shirai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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5
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Nakagawa H, Koyama R, Kamada Y, Ochida A, Kono M, Shirai J, Yamamoto S, Ambrus-Aikelin G, Sang BC, Nakayama M. Biochemical Properties of TAK-828F, a Potent and Selective Retinoid-Related Orphan Receptor Gamma t Inverse Agonist. Pharmacology 2018; 102:244-252. [PMID: 30134246 DOI: 10.1159/000492226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) is a master regulator of T helper 17 cells that plays a pivotal role in the production of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-17. Therefore, RORγt has attracted much attention as a target receptor for the treatment of inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and psoriasis. This study aims to characterize TAK-828F, a potent and selective RORγt inverse agonist. METHODS The biochemical properties of TAK-828F were evaluated using Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) binding assay, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor assay, cofactor recruitment assay, reporter assay, and IL-17 expression assay. RESULTS TR-FRET binding assay and SPR biosensor assay revealed rapid, reversible, and high affinity binding of TAK-828F to RORγt. The cofactor recruitment assay showed that TAK-828F inhibited the recruitment of steroid receptor coactivator-1 to RORγt. Furthermore, TAK-828F inhibited the transcriptional activity of human and mouse RORγt with selectivity against human RORα and RORβ. TAK-828F also suppressed IL-17 production in Jurkat cells, overexpressing human RORγt. CONCLUSION These favorable properties will be of advantage in the evaluation of TAK-828F in clinical studies for inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that TAK-828F could serve as a pharmacological tool for further studies of RORγt and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Nakagawa
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan,
| | - Ryoukichi Koyama
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kamada
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ochida
- Immunology Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Kono
- Immunology Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Junya Shirai
- Immunology Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Immunology Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Geza Ambrus-Aikelin
- Takeda California, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- Takeda California, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
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6
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Koyama R, Fukuda Y, Kamada Y, Nakagawa H, Witmer D, Ambrus-Aikelin G, Sang BC, Nakayama M, Iwata H. Cholesterol Unbound RORγt Protein Enables a Sensitive Inverse Agonist Screening. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2018; 16:194-204. [PMID: 29874096 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2018.852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma T (RORγt) plays an important role in Th17 cell proliferation and functionality. Thus, RORγt inverse agonists are thought to be potent therapeutic agents for Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis. Although RORγt has constitutive activity, it is recognized that the receptor is physiologically regulated by various cholesterol derivatives. In this study, we sought to identify RORγt inverse agonists through a high-throughput screening campaign. To this end, we compared an apo-RORγt protein from Escherichia coli and a cholesterol-bound RORγt protein from insect cells. The IC50 of the known RORγt inverse agonist TO901317 was significantly lower for the apoprotein than for the cholesterol-bound RORγt. Through high-throughput screening using a fluorescence-based cholesterol binding assay with the apoprotein, we identified compound 1 as a novel cholesterol-competitive RORγt inverse agonist. Compound 1 inhibited the RORγt-TopFluor cholesterol interaction, coactivator recruitment, and transcriptional activity of RORγt. Cell-based reporter gene assay demonstrated that compound 1 showed higher potency by lipid depletion treatment. Collectively, our findings indicate that eliminating cholesterol from the RORγt protein is suitable for sensitive high-throughput screening to identify RORγt inverse agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryokichi Koyama
- 1 Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yasunori Fukuda
- 1 Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kamada
- 1 Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nakagawa
- 1 Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Darbi Witmer
- 2 Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California , San Diego, California
| | - Geza Ambrus-Aikelin
- 2 Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California , San Diego, California
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- 2 Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California , San Diego, California
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- 1 Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Iwata
- 1 Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , Fujisawa, Japan
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7
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Kono M, Ochida A, Oda T, Imada T, Banno Y, Taya N, Masada S, Kawamoto T, Yonemori K, Nara Y, Fukase Y, Yukawa T, Tokuhara H, Skene R, Sang BC, Hoffman ID, Snell GP, Uga K, Shibata A, Igaki K, Nakamura Y, Nakagawa H, Tsuchimori N, Yamasaki M, Shirai J, Yamamoto S. Discovery of [cis-3-({(5R)-5-[(7-Fluoro-1,1-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)carbamoyl]-2-methoxy-7,8-dihydro-1,6-naphthyridin-6(5H)-yl}carbonyl)cyclobutyl]acetic Acid (TAK-828F) as a Potent, Selective, and Orally Available Novel Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor γt Inverse Agonist. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2973-2988. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Kono
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ochida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Oda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Imada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Banno
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naohiro Taya
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichi Masada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Kawamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yonemori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshi Nara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukase
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yukawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tokuhara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Robert Skene
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Isaac D. Hoffman
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Gyorgy P. Snell
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Keiko Uga
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Shibata
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Keiko Igaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nakamura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nakagawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Noboru Tsuchimori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamasaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Junya Shirai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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8
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Kaieda A, Takahashi M, Takai T, Goto M, Miyazaki T, Hori Y, Unno S, Kawamoto T, Tanaka T, Itono S, Takagi T, Hamada T, Shirasaki M, Okada K, Snell G, Bragstad K, Sang BC, Uchikawa O, Miwatashi S. Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-based p38 MAP kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:647-660. [PMID: 29291937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We identified novel potent inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase using structure-based design strategy. X-ray crystallography showed that when p38 MAP kinase is complexed with TAK-715 (1) in a co-crystal structure, Phe169 adopts two conformations, where one interacts with 1 and the other shows no interaction with 1. Our structure-based design strategy shows that these two conformations converge into one via enhanced protein-ligand hydrophobic interactions. According to the strategy, we focused on scaffold transformation to identify imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine derivatives as potent inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase. Among the herein described and evaluated compounds, N-oxide 16 exhibited potent inhibition of p38 MAP kinase and LPS-induced TNF-α production in human monocytic THP-1 cells, and significant in vivo efficacy in rat collagen-induced arthritis models. In this article, we report the discovery of potent, selective and orally bioavailable imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-based p38 MAP kinase inhibitors with pyridine N-oxide group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kaieda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takafumi Takai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Goto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyazaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yuri Hori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Satoko Unno
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kawamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Tanaka
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Sachiko Itono
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Terufumi Takagi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Teruki Hamada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mikio Shirasaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kengo Okada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Gyorgy Snell
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Ken Bragstad
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Osamu Uchikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Seiji Miwatashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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9
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Fukase Y, Sato A, Tomata Y, Ochida A, Kono M, Yonemori K, Koga K, Okui T, Yamasaki M, Fujitani Y, Nakagawa H, Koyama R, Nakayama M, Skene R, Sang BC, Hoffman I, Shirai J, Yamamoto S. Identification of novel quinazolinedione derivatives as RORγt inverse agonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:721-736. [PMID: 29342416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel small molecules were synthesized and evaluated as retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-gamma t (RORγt) inverse agonists for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. A hit compound, 1, was discovered by high-throughput screening of our compound library. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of compound 1 showed that the introduction of a chlorine group at the 3-position of 4-cyanophenyl moiety increased the potency and a 3-methylpentane-1,5-diamide linker is favorable for the activity. The carbazole moiety of 1 was also optimized; a quinazolinedione derivative 18i suppressed the increase of IL-17A mRNA level in the lymph node of a rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) upon oral administration. These results indicate that the novel quinazolinedione derivatives have great potential as orally available small-molecule RORγt inverse agonists for the treatment of Th17-driven autoimmune diseases. A U-shaped bioactive conformation of this chemotype with RORγt protein was also observed.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Drug Inverse Agonism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/veterinary
- Female
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Jurkat Cells
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/agonists
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Quinazolinones/administration & dosage
- Quinazolinones/chemistry
- Quinazolinones/metabolism
- Quinazolinones/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Solubility
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Th17 Cells/cytology
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Fukase
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ayumu Sato
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Yoshihide Tomata
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ochida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Kono
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yonemori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Keiko Koga
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshitake Okui
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamasaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasushi Fujitani
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nakagawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ryoukichi Koyama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Robert Skene
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Isaac Hoffman
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Junya Shirai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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10
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Okawa T, Aramaki Y, Yamamoto M, Kobayashi T, Fukumoto S, Toyoda Y, Henta T, Hata A, Ikeda S, Kaneko M, Hoffman ID, Sang BC, Zou H, Kawamoto T. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of the Highly Selective and Potent G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Inhibitor for the Potential Treatment of Heart Failure. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6942-6990. [PMID: 28699740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel class of therapeutic drug candidates for heart failure, highly potent and selective GRK2 inhibitors, exhibit potentiation of β-adrenergic signaling in vitro studies. Hydrazone derivative 5 and 1,2,4-triazole derivative 24a were identified as hit compounds by HTS. New scaffold generation and SAR studies of all parts resulted in a 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazole derivative with an N-benzylcarboxamide moiety with highly potent activity toward GRK2 and selectivity over other kinases. In terms of subtype selectivity, these compounds showed enough selectivity against GRK1, 5, 6, and 7 with almost equipotent inhibition to GRK3. Our medicinal chemistry efforts led to the discovery of 115h (GRK2 IC50 = 18 nM), which was obtained the cocrystal structure with human GRK2 and an inhibitor of GRK2 that potentiates β-adrenergic receptor (βAR)-mediated cAMP accumulation and prevents internalization of βARs in β2AR-expressing HEK293 cells treated with isoproterenol. Therefore, 115h appears to be a novel class of therapeutic for heart failure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Okawa
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshio Aramaki
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Yamamoto
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshitake Kobayashi
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shoji Fukumoto
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yukio Toyoda
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Henta
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akito Hata
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shota Ikeda
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Manami Kaneko
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Isaac D Hoffman
- Takeda California , 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- Takeda California , 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hua Zou
- Takeda California , 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tetsuji Kawamoto
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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11
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Katoh T, Takai T, Yukawa T, Tsukamoto T, Watanabe E, Mototani H, Arita T, Hayashi H, Nakagawa H, Klein MG, Zou H, Sang BC, Snell G, Nakada Y. Discovery and optimization of 1,7-disubstituted-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones as potent and selective PKCθ inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2466-2475. [PMID: 27117263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput screening campaign helped us to identify an initial lead compound (1) as a protein kinase C-θ (PKCθ) inhibitor. Using the docking model of compound 1 bound to PKCθ as a model, structure-based drug design was employed and two regions were identified that could be explored for further optimization, i.e., (a) a hydrophilic region around Thr442, unique to PKC family, in the inner part of the hinge region, and (b) a lipophilic region at the forefront of the ethyl moiety. Optimization of the hinge binder led us to find 1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one as a potent and selective hinge binder, which resulted in the discovery of compound 5. Filling the lipophilic region with a suitable lipophilic substituent boosted PKCθ inhibitory activity and led to the identification of compound 10. The co-crystal structure of compound 10 bound to PKCθ confirmed that both the hydrophilic and lipophilic regions were fully utilized. Further optimization of compound 10 led us to compound 14, which demonstrated an improved pharmacokinetic profile and inhibition of IL-2 production in a mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Katoh
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Takai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yukawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tsukamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Etsurou Watanabe
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Mototani
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takeo Arita
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nakagawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Michael G Klein
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Hua Zou
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Gyorgy Snell
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Yoshihisa Nakada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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12
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Wang H, Klein MG, Snell G, Lane W, Zou H, Levin I, Li K, Sang BC. Structure of Human GIVD Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Reveals Insights into Substrate Recognition. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:2769-79. [PMID: 27220631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipases A2 (cPLA2s) consist of a family of calcium-sensitive enzymes that function to generate lipid second messengers through hydrolysis of membrane-associated glycerophospholipids. The GIVD cPLA2 (cPLA2δ) is a potential drug target for developing a selective therapeutic agent for the treatment of psoriasis. Here, we present two X-ray structures of human cPLA2δ, capturing an apo state, and in complex with a substrate-like inhibitor. Comparison of the apo and inhibitor-bound structures reveals conformational changes in a flexible cap that allows the substrate to access the relatively buried active site, providing new insight into the mechanism for substrate recognition. The cPLA2δ structure reveals an unexpected second C2 domain that was previously unrecognized from sequence alignments, placing cPLA2δ into the class of membrane-associated proteins that contain a tandem pair of C2 domains. Furthermore, our structures elucidate novel inter-domain interactions and define three potential calcium-binding sites that are likely important for regulation and activation of enzymatic activity. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms governing cPLA2's function in signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Michael G Klein
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Gyorgy Snell
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Weston Lane
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Hua Zou
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Irena Levin
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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13
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Wang H, Klein MG, Zou H, Lane W, Snell G, Levin I, Li K, Sang BC. Crystal structure of human stearoyl–coenzyme A desaturase in complex with substrate. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015; 22:581-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Okaniwa M, Hirose M, Arita T, Yabuki M, Nakamura A, Takagi T, Kawamoto T, Uchiyama N, Sumita A, Tsutsumi S, Tottori T, Inui Y, Sang BC, Yano J, Aertgeerts K, Yoshida S, Ishikawa T. Abstract C255: Discovery of TAK-632: A selective kinase inhibitor of pan-RAF with potent antitumor activity against BRAF and NRAS mutant melanomas. Mol Cancer Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-13-c255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The RAF family kinases play critical roles in cancer progression. Recently, BRAF selective inhibitors have shown significant clinical efficacy in melanoma patients bearing oncogenic BRAFV600E mutation. However, several studies reported that RAF inhibitors instinctively transactivate RAF homodimers (CRAF-CRAF) or heterodimers (CRAF-BRAF(wt)) and activate RAS dependent MAPK signaling. Along with this mechanism, it has been reported that selective BRAF inhibitors have not shown potent anti-proliferative activity against cancer cell lines such as NRAS mutant melanoma in which RAS dependent MAPK signaling is activated (Hong Yang et al., Cancer Res., 2010, 70, 5518-5527). However, our initial investigation using fibroblast CsFb (BRAFwt) cells indicated that phosphorylation of MEK and ERK was inhibited by some DFG-out inhibitors, but not by DFG-in inhibitors. These results led to the hypothesis: continuous inhibition of pan-RAF (BRAF and CRAF) with DFG-out type inhibitors could suppress the feedback activation.
Here we report the discovery and characterization of pan-RAF inhibitor TAK-632. We designed novel 1,3-benzothiazole class derivatives using knowledge of structure-activity relationships gained from studies of our thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine class RAF/VEGFR2 inhibitor (Masanori Okaniwa et al., J. Med. Chem., 2012, 55, 3452-3478). To enrich RAF kinase selectivity vs. VEGFR2, we utilized the cocrystal structures of our lead compound with both BRAF and VEGFR2. Eventually, we designed and selected 7-cyano derivative TAK-632 as a development candidate. Cocrystal structure analysis of BRAF bearing TAK-632 revealed that accommodation of the 7-cyano group into the BRAF-selectivity pocket and the 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl acetamide moiety into the hydrophobic back pocket of BRAF in the DFG-out conformation contributed to enhanced RAF inhibition and selectivity vs. VEGFR2.
Reflecting its potent pan-RAF inhibition (IC50: BRAFV600E 2.4 nM, CRAF 1.4 nM) and slow dissociation (koff) profile measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, TAK-632 demonstrated significant cellular activity against mutated BRAF or mutated NRAS cancer cell lines. Furthermore, in both A375 (BRAFV600E) and HMVII (NRASQ61K) xenograft models in rats, TAK-632 demonstrated regressive antitumor activity by twice daily, 14-day repetitive administration without significant body weight loss.
In conclusion, these results raise the possibility of using slow off-rate pan-RAF inhibitors such as TAK-632 for the treatment of human cancers harboring either BRAFV600E or NRAS mutant.
Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):C255.
Citation Format: Masanori Okaniwa, Masaaki Hirose, Takeo Arita, Masato Yabuki, Akito Nakamura, Terufumi Takagi, Tomohiro Kawamoto, Noriko Uchiyama, Akihiko Sumita, Shunichirou Tsutsumi, Tsuneaki Tottori, Yoshitaka Inui, Bi-Ching Sang, Jason Yano, Kathleen Aertgeerts, Sei Yoshida, Tomoyasu Ishikawa. Discovery of TAK-632: A selective kinase inhibitor of pan-RAF with potent antitumor activity against BRAF and NRAS mutant melanomas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C255.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Okaniwa
- 1Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hirose
- 1Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeo Arita
- 1Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masato Yabuki
- 1Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akito Nakamura
- 1Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Terufumi Takagi
- 1Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Noriko Uchiyama
- 1Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yoshitaka Inui
- 1Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Sei Yoshida
- 1Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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Okaniwa M, Hirose M, Arita T, Yabuki M, Nakamura A, Takagi T, Kawamoto T, Uchiyama N, Sumita A, Tsutsumi S, Tottori T, Inui Y, Sang BC, Yano J, Aertgeerts K, Yoshida S, Ishikawa T. Discovery of a Selective Kinase Inhibitor (TAK-632) Targeting Pan-RAF Inhibition: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of C-7-Substituted 1,3-Benzothiazole Derivatives. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6478-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400778d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Okaniwa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hirose
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takeo Arita
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masato Yabuki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akito Nakamura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Terufumi Takagi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kawamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Noriko Uchiyama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sumita
- CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85 Jusohonmachi 2-chome,
Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Shunichirou Tsutsumi
- CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85 Jusohonmachi 2-chome,
Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Tottori
- CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85 Jusohonmachi 2-chome,
Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Inui
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- Structural Biology, Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive,
San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jason Yano
- Structural Biology, Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive,
San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kathleen Aertgeerts
- Structural Biology, Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive,
San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sei Yoshida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Ishikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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16
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Farrell P, Shi L, Matuszkiewicz J, Balakrishna D, Hoshino T, Zhang L, Elliott S, Fabrey R, Lee B, Halkowycz P, Sang B, Ishino S, Nomura T, Teratani M, Ohta Y, Grimshaw C, Paraselli B, Satou T, de Jong R. Biological Characterization of TAK-901, an Investigational, Novel, Multitargeted Aurora B Kinase Inhibitor. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:460-70. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Hirose M, Okaniwa M, Miyazaki T, Imada T, Ohashi T, Tanaka Y, Arita T, Yabuki M, Kawamoto T, Tsutsumi S, Sumita A, Takagi T, Sang BC, Yano J, Aertgeerts K, Yoshida S, Ishikawa T. Design and synthesis of novel DFG-out RAF/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) inhibitors: 3. Evaluation of 5-amino-linked thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine and thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5600-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Rikimaru K, Wakabayashi T, Abe H, Tawaraishi T, Imoto H, Yonemori J, Hirose H, Murase K, Matsuo T, Matsumoto M, Nomura C, Tsuge H, Arimura N, Kawakami K, Sakamoto J, Funami M, Mol CD, Snell GP, Bragstad KA, Sang BC, Dougan DR, Tanaka T, Katayama N, Horiguchi Y, Momose Y. Structure–activity relationships and key structural feature of pyridyloxybenzene-acylsulfonamides as new, potent, and selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ Agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3332-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Okaniwa M, Hirose M, Imada T, Ohashi T, Hayashi Y, Miyazaki T, Arita T, Yabuki M, Kakoi K, Kato J, Takagi T, Kawamoto T, Yao S, Sumita A, Tsutsumi S, Tottori T, Oki H, Sang BC, Yano J, Aertgeerts K, Yoshida S, Ishikawa T. Design and Synthesis of Novel DFG-Out RAF/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 (VEGFR2) Inhibitors. 1. Exploration of [5,6]-Fused Bicyclic Scaffolds. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3452-78. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300126x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Okaniwa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hirose
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Imada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ohashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Youko Hayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tohru Miyazaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takeo Arita
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masato Yabuki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Kakoi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Juran Kato
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Terufumi Takagi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kawamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yao
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sumita
- CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-Chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka
532-8686, Japan
| | - Shunichirou Tsutsumi
- CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-Chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka
532-8686, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Tottori
- CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-Chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka
532-8686, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Oki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- Structural
Biology, Takeda California, Inc., 10410
Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jason Yano
- Structural
Biology, Takeda California, Inc., 10410
Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kathleen Aertgeerts
- Structural
Biology, Takeda California, Inc., 10410
Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sei Yoshida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Ishikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Yamashita T, Kamata M, Endo S, Yamamoto M, Kakegawa K, Watanabe H, Miwa K, Yamano T, Funata M, Sakamoto JI, Tani A, Mol CD, Zou H, Dougan DR, Sang B, Snell G, Fukatsu K. Design, synthesis, and structure–activity relationships of spirolactones bearing 2-ureidobenzothiophene as acetyl-CoA carboxylases inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6314-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Aertgeerts K, Skene R, Yano J, Sang BC, Zou H, Snell G, Jennings A, Iwamoto K, Habuka N, Hirokawa A, Ishikawa T, Tanaka T, Miki H, Ohta Y, Sogabe S. Structural analysis of the mechanism of inhibition and allosteric activation of the kinase domain of HER2 protein. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:18756-65. [PMID: 21454582 PMCID: PMC3099692 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.206193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant signaling of ErbB family members human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is implicated in many human cancers, and HER2 expression is predictive of human disease recurrence and prognosis. Small molecule kinase inhibitors of EGFR and of both HER2 and EGFR have received approval for the treatment of cancer. We present the first high resolution crystal structure of the kinase domain of HER2 in complex with a selective inhibitor to understand protein activation, inhibition, and function at the molecular level. HER2 kinase domain crystallizes as a dimer and suggests evidence for an allosteric mechanism of activation comparable with previously reported activation mechanisms for EGFR and HER4. A unique Gly-rich region in HER2 following the α-helix C is responsible for increased conformational flexibility within the active site and could explain the low intrinsic catalytic activity previously reported for HER2. In addition, we solved the crystal structure of the kinase domain of EGFR in complex with a HER2/EGFR dual inhibitor (TAK-285). Comparison with previously reported inactive and active EGFR kinase domain structures gave insight into the mechanism of HER2 and EGFR inhibition and may help guide the design and development of new cancer drugs with improved potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Aertgeerts
- Takeda San Diego Inc, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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22
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Farrell P, Shi L, Matuszkiewicz J, Balakrishna D, Elliott S, Halkowycz P, Feher V, Paraselli B, Grimshaw C, Sang B, de Jong R. Abstract B270: Profiling the biochemical and cellular activities of TAK-901, a potent multi-targeted Aurora-B kinase inhibitor. Mol Cancer Ther 2009. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-09-b270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aurora A, B, and C comprise a family of serine-threonine protein kinases that are key cell cycle regulators ensuring an orderly and accurate execution of mitosis and cell division. Aurora A localizes to centrosomes and spindle poles and is required for mitotic spindle assembly and centrosome maturation, whereas Aurora B is a chromosome passenger protein essential for phosphorylation of histone H3, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis. Aurora A and B are overexpressed in many malignancies, making them attractive therapeutic targets. Derived from the azacarboline scaffold representing a unique kinase hinge-binder chemotype, TAK-901 is a novel inhibitor of Aurora A, B, and C kinases with IC50 values in the low nanomolar range. It potently inhibits Aurora A-TPX2 and Aurora B-INCENP (IC50 = 21 and 15 nM, respectively) and is a time-dependent, tight binding inhibitor of Aurora B-INCENP. Dissociation of TAK-901 from Aurora B-INCENP was slow with a t1/2 of 920 minutes, and the affinity constant for TAK-901 binding to Aurora B-INCENP was determined to be 0.02 nM. TAK-901 induced inhibition of cell proliferation in cultured human cancer cell lines from different tissues with IC50s ranging from 40 to 500 nM. Consistent with Aurora B inhibition, TAK-901 treatment produced polyploidy in human PC3 prostate cancer and HL60 acute myeloid leukemia cells as measured by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Examination of a broad panel of kinases revealed that multiple kinases, including FLT3, FGFR and the Src family kinases, were inhibited by TAK-901 with IC50 values similar to those for Aurora A and B. In cells, TAK-901 suppressed the Flt3 and FGFR2 autophosphorylation with IC50 values close to that of Aurora B as measured by cellular histone H3 phosphorylation, whereas the IC50s for inhibition of cellular Src and BcrAbl were 20-fold weaker. In a panel of pathway specific reporter-based cell models, TAK-901 inhibited the NFkB and JAK/STAT pathways with submicromolar potency. However, phosphorylation or subcellular localization of the signaling mediators NFkB and STAT5 were unaffected by TAK-901 treatment. The expression of a subset of NFkB-regulated genes was altered by TAK-901. Furthermore, TAK-901 treated human PBMCs exhibited multiple differentially expressed genes, as identified using gene expression profiling by microarray analysis, which were subsequently confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. The mechanism by which TAK-901 alters expression of these genes remains unknown and is under investigation. Altogether, these findings have led to increased understanding of the biological activities of TAK-901 and identification of potential novel biomarkers for clinical use. TAK-901 is currently in Phase I clinical trials.
Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):B270.
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Yu SL, Chung HJ, Sang BC, Park CS, Lee JH, Yoon DH, Lee SH, Choi KD. Identification of differentially expressed genes in distinct skeletal muscles in cattle using cDNA microarray. Anim Biotechnol 2008; 18:275-85. [PMID: 17934901 DOI: 10.1080/10495390701413391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The 788-gene microarray was manufactured using selected elements from three different cDNA libraries in order to identify molecular processes that determine phenotypic characteristics between loin (M. longissimus thoracis) and round (M. semimembranosus) muscles. Microarray analyses identified 24 differentially expressed genes between the two muscles investigated. Five of the genes were verified by quantitative RT-PCR and three of them were mapped on bovine chromosomes using 5,000 rad bovine radiation hybrid (RH) panel. The map locations indicated that they were mapped in the same chromosomal regions where IMF and growth QTLs were located, suggesting that they are most possible positional candidate genes for the traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Yu
- Division of Animal Science and Resources, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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24
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Yu SL, Kim JE, Chung HJ, Jung KC, Lee YJ, Yoon DH, Lee SH, Choi I, Bottema CDK, Sang BC, Lee JH. Molecular cloning and characterization of bovine PRKAG3 gene: structure, expression and single nucleotide polymorphism detection. J Anim Breed Genet 2006; 122:294-301. [PMID: 16191037 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2005.00545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase adenosine monophosphate-activated gamma3-subunit (PRKAG3) gene encodes a muscle-specific isoform of the regulatory gamma-subunit of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, which plays a key role in regulating energy homeostasis in eucaryotes. It is well known that mutations in the PRKAG3 gene affect high glycogen content in the porcine skeletal muscle and, consequently, meat quality. The genomic structure and sequence of the bovine PRKAG3 were analysed from a Korean cattle BAC clone. The bovine PRKAG3 gene comprises 13 exons and spans approximately 6.8 kb on BTA2. From 5' and 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends experiments, the full-length cDNA of bovine PRKAG3 has been identified, encoding a deduced protein of 465 amino acids. Two splice isoforms, generated by the alternative splicing of exon 2, were also identified. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that, similar to other species, the bovine PRKAG3 transcript was only expressed in skeletal muscle. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms, including two previously identified variants, were detected in four Bos taurus cattle breeds. The bovine PRKAG3 gene described in this study may be involved in muscle-related genetic diseases or meat quality traits in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Yu
- Division of Animal Science and Resources, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Zou H, Wu Y, Navre M, Sang BC. Characterization of the two catalytic domains in histone deacetylase 6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:45-50. [PMID: 16412385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is the only known HDAC with two potentially functional catalytic domains, yet the role towards substrate played by these two domains remains ambiguous. Most studies report HDAC6 activities measured using either immune complexes or in vitro translated products. Here, we characterize the activity of highly purified recombinant HDAC6, mutants with active site histidine mutations in each domain (H216A and H611A), and individual catalytic domains. The deacetylase activities of these proteins, as well as their kinetic parameters, were measured using histone, alpha-tubulin, and fluorogenic acetylated lysine as substrates. Mutant H216A only slightly lowers the catalytic rate. However, mutant H611A decreases the catalytic rate more than 5000-fold. The first domain expressed alone is not catalytically active. In contrast, the second domain shows only a modest decrease in substrate binding and product formation rate. Our results indicate that the in vitro deacetylase activity of HDAC6 resides in the C-terminal second catalytic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zou
- Takeda San Diego Inc., CA 92121, USA
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26
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Xu R, Sang BC, Navre M, Kassel DB. Cell-based assay for screening 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry detection. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2006; 20:1643-7. [PMID: 16636996 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol is an important glucocorticoid that regulates many physiological pathways by activating various intracellular receptors. The type 1 isozyme of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD1) functions in vivo predominantly as a reductase by converting cortisone into cortisol. A high-throughput liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method has been developed to screen for inhibitors of 11beta-HSD1 by monitoring cortisol and cortisone simultaneously. The injection cycle time can be as fast as 1 min/sample, making it amenable to the analysis of large numbers of the cell-assay samples in the screening of 11beta-HSD inhibitors. The reductase and dehydrogenase activities of 11beta-HSD1 are assessed separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongda Xu
- Takeda San Diego, Inc., 10410 Science Center Dr., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Somoza JR, Skene RJ, Katz BA, Mol C, Ho JD, Jennings AJ, Luong C, Arvai A, Buggy JJ, Chi E, Tang J, Sang BC, Verner E, Wynands R, Leahy EM, Dougan DR, Snell G, Navre M, Knuth MW, Swanson RV, McRee DE, Tari LW. Structural snapshots of human HDAC8 provide insights into the class I histone deacetylases. Structure 2005; 12:1325-34. [PMID: 15242608 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2004.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Revised: 04/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the acetylation state of histones plays a pivotal role in the regulation of gene expression. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from lysines near the N termini of histones. This reaction promotes the condensation of chromatin, leading to repression of transcription. HDAC deregulation has been linked to several types of cancer, suggesting a potential use for HDAC inhibitors in oncology. Here we describe the first crystal structures of a human HDAC: the structures of human HDAC8 complexed with four structurally diverse hydroxamate inhibitors. This work sheds light on the catalytic mechanism of the HDACs, and on differences in substrate specificity across the HDAC family. The structure also suggests how phosphorylation of Ser39 affects HDAC8 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Somoza
- Celera, 180 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
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Aertgeerts K, Ye S, Shi L, Prasad SG, Witmer D, Chi E, Sang BC, Wijnands RA, Webb DR, Swanson RV. N-linked glycosylation of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26): effects on enzyme activity, homodimer formation, and adenosine deaminase binding. Protein Sci 2004; 13:145-54. [PMID: 14691230 PMCID: PMC2286525 DOI: 10.1110/ps.03352504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The type II transmembrane serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), also known as CD26 or adenosine deaminase binding protein, is a major regulator of various physiological processes, including immune, inflammatory, nervous, and endocrine functions. It has been generally accepted that glycosylation of DPPIV and of other transmembrane dipeptidyl peptidases is a prerequisite for enzyme activity and correct protein folding. Crystallographic studies on DPPIV reveal clear N-linked glycosylation of nine Asn residues in DPPIV. However, the importance of each glycosylation site on physiologically relevant reactions such as dipeptide cleavage, dimer formation, and adenosine deaminase (ADA) binding remains obscure. Individual Asn-->Ala point mutants were introduced at the nine glycosylation sites in the extracellular domain of DPPIV (residues 39-766). Crystallographic and biochemical data demonstrate that N-linked glycosylation of DPPIV does not contribute significantly to its peptidase activity. The kinetic parameters of dipeptidyl peptidase cleavage of wild-type DPPIV and the N-glycosylation site mutants were determined by using Ala-Pro-AFC and Gly-Pro-pNA as substrates and varied by <50%. DPPIV is active as a homodimer. Size-exclusion chromatographic analysis showed that the glycosylation site mutants do not affect dimerization. ADA binds to the highly glycosylated beta-propeller domain of DPPIV, but the impact of glycosylation on binding had not previously been determined. Our studies indicate that glycosylation of DPPIV is not required for ADA binding. Taken together, these data indicate that in contrast to the generally accepted view, glycosylation of DPPIV is not a prerequisite for catalysis, dimerization, or ADA binding.
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29
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Jung KC, Yu SL, Chung HJ, Kim TH, Jeon JT, Choi KD, Sang BC, Park CS, Lee JH. Assignment of protein kinase, AMP-activated,beta 2 non-catalytic subunit (PRKAB2) gene to porcine chromosome 4q21 23 by somatic cell and radiation hybrid panel mapping. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 103:202C. [PMID: 15008142 DOI: 10.1159/000076316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K C Jung
- Division of Animal Science and Resources, chungham National University, Daejeon, Korea
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30
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Mol CD, Dougan DR, Schneider TR, Skene RJ, Kraus ML, Scheibe DN, Snell GP, Zou H, Sang BC, Wilson KP. Structural basis for the autoinhibition and STI-571 inhibition of c-Kit tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:31655-63. [PMID: 15123710 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403319200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of the c-Kit receptor protein-tyrosine kinase is tightly regulated in normal cells, whereas deregulated c-Kit kinase activity is implicated in the pathogenesis of human cancers. The c-Kit juxtamembrane region is known to have an autoinhibitory function; however the precise mechanism by which c-Kit is maintained in an autoinhibited state is not known. We report the 1.9-A resolution crystal structure of native c-Kit kinase in an autoinhibited conformation and compare it with active c-Kit kinase. Autoinhibited c-Kit is stabilized by the juxtamembrane domain, which inserts into the kinase-active site and disrupts formation of the activated structure. A 1.6-A crystal structure of c-Kit in complex with STI-571 (Imatinib or Gleevec) demonstrates that inhibitor binding disrupts this natural mechanism for maintaining c-Kit in an autoinhibited state. Together, these results provide a structural basis for understanding c-Kit kinase autoinhibition and will facilitate the structure-guided design of specific inhibitors that target the activated and autoinhibited conformations of c-Kit kinase.
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Aertgeerts K, Ye S, Tennant MG, Kraus ML, Rogers J, Sang BC, Skene RJ, Webb DR, Prasad GS. Crystal structure of human dipeptidyl peptidase IV in complex with a decapeptide reveals details on substrate specificity and tetrahedral intermediate formation. Protein Sci 2004; 13:412-21. [PMID: 14718659 PMCID: PMC2286704 DOI: 10.1110/ps.03460604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) is a member of the prolyl oligopeptidase family of serine proteases. DPPIV removes dipeptides from the N terminus of substrates, including many chemokines, neuropeptides, and peptide hormones. Specific inhibition of DPPIV is being investigated in human trials for the treatment of type II diabetes. To understand better the molecular determinants that underlie enzyme catalysis and substrate specificity, we report the crystal structures of DPPIV in the free form and in complex with the first 10 residues of the physiological substrate, Neuropeptide Y (residues 1-10; tNPY). The crystal structure of the free form of the enzyme reveals two potential channels through which substrates could access the active site-a so-called propeller opening, and side opening. The crystal structure of the DPPIV/tNPY complex suggests that bioactive peptides utilize the side opening unique to DPPIV to access the active site. Other structural features in the active site such as the presence of a Glu motif, a well-defined hydrophobic S1 subsite, and minimal long-range interactions explain the substrate recognition and binding properties of DPPIV. Moreover, in the DPPIV/tNPY complex structure, the peptide is not cleaved but trapped in a tetrahedral intermediate that occurs during catalysis. Conformational changes of S630 and H740 between DPPIV in its free form and in complex with tNPY were observed and contribute to the stabilization of the tetrahedral intermediate. Our results facilitate the design of potent, selective small molecule inhibitors of DPPIV that may yield compounds for the development of novel drugs to treat type II diabetes.
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Mol CD, Lim KB, Sridhar V, Zou H, Chien EYT, Sang BC, Nowakowski J, Kassel DB, Cronin CN, McRee DE. Structure of a c-kit product complex reveals the basis for kinase transactivation. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:31461-4. [PMID: 12824176 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c300186200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-Kit proto-oncogene is a receptor protein-tyrosine kinase associated with several highly malignant human cancers. Upon binding its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF), c-Kit forms an active dimer that autophosphorylates itself and activates a signaling cascade that induces cell growth. Disease-causing human mutations that activate SCF-independent constitutive expression of c-Kit are found in acute myelogenous leukemia, human mast cell disease, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. We report on the phosphorylation state and crystal structure of a c-Kit product complex. The c-Kit structure is in a fully active form, with ordered kinase activation and phosphate-binding loops. These results provide key insights into the molecular basis for c-Kit kinase transactivation to assist in the design of new competitive inhibitors targeting activated mutant forms of c-Kit that are resistant to current chemotherapy regimes.
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Nowakowski J, Cronin CN, McRee DE, Knuth MW, Nelson CG, Pavletich NP, Rogers J, Sang BC, Scheibe DN, Swanson RV, Thompson DA. Structures of the cancer-related Aurora-A, FAK, and EphA2 protein kinases from nanovolume crystallography. Structure 2002; 10:1659-67. [PMID: 12467573 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(02)00907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are important drug targets in human cancers, inflammation, and metabolic diseases. This report presents the structures of kinase domains for three cancer-associated protein kinases: ephrin receptor A2 (EphA2), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and Aurora-A. The expression profiles of EphA2, FAK, and Aurora-A in carcinomas suggest that inhibitors of these kinases may have inherent potential as therapeutic agents. The structures were determined from crystals grown in nanovolume droplets, which produced high-resolution diffraction data at 1.7, 1.9, and 2.3 A for FAK, Aurora-A, and EphA2, respectively. The FAK and Aurora-A structures are the first determined within two unique subfamilies of human kinases, and all three structures provide new insights into kinase regulation and the design of selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Nowakowski
- Syrrx, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Bouziane M, Miao F, Bates SE, Somsouk L, Sang BC, Denissenko M, O'Connor TR. Promoter structure and cell cycle dependent expression of the human methylpurine-DNA glycosylase gene. Mutat Res 2000; 461:15-29. [PMID: 10980409 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-8777(00)00036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG) gene coding for human 3-methyladenine (3-meAde)-DNA glycosylase functions in the first step of base excision repair (BER) to remove numerous damaged bases including 3-meGua, ethenoadenine, and hypoxanthine (Hx) in addition to 3-meAde. In this report, we identify the length of the minimal MPG promoter region, demonstrate the involvement of several transcription factors in expression of the MPG gene, and determine the point at which transcription initiates. We also demonstrate that control of MPG expression is linked to MPG activity. To initiate studies on how the MPG functions with the ensemble of BER genes to effect repair, we have investigated the cell cycle control of MPG and other BER genes in normal human cells. Steady-state mRNA levels of MPG, human Nth homologue (NTH), and uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG), DNA glycosylases, and human AP site-specific endonuclease (APE), an endonuclease incising DNA at abasic sites, are cell cycle dependent. In contrast, expression levels of genes coding for human 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase (OGG1) and TDG DNA glycosylases, and omicron 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene, and the RPA4 subunit gene do not vary with cell cycle. These observed cell cycle dependent differences might reflect distinct roles of individual BER proteins in mutation avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bouziane
- Department of Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Abstract
Mutations within conserved regions of the tumor suppressor protein, p53, result in oncogenic forms of the protein with altered tertiary structures. In most cases, the mutant p53 proteins are selectively recognized and bound by members of the HSP70 family of molecular chaperones, but the binding site(s) in p53 for these chaperones have not been clearly defined. We have screened a library of overlapping biotinylated peptides, spanning the entire human p53 sequence, for binding to the HSP70 proteins, Hsc70 and DnaK. We show that most of the high affinity binding sites for these proteins map to secondary structure elements, particularly beta-strands, in the hydrophobic core of the central DNA binding domain, where the majority of oncogenic p53 mutations are found. Although peptides corresponding to the C-terminal region of p53 also contain potential binding sites, p53 proteins with C-terminal deletions are capable of binding to Hsc70, indicating that this region is not required for complex formation. We propose that mutations in the p53 protein alter the tertiary structure of the central DNA binding domain, thus exposing high affinity HSP70 binding sites that are cryptic in the wild-type molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Fourie
- R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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36
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Sang BC, Shi L, Dias P, Liu L, Wei J, Wang ZX, Monell CR, Behm F, Gruenwald S. Monoclonal antibodies specific to the acute lymphoblastic leukemia t(1;19)-associated E2A/pbx1 chimeric protein: characterization and diagnostic utility. Blood 1997; 89:2909-14. [PMID: 9108411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities are found in most human malignancies, particularly leukemias and lymphomas. A characteristic t(1;19) (q23;p13.3) chromosomal translocation is detected in 5% of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases. This translocation results in the formation of a fusion gene, which leads to the expression of an oncogenic E2A/pbx1 protein. Breakpoints in the E2A gene almost invariably occur within a single intron, and the identical portion of PBX1 is joined consistently to exon 13 of E2A in fusion mRNA. In this article, we report the development of monoclonal antibodies against E2A/pbx1 fusion protein using a specific peptide that corresponds to the junction region of the protein. The obtained antibodies recognize specifically the chimeric E2A/pbx1 fusion protein and lack cross-reactivities with E2A and pbx1. Immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometric studies show that these antibodies can distinguish t(1;19)-positive from t(1;19)-negative leukemic cells. These results indicate that the obtained E2A/pbx1-specific monoclonal antibodies might prove to be valuable diagnostic reagents and important tools for elucidating the mechanisms involved in oncogenesis and progression of t(1;19)-positive childhood ALL.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/immunology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/ultrastructure
- Female
- Homeodomain Proteins/analysis
- Homeodomain Proteins/immunology
- Humans
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/analysis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/diagnosis
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/immunology
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/immunology
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Sang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, PharMingen Inc, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Sang BC, Chen JY, Minna J, Barbosa MS. Distinct regions of p53 have a differential role in transcriptional activation and repression functions. Oncogene 1994; 9:853-9. [PMID: 8108128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The wild type p53 tumor suppressor protein transactivates genes carrying p53 responsive elements and represses several TATA containing promoters. We report in vivo gene regulation assays where deletion of the N-terminal 75 residues (delta N75) results in loss of transactivation of p53CON and repression of an HPV 6 reporter. In contrast, removal of the C-terminal 75 (delta C75) amino acids resulted in a truncated protein capable of trans-activating p53CON but not able to repress the HPV 6 reporter. In vitro protein association assays revealed that the delta N75 protein, but not the delta C75 truncated protein, could oligomerize with the wild type p53 protein. Co-transfection assays with wild type p53 showed that the delta N75 mutant protein has a dominant negative effect on trans-activation function. However, it does not affect the ability of wild type p53 to repress transcription from the HPV 6 receptor. The delta C75 protein had no effect on the ability of the wild type p53 to activate p53CON or repress the HPV 6 reporter. These results suggest that distinct regions of p53 have a differential role in transcriptional activation and repression functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Sang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235
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38
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Sang BC, Barbosa MS. Single amino acid substitutions in "low-risk" human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6 E7 protein enhance features characteristic of the "high-risk" HPV E7 oncoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:8063-7. [PMID: 1325643 PMCID: PMC49856 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.17.8063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
HPV types associated with genital disease are termed "high-risk" or "low-risk" viruses according to their prevalence in cancers. Two viral genes, E6 and E7, are invariably expressed in cervical carcinomas. The E7 gene product has been found to bind the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein and to be phosphorylated by casein kinase II. Although present in both high- and low-risk E7 proteins, these activities are diminished in the low-risk HPV-6 E7 polypeptide. To better understand the oncogenic potential of the HPV-6 E7 protein, we replaced four of its amino acids with HPV-16 E7 residues present in the analogous region of the N-terminal half of the protein. Replacement of the arginine at position 4 of the HPV-6 E7 protein with an aspartate present in HPV-16 E7 slowed the mobility of the protein when expressed in vivo. Replacement of the glycine at position 22 with an aspartate resulted in higher affinity for retinoblastoma protein binding. Replacement of valine residues at positions 30 and 37 with asparagine and aspartate, respectively, resulted in higher levels of casein kinase II phosphorylation. The substitution at position 22 was the only mutation that exhibited increased transforming activity, suggesting a correlation between the HPV E7 protein affinity for the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein and its ability to transform established cells. Our results show that subtle changes in sequence may result in marked differences in biological activity of HPV oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Sang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9048
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Sang BC, Barbosa MS. Increased E6/E7 transcription in HPV 18-immortalized human keratinocytes results from inactivation of E2 and additional cellular events. Virology 1992; 189:448-55. [PMID: 1641976 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90568-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the state of the viral genome and transcription of human papillomavirus 18 oncogenes, E6 and E7, in immortalized human keratinocytes. At passage 9 after transfection with HPV 18 a homogeneous population of immortal clones was present. These cells have the viral DNA integrated within the E2 orf, accompanied by its partial deletion, similarly to what has been found in cervical carcinoma specimens. Transcription of the E6 and E7 oncogenes is mediated by the major viral early promoter (P105). Interestingly, transcriptional activity from this promoter increased upon continued in vitro passage of the cells. This event is concomitant with an increase in the proliferation rate of the cells. Reintroduction of the HPV 18 E2 gene into these cells resulted in repression of P105. However, the amount of E2 was limited in the HPV 18-immortalized cells. These data suggest that both viral and cellular factors play a role in increasing levels of E6 and E7 transcription providing the host cell with a proliferation advantage necessary for tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Sang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9048
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40
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Abstract
The long-wavelength circular dichroism (CD) changes induced by binding of fd gene 5 protein to the alternating DNA sequences poly[d(A-C)] and poly[d(C-T)] were similar to those induced by the protein complexed with the homopolymers poly[d(A)], poly[d(C)], and poly[d(T)]. The fd gene 5 protein showed different binding affinities for the various polymers. The affinity for the alternating sequences was not compositionally weighted with respect to the affinities for the homopolymers, indicating that both base composition and base sequence of the template are important for the binding of fd gene 5 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Sang
- Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75083-0688
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41
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Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) measurements were made on both fd and IKe gene 5 proteins in solution. The difference between the CD spectra of these two proteins was interpreted as being the result of an enhanced tyrosine contribution in the IKe gene 5 protein spectrum. There was no spectral evidence for significant alpha-helical structures in either of the two gene 5 proteins. CD measurements were also made on complexes of the two gene 5 proteins with poly(rA). The long-wavelength region (300-250 nm) of the CD spectra of both complexes was essentially like that of free poly(rA) at a high temperature. With the assumption that the poly(rA) components of the complexes had the same CD at all wavelengths as did free poly(rA) at a high temperature, it was possible to separate the CD spectra of the complexes into protein and nucleic acid components. Except for the tyrosine CD band at 229 nm, there were no significant changes in the CD bands of either protein upon binding to poly(rA). Thus, each protein appeared to maintain essentially the same overall secondary conformation when complexed with poly(rA) as when in its free state.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Sang
- Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas, Dallas, Richardson 75083-0688
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42
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Gregory JS, Boulton TG, Sang BC, Cobb MH. An insulin-stimulated ribosomal protein S6 kinase from rabbit liver. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:18397-401. [PMID: 2553707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report we describe an activated form of S6 protein kinase in rabbits treated acutely with insulin. The major insulin-stimulated activity in rabbit liver is increased 2- to 5-fold compared to material from untreated animals based on DEAE-cellulose profiles. The activity observed in DEAE-cellulose fractions can be separated into a major and a minor peak, each having very similar chromatographic behavior. Chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, S-Sepharose, heptyl-Sepharose, heparin-agarose, and Mono Q results in greater than 20,000-fold purification of the insulin-stimulated enzyme with a 12% recovery. The stimulated activity has chromatographic properties similar to an S6 protein kinase studied previously in 3T3-L1 cells (Cobb, M. H. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 12994-12999) and other systems. The enzyme purified from insulin-treated animals contains a major band that migrates in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels with Mr congruent to 70,000; this band also appears in the control preparation. Treatment of the insulin-stimulated S6 kinase with the catalytic subunit of phosphatase 2a reduces its activity by 97%. The activity of the inactivated S6 kinase is stimulated nearly 5-fold by a 15-min preincubation with partially purified insulin-stimulated microtubule-associated protein-2 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Gregory
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235
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43
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Cobb MH, Sang BC, Gonzalez R, Goldsmith E, Ellis L. Autophosphorylation activates the soluble cytoplasmic domain of the insulin receptor in an intermolecular reaction. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:18701-6. [PMID: 2808393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor (residues 959-1355) has been expressed as a soluble protein in Sf9 insect cells via a Baculovirus expression vector (Ellis, L., Levitan, A., Cobb, M.H., and Ramos, P. (1988) J. Virol. 62, 1634-1639). The purified protein is a monomer as judged by its behavior in sucrose gradients and on gel filtration in the presence or absence of protamine. The initial rate of autophosphorylation using 3 mM MgCl2 is increased 20-30-fold by protamine. A maximum of 4-5 mol of phosphate are incorporated per mol of enzyme. The activity of the enzyme as a function of phosphorylation state was studied for three substrates: a synthetic dodecapeptide derived from the sequence of the major autophosphorylation site in the insulin receptor, poly(Glu, Tyr), 4:1, and histone 2B. Autophosphorylation of the protein to a stoichiometry of 4-5 mol of phosphate/mol increases its enzymatic activity as much as 200-fold; a 30-fold increase in activity occurs upon addition of 1 mol of phosphate/mol. The activities of unphosphorylated enzyme with the three substrates are 3.4, 2.3, and 0.44 nmol/min/mg, respectively. The activities of the autophosphorylated enzyme with the three substrates are 175, 274, and 45 nmol/min/mg, respectively. Exposure of the autophosphorylated enzyme to ADP results in a loss of phosphate from the enzyme which is associated with a decrease in enzymatic activity. Autophosphorylation of the kinase in the presence or absence of protamine displays a marked dependence on enzyme concentration. Furthermore, the rate of autophosphorylation decreases as the viscosity of the solution increases. Taken together, these data suggest that phosphorylation occurs via an intermolecular reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9041
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Cobb MH, Sang BC, Gonzalez R, Goldsmith E, Ellis L. Autophosphorylation activates the soluble cytoplasmic domain of the insulin receptor in an intermolecular reaction. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)51524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) data indicated that fd gene 5 protein (G5P) formed complexes with double-stranded poly(dA.dT) and poly[d(A-T).d(A-T)]. CD spectra of both polymers at wavelengths above 255 nm were altered upon protein binding. These spectral changes differed from those caused by strand separation. In addition, the tyrosyl 228-nm CD band of G5P decreased more than 65% upon binding of the protein to these double-stranded polymers. This reduction was significantly greater than that observed for binding to single-stranded poly(dA), poly(dT), and poly[d(A-T)] but was similar to that observed for binding of the protein to double-stranded RNA [Gray, C.W., Page, G.A., & Gray, D.M. (1984) J. Mol. Biol. 175, 553-559]. The decrease in melting temperature caused by the protein was twice as great for poly[d(A-T).d(A-T)] as for poly(dA.dT) in 5 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl), pH 7. Upon heat denaturation of the poly(dA.dT)-G5P complex, CD spectra showed that single-stranded poly(dA) and poly(dT) formed complexes with the protein. The binding of gene 5 protein lowered the melting temperature of poly(dA.dT) by 10 degrees C in 5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7, but after reducing the binding to the double-stranded form of the polymer by the addition of 0.1 M Na+, the melting temperature was lowered by approximately 30 degrees C. Since increasing the salt concentration decreases the affinity of G5P for the poly(dA) and poly(dT) single strands and increases the stability of the double-stranded polymer, the ability of the gene 5 protein to destabilize poly(dA.dT) appeared to be significantly affected by its binding to the double-stranded form of the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Sang
- Program in Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75083-0688
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